WAVES

A wave is a disturbance which travels through a medium and transfer energy from one point to another without causing any permanent
displacement of the medium itself e.g. water waves, sound waves, waves formed when a string is plucked

WAVE MOTION
When a wave is set up on the medium, the particles of the medium from about a mean position as the wave passes. The vibrates are
passed from one particle to the next until the final destination is reached

TYPES OFWAVES
Two broad types -:
a) progressive waves (stationary waves)
b) mechanical and electromagnetic waves).
PROGRESSIVE WAVES
Is a wave which moves away from its source through a medium and spreads out continuously? There are two kinds of progressive
waves namely:
i) Transverse waves
ii) Longitudinal waves
i) TRANSVERSE WAVES
These are waves in which particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, e.g. water waves, light
waves, waves formed when a rope is moved up and down.

Crest

Res position or
Mean position
Direction of propagation of the wave

Trough

ii) LONGITUDINAL WAVES

These are waves in which the particles of media vibrate in the same direction as wave
OR
These are waves in which the particles of the media vibrate parallel to wave motion e.g. sound waves, waves from a slinky
spring.
Longitudinal waves travel by formation of compressions and rare factions. Regions where particles crowd together are called
compressions and regions where particles are further apart are called rare factions.
General representation of a wave

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING WAVES

1 Rest position (Mean position)
This is the line OQ where particles are stationary or displacement of a particle is 0
2 Amplitude (a)
This is the maximum displacement of a particle from the rest position.
3 Cycle
This is one complete oscillation of the wave.
4 Wave length (λ) – lambala
- This is the distance between two successive crests or two successive troughs. (Transverse wave)
- This is the distance covered by one complete cycle of a wave.
- This is the distance between two particles of a wave vibrating in phase e.g. x$ y or p $ Q.
- This is the distance between two successive compressions or rare factions.
5 Period
t
Is the time taken by a wave to perform one complete cycle, i.e. T= where n is number of cycle.
n
6 Frequency
n
This is the number of cycles a wave completes in one second i.e. F= S.I. unit = Hertz ( H z)
t
7 Wave front
Is any line or section taken through an adversing wave in which all the particles are in the same phase.
8 Crest
It is the maximum displaced point a above the line of 0 (zero) disturbance.
9 Trough
2
 It is the maximum displaced point below line of zero disturbance.
10 Wave velocity
It is the distance which the wave travels in one second in a given direction. S.I unit m/s.

THE WAVE EQUATION

d nλ
From the wave speed v= …..(i) V=
t t
If the wave describes n cycles in time t 1
Then the distance covered d= nλ…. (ii) n
But f= hence v= fλ wave equation
d t
Substituting for d in … (i) → v=
t
Examples
A radio station produces waves of wave length 10m. If the wave speed is 3×108 m/s, calculate
(i) Frequency of radio wave.
(ii) Period t 1 1
(ii) period t = = −1
(iii) Number of cycles completed in 108 t 3× 10
(i) λ = 10m , v= 3×108 m/s t= 10s
= 3.3 ×10−8
v
v=fλ→f=
λ
3× 10
8 n
= (iii) Number of cycles → f = →n=ft
10 t
= 3×10−1 H z = 3×10−1 × 10

= 3×108 cycles
2 The distance between 10 consecutive crests is 36cm. Calculate the velocity of the wave. If the frequency of the wave is 12

H z.
V= f λ but d=(n–1)λ
= 12×0.04 = (10- 1) λ
= 0.48m/s 0.36 = 9 λ
0.36
λ =
9
= 0.04m

3. The diagram below shows a wave travelling in water.

0.8m 0 y p
 M

8m
(a) Name (i) Any two points on the wave which are in phase
(ii) Labeled m and x
(b) ( i) Determine the amplitude of the wave.
(ii) If the speed of the wave is 80m/s. Determine the frequency of the wave.
Questions
A vibrator produces waves which travel 35 m in 2 seconds. If the waves produced are 5cm from each other, calculate;
(i) the wave velocity 14.7 v
= =
(ii) wave frequency 1 5
14.7 × 5 = v
3
7 .5m/s = v
v 35
(i) v= f λ → f= =
λ 2

THE RIPPLE TANK

4
A ripple tank is an instrument used to study water wave properties. It is a shallow glass trough which is transparent. The images of
the wave are projected on the screen which is placed below it.
The waves are produced by means of a dipper which is either a strip of a metal or a sphere. When the dipper is moved up and down
by vibration of a small electric motor attached to it. The sphere produces circular wave fronts and the metal strip is used to produce
plain waves.
A stroboscope helps to make the waves appear stationery and therefore allows the wave to be studied in detail.
N.B Therefore the speed of the wave in a ripple tank can be reduced by reducing the depth of water in the tank. The effect of
reducing sped of waves is that wave length of water reduces but frequency does not. The frequency can only be changed by the
source of wave.
WAVE PROPERTIES
The wave produced in a ripple tank can undergo.
(a) Refraction (c) Defraction
(b) Reflection (d) Interference

REFLECTION OF WAVES
A wave is reflected when a barrier is placed in its path. The shape of the reflected wave depends on the shape of the barrier.
The laws of reflection of waves are similar to the laws of reflection of light.

(i) Reflection of plane wave

(a) On a plane surface.

Reflection of circular wave

(a) On a plane surface

Image I 0 source
(i) Reflection of plane wave
(b) Concave reflector

(ii) Reflection of circular wave

(b) Concave reflector

(i) Reflection of plane wave

(a) Convex reflector

6
 (ii) Reflection of circular wave
(b) Convex reflector

Note
During reflection of water waves, the frequency and velocity of the wave does not change.
REFRACTION
This is the change of in direction of wave travel as it moves from one medium to another of different depth. It is caused in
change of wave length and velocity of the wave. However, the frequency and the period are not affected. In a ripple tank,
the change in direction is brought about by the change in water depth.

λ1 λ2 Shallow water

Deep water
Glass block

λ1 Barrier
λ2

Shallow water
Deep water ir

λ 1 = wave length in deep water

 λ 2 = wave length in shallow water
Note (i) λ 1 > λ 2

(ii) v 1 = f λ and v 2 = f λ 2

(iii) v 1 > v 2 When f – is constant.

velocity ∈deep water
Refractive index n =
velocity ∈s h allow water
v 1 fλ 1
= =
v 2 fλ 2
λ1 wave lengt h∈deep water
n= =
λ2 wave lengt h∈s h allow water

Refraction of plane waves by a convex lens

DEFRACTION
This is the spreading of waves as they pass through holes, round corners or edges of obstacle. It takes place when the diameter of the
whole is in the order of wave length of the wave i.e. the smaller the gap the greater the degree of defraction as shown below.
(a) Wide gap

(b) Narrow gap

8
 (c) Edge of obstacle

Sound waves are more defrosted than light waves because the wave length is greater than that of light. Therefore sound can be heard
in hidden corners.
N.B - When waves undergo defraction, wave length and velocity remain constant.

INTERFERENCE
This is the super imposition of two identical waves travelling in the same direction to form a single wave with a larger amplitude or
smaller amplitude.
The two waves should be in phase (matching).
CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
This constructive interference occurs when a crest from one wave source meets a crest from another source or a trough from one
source causing reinforcement of the wave i.e. increased disturbance is obtained.
The resulting amplitude is the sum of the individual amplitudes.

DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
This occurs when the crest of one wave meets a trough of another wave resulting in wave cancelling i.e.

Sum

ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES

This is a family of waves which is made by electric and magnetic vibrations of very high frequency.
Electromagnetic waves do not need a material medium for transformation i.e. they can pass through a vacuum.
SPECTRUM OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES
In decreasing frequency

10
PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES
 They are transverse waves.
 They can travel through vacuum.
 They travel at a speed of light ( 3.0 × 108 m/s).
 They can be reflected, refracted, defracted and undergo interference.
 They posses energy.
EFFECTS OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES ON METER
(a) Gamma rays.
 They destroy body tissues if exposed for a long time.
 They harden rubber solutions and lubricate oil to thickness.
(b) X- rays
 Causes curtains to give off electrons.
 Destroys body tissues if exposed for a long time.
 Used in industries to detect lickages in pipes and in hospitals to detect fractures of bones.
(c) Ultra violet
 Causes sun burn
 Causes metals to give off electrons by the process called photoelectric emission.
 Causes blindness.
(d) Visible light
 Enables us to see.
 Changes the apparent color of an object.
 Makes objects appear bent to refraction.
(e) Infrared
 Causes the body temperature of an object to rise.
 It is a source of vitamin D.
(f) Radio waves
 Induces the voltage on a conductor and it enables its presence to be detected.
Wave band Origin Source

Gamma rays Energy changes in modes of Radio active substance

 atoms

X- rays Electrons hitting a metal target X – ray tube

Ultra- violet Fairly high energy changes in Very hot bodies

atoms Electron discharge
Through gases especially
mercury
Vapour

Visible light Energy changes in electron Lamps, flames etc

structure of atoms

Infrared radiation Low energy changes in electrons All matter over a wide range of
of atoms temperature from absolute zero
onwards.

Radio waves High frequency Radio transmission aerials.

Oscillating electric current
Very low energy changes in
electronic structures of atoms.

SOUNDS WAVES
Is a form of energy which is produced by vibrating objects e.g. when a tuning fork is struck on a desk and dipped in water, the water is
splashed showing that the prongs are vibrating or when a guitar string is struck.
SPECTRUM SOUND WAVES
Frequency 0H Z 20 H Z 20,000 H Z

Type of sound Subsonic sound Audible sound waves Ultra sonic sound
wave.

SUBSONIC SOUND WAVES

These are not audible to human ear because of very low frequency of less than 20 H Z .
AUDIBLE SOUND WAVES
These are audible to human ear. This frequency ranges from
20 H Z - 20 K H Z .
ULTRA SONIC SOUND WAVES
These are sound waves whose frequencies are above 20 H Z . They are not audible to human ears. They are audible to whales,
Dolphins, bats etc.
APPLICATION OF ULTRA SOUND WAVES
They are used by bats to detect obstacles e.g. buildings a head.
Used in spectacles of blind to detect obstacles.
Used in radio therapy to detect cracks and faults on welded joints.

12
Used in industries to detect rocks in seas using sonar.
Used to measure the depth of seas and other bodies.
PROPERTIES OF SOUND WAVES
 Cannot travel in a vacuum because there is no metal needed.
 Can cause interference.
 Can be reflected, refracted, defracted, planes polarized and undergo interference.
 Travels with a speed V= 330m/s in air.
TRANSMISSION OF SOUND.
Sound requires a material medium for its transmission. It travels through liquid, solids and gases, travels better in solids and does not
travel through vacuum.

EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THAT SOUNDS CAN NOT PASS THROUGH A VACCUM.

 Arrange the apparatus as in the diagram with air, in the jar.

 Switch on the electric bell, the hammer is seen striking the gong and sound is heard.
 Gently withdraw air from the jar by means of a vacuum pump to create a vacuum in the jar.
 The sound produced begins to fade until it is heard no more yet the hammer is seen striking the gong.
 Gently allow air back into the jar, as the air returns, the sound is once again heard showing that sound can not travel through
vacuum.
Note: The moon is sometimes referred to as a silent planet because no transmission of sound can occur due to lack of air (metal
medium).

The speed of sound depends on;

(i) Temperature
 (ii) Wind
(iii) Density of medium.
Speed of sound is more in denser medium than in less dense.
Increase in temperature increases the speed of sound i.e. sound travels faster in hot air than in cold air. Speed of sound is increased if
sound travels in the same direction as wind.
Change in pressure of air does not affect speed of sound because density is not affected by change in pressure.

EXPERIMENT TO VERIFY THE LAWS OF REFLECTION OF SOUND

A x y B Hard plane surface

R T

R – Closed tube
T – Open tube
 Put a ticking clock in tube R on a table and make it to face a hard plane surface e.g. a wall.
 Put tube T near your ear and move it on either sides until the ticking sound of the sound is heard loudly.
 Measure angle i and r which are the angles of incidence and reflected.
 From the experiment, sound is heard distinctly due to reflection.
 Angle of incidence (i) and angle of reflection (r) are equal and lie along XY in the same plane.
 This verifies the laws of reflection.
REFRACTION OF SOUND WAVES
Refraction occurs when speed of sound waves changes. The speed of sound in air is affected by temperature. Sound waves are
refracted when they are passed through areas of different temperature. This explains why it is easy to hear sound waves from distant
sources at night than during day.
REFRACTION OF SOUND DURING DAY.

14
 Cold air

Hot air
During day, the ground is hot and this makes the layers of air near the ground to be hot while that above the ground is generally cool.
The wave fronts from the source are refracted away from the ground.
REFRACTION OF SOUND DURING NIGHT

Warm air

Cool air

During night, the ground is cool and this makers layers of air near the ground to be cool while above to be warm. The wave fronts
from the source are refracted towards the ground making it easier to hear sound waves over long distances.
DEFRACTION OF SOUND
This refers to the spreading of sound waves around corners or in gaps when sound waves have wave length similar to the size of the
gap. They are defracted most. It is due to refraction that a person behind the house can hear sound from inside.
INTERFERENCE OF SOUND
When two sound waves from two different sources overlap, they produce regions of loud sound and regions of quiet sound. The
regions of loud sound are said to undergo constructive interference while regions of quiet are said to undergo destructive interference.
EXPERIMENT TO SHOW INTERFERENCE OF SOUND
Audio frequency generator

A 1m B

Walk slowly

ECHOES
An echo is a reflected sound. Echoes are produced when sound moves to and fro from a reflecting surface e.g. a cliff wall. The time
taken before an echo arrives depends on the distance away from the reflecting surface.
In order for a girl to hear the echo; sound travels a distance of 2d.
distance
Velocity =
time
2d
For an echo; velocity of sound =
t
2d
V=
t

Examples
1 A girl stands 34m away from a reflecting wall. She makes sound and hears an echo after 0.2 seconds. Find the velocity of
sound.
2d 2× 34 = 340m/s
V= =
t 0.2
2 A person standing 99m from a tall building claps his hands and hears an echo after 0.6 seconds. Calculate the velocity of
sound in air.
2d 2× 99 198
V= = = = 330m/s
t 0.6 0.6
3 A gun was fired and an echo from a cliff was heard 8 seconds later. If the velocity of sound is 340m/s, how far was the gun
from the cliff?
2d 8 ×340 2 d d = 1360m
V= =
t 2 2
2d 1360 = d
8× 340 = ×8
8
4 A student is standing between two walls. He hears the first echo after 2 seconds and then another after a further 3 seconds. If
the velocity of sound is 330m/s, find the distance between the walls.
2 d1 2 d2 distance btn walls
V= V=
t t d 1+ d 2
2× d 1 2× d 2
330 = 5 × 330 = ×5 = 330 + 825
2 5
5× 330 2 d2
d 1 = 330m = = 1155m
2 2
= 825 m
5 A man is standing midway between two cliffs. He claps his hands and hears an echo after 3 seconds. Find the distance
between the two cliffs.
(Velocity of sound = 330m/s)

16
 2 d1
V= d1 = d2
t
2 d1
3 × 330 = ×3 d 1+ d 2 = 495 + 495
3
3× 330 2 d1
= = 990m
2 2
3×165= d 1

495= d 1

d 1 = 495m

MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY OF SOUND USING AN ECHO METHOD

Method;
A person stands a certain distance d from the reflecting surface, then measure that distance.
Make a sharp clapping sound by banging two blocks of wood together.
Report the sound at regular time intervals to coincide exactly with the echo.
Count the number of claps in a given time t
t
Find the time taken for one clap i.e.
N
2× distance 2× d 2 dN
Velocity = V=
time Velocity = t t
N

Example
A student made 50 claps in one minute. If the velocity of sound is 330s, find the distance between the student and the wall.
2 dN 60 ×330 100 d d = 198m
V= =
t 100 100
2× d × 50 198 = d
60 × 330 = ×60
60
REVERBERATION
In a large hall where there are many reflecting walls, multiple reflections occur and cause or create an impression that sound lasts for a
longer time such that when somebody makes a sound; it appears as if it is prolonged. This is called reverberation.
Definition of Reverberation
Reverberation is the effect of the original sound being prolonged due to multiple reflections.
ADVANTAGES OF REVERBERATION
In grammar, reverberation is used in producing sound. Complete absence of reverberation makes speeches inaudible.
DISADVANTAGES OF REVERNERATION
During speeches, there is a nuisance because the sound becomes unclear.
PREVENTION OF REVERBERATION
The internal surfaces of a hall should be covering the sound absorbing material called acoustic materials.
WHY ECHOES ARE NOT HEARD IN SMALL ROOMS?
This is because the distance between the source and reflected sound is so small such that the incident sound mixes up with the
reflected sound making it harder for the ear to differentiate between the two.
Question
Outline four properties of electro magnetic waves.
Distinguish between (i) sound waves and light waves.
(iii) sound waves and water waves
A man standing midway between two cliffs makes a sound. He hears the first echo after 3s. Calculate the distance between the two
cliffs (Velocity of sound in air = 330m/s)

Musical notes
Music
This is an organized sound produced by regular vibrations.
Noise
This is a disorganized sound produced by irregular vibrations.
Musical note
This is a single sound of a certain pitch made by a musical instrument or voice.
Characteristics of musical notes
Pitch
This is the loudness or softness of sound. It depends on the frequency of sound produced, the higher the frequency the higher the
pitch.
Timber
This is the quality of sound produced, it depends on the number of overtones produced, the more the number of overtones, the richer
and the sweeter the music and therefore the better the quality.
Overtone
This is a sound whose frequency is a multiple of a fundamental frequency of the musical note.
Beat
This refers to the periodic rise and fall in the amplitude of the resultant note.
Loudness
This depends on the amplitude of sound waves and sensitivity of the ear.
Amplitude
This is the measure of energy transmitted by the wave. The bigger the amplitude, the more energy transmitted by the wave and the
louder sounder sound produced.
Sensitivity of the ear.
If the ear is sensitive, then soft sound will be loud enough to be detected and yet it will not be detected by the ear which is insensitive.
Pure and impure musical notes.
Pure refers to a note without overtones. It is very boring and only produced by a tuning fork.
Impure refers to a note with overtones. It is sweet to the ear and produced by all musical instruments.
VIBRATION IN STRINGS
Many musical instruments use stretched strings to produce sound. A string can be made to vibrate plucking it like in a guitar or in a
harp putting it in pianos. Different instruments produce sounds of different qualities even if they are of the same note.
18
Factors affecting the frequency of the stretched string.
(a) Length
For a given tension of the string, the length of the string is inverse the proportion to the frequency of sound produced. This can be
demonstrated by an instrument called sonometer as shown below.

A- Fixed bridge
B- Movable bridge
C- Wheel
D- Stretched
R-Load
By moving bridge B2, higher frequency can be obtained for a short length AB and lower frequency for a long length AC. The

1
relation can be expressed as F ∂
l
(b) Tension
Adding weights or removing them from its ends at load R the tension of the higher sonometer wire. It will be noted that the higher the
tension, the higher the frequency of the note produced.
(c) Mass per unit length (m)
Keeping length (l) and tension (t) constant, the frequency of sound produced depends on the mass per unit length of the string. Heavy
strings produce low frequency sounds. This is seen in instruments such as guitar, base strings are thicker than solo stings. If the
tension and length are kept constant, the frequency of sound is inversely proportional to the mass of the strings thus a thin short and

taut string produces high frequency sound. (F ∂

Example
√ 1 )
m

1
A musical note has frequency of 420 H z and length (l), if the length of the string is reduced by , find the new frequency.
2
1 1
F∂ → f = λ → fl = k (constant)
l l
f 1 l1 = f 2 l2
 1
420k = f 2×
2
f 2 = 420 × 2
= 840 H z
Vibrating strings
The ways in which a string vibrates are called harmonics. The sound is produced when notes are performed at both ends of a
stationary wave.
A stationary wave is a wave formed when two progressive waves of the same frequency and wave length travelling in opposite
direction meet producing nodes and antinodes.
Progressive wave is a wave in which energy is transmitted from one place to another and is not stores.
(i) Fundamental note (1st harmonics) string plucked midway.
Diagram

Let V = velocity of sound in air and l- the vibrating length of the string.
1
L= λ → λ = 2L
2
V V V
but f 0 = = - fundamental frequency fo =
λ 2l 2l
1
(ii) 2nd harmonics (1st overtone): string plucked way
4
Diagram

L= λ
V
f1= = f 1= 2 f o
l
1
(iii) 3rd harmonics (2nd overtone): string plucked way from one end.
6

20
 3λ 2l
L= →λ=
2 3
V
V 3v
f2= = 2 =
λ 2l
3l
f 2 =3 f o
Thus harmonics obtained from vibrating strings are f o,2 f o, 3 f o etc. hence both even and odd harmonics are obtained.
A- Antinodes- these are points that are permanently at rest. No disturbance occurs at these points.

RESONANCE
This is when a body is set into vibrations with its own natural frequency by another near by body which vibrates with the same
frequency.
Applications of Resonance.
 In determining the speed of sound in air using a tuning fork and the resonance tube.
 In tuning strings of a musical instrument e.g a guitar and tuning electrical circuits which include indicators.
Dangers of Resonance
 Causes bridges to collapse as soldiers match across them. This can be prevented by stopping the matching.
 Causes buildings to collapse due to earthquake.
 Chimneys can also collapse due to strong resonance.
Vibrations of air in pipes.
(a) When a wave of a particular wave length and frequency is sent into a closed pipe, reflection of the wave occurs at the bottom
of the pipe. The reflected wave will interfere with the incidence when the length of the wave is adjacent so that a node is
reflected at the reflected surface, a standing wave is produced.
The air column is now forced to vibrate at the same frequency as that of the source of the wave which is a natural frequency of the air
column.
1st harmonic vibration
 1
In 1st harmonics λ = L + c → λ = ( L + c0 fundamental frequency
4
V V
fo = = …….(i)
λ 4 (l+c)
2nd harmonics

3rd harmonics

In closed pipes, only odd harmonics¿ ¿, 3 f o, 5 f o,7 f oetc) are obtained because of the presence of odd harmonics, closed pipes are
not as rich as open pipes.
In closed pipes, nodes are formed at closed ends and antinodes at open end.
Open pipes
In open pipes, standing waves resulting into resonance are created when the incident waves are reflected by the air molecules at the
other end. Possible ways in which waves travel are shown below:
In open pipes, the sound nodes are produced when antinodes are formed at both ends.
1st harmonic

1
L= λ → λ = 2L
2
v v
fo = = ………(i)
λ 2l

2nd harmonic

22
 L=λ
v v
Frequency f 1 = =
λ 2l
f 1 =2 f 0
3rd harmonic

3 2l
L= →λ=
2λ 3
v
f2= = 3¿) → f 2 = 3 f 0
λ
Open pipes are preferred to closed pipes because they give both odd and even harmonics hence better quality sound.
Determination of velocity of sound by Resonance.
C– End correction
l 1 , l 2 - Length of air.
 Assemble the apparatus as in the diagram.
 Put a vibrating tuning fork just above the resonance tube.
 Gently lower the resonance tube until the 1st resonance (loud sound) occurs.
 Measure the length l 1 at which it occurs.

1
 l1 + c = λ…… (i)
4
 Raise the resonance tube until the 2nd resonance (loud sound) occurs.
3
 Measure l 2 + c = λ…… (ii) as in diagram (b)
4
 Subtract equation (i) from (ii) to eliminate c
3 1
 (l 2 - l 1) + (c-c) = λ- λ
4 4
1
 l2 - l1 = λ
2
 Wave length λ = 2 (l 2- l 1 )…… (iii)
Hence the speed/velocity. V= fλ
V= 2f ( l 2−l 1 ¿
Question.
In an experiment the velocity of sound in air using a resonance tube, the following results were obtained:
Length of 1st resonance = 16.1cm
Length of 2nd resonance = 51.1cm
Frequency of tuning fork = 480 H z
(i) Calculate the wave length of sound produced.
(ii) The end correction of the resonance tube.
(iii) The velocity of sound in air.
(i) λ = 2 ( l 2- l 1 ) C = 17.5 – 16.1

= (51.1 – 16.1) = 1.4cm

= 70cm
= 0.07m (iii) V= 2f(l 2 - l 1)

51.1−16.1
= 2× 480 ( )
1 100
(ii) l1 + c = λ
4 = 33600cm
1 = 336m/s
16.1+ c = × 70
4
2 The frequency of the 3rd overtone (4th harmonic) produced by an open pipe is 840 H z. Given that the velocity of sound in air
is 330m/s, calculate;

24
 (i) Length of the people
(ii) Fundamental frequency
3 A pipe closed at one end has a length of 10cm, if the velocity of sound is 340m/s; calculate the frequency of the fundamental
note.
4 A tuning fork of 256 H z was used to produce resonance in a closed pipe. The first resonance position was 22cm and the 2 nd
resonance position was 97cm. Find the frequency of sound waves.
(b) An open tube produced harmonics of fundamental frequency 256 H z, what is the frequency of the 2nd harmonics.