BASIC CONCEPTS

CHEMISTRY
COURSE CODE: CHEM 201
FALL 2024

Instructor
Tanjum Motin Mitul
Teaching Assistant, East Delta University
tanjum.m@eastdelta.edu.bd
 What is Mole?
■ A mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains exactly 6.02214076 × 10²³ ‘elementary entities’
of the given substance.
■ An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group
of particles.
■ The number 6.02214076 × 10²³ is popularly known as the Avogadro constant and is often denoted by the
symbol ‘Nₐ’.
■ 1 mol of hydrogen atoms = 6.022 × 10²³ atoms

1 mol of water molecules = 6.022 × 10²³ water molecules

■ The number of moles of a substance in a given pure sample can be represented by the following formula:

𝑛 =𝑁 ⁄ Nₐ

Where, n is the number of moles of the substance (or elementary entity),

N is the total number of elementary entities in the sample

Nₐ is the Avogadro constant.

2
 Atomic and Molecular Mass

Atomic Mass

● The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of the element expressed in atomic
mass units (amu).

Molecular Mass

● The molecular mass of an element is the sum of the atomic masses of all its constituent
elements.
● Therefore, the molecular mass of water is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of its
constituents – hydrogen and oxygen.
● Example:

Molecular mass of water (H₂O) = 2 × atomic mass of hydrogen + 1× atomic mass of oxygen
= 2 (1.008 u) + 16.00 u = 18.02 u
3
 Molar Mass

● The molar mass of a substance is defined as the total mass of one mole of the substance. It is
often represented in terms of ‘grams per mole’ (g/mol).

Molar mass of water = 18.02 g mol⁻¹

Molar mass of sodium chloride = 58.5 g mol⁻¹

● Molar mass of a Substance = Mass of the Substance in grams ⁄ Number of Moles

● Number of Moles = Mass of the Sample / Molar mass

4
 Problems

● How many moles of iron are present in a pure sample weighing 558.45 grams?
The molar mass of iron is 55.845 g/mol.
Therefore, the number of moles of iron in the pure sample weighing 558.45 grams is:
= Mass of the Sample / Molar mass
= 558.45 / 55.845
= 10 moles.

5
 Problems

● How many molecules of water are present in 36 grams of water?

The molar mass of water is 18g (approximately).

No of moles = Mass of the sample / Molar mass =36 / 18 = 2 moles

Therefore, 36 grams of water makes up a total of 2 moles. Each mole has 6.022 × 10²³ water
molecules.

The total number of H₂O molecules in 36 grams of water is: 12.044 × 10²³

6
 Problems

● How many grams of carbon can be found in 1 mole of carbon dioxide?

1 mole of CO₂ contains 1 mole of carbon and 2 moles of oxygen.

The molar mass of carbon is 12.0107 g/mol.

Therefore, 1 mole of CO₂ contains 12.01 grams of carbon and 32 grams of oxygen.

7
 Problems

● Calculate the molecular mass of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) molecule.

Molecular mass of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

= 6 (12.011 u) + 12 (1.008 u) + 6 (16.00 u)

= (72.066 u) + (12.096 u) + (96.00 u)

= 180.162 u

8
 Percentage Composition

● What is the percentage of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in ethanol?

9
 Empirical formula for molecular formula

● An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present
in a compound
● The molecular formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present in a
molecule of a compound.

10
 Problems
● A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen, 24.27% carbon and 71.65% chlorine. Its molar
mass is 98.96 g. What are its empirical and molecular formulas?
Step 1. Conversion of mass percent to grams
Since we are having mass per cent, it is convenient to use 100 g of the compound as the starting
material. Thus, in the 100 g sample of the above compound, 4.07g hydrogen, 24.27g carbon and 71.65g
chlorine are present.
Step 2. Convert into number moles of each element
Divide the masses obtained above by respective atomic masses of various elements. This gives the
number of moles of constituent elements in the compound
Moles of hydrogen = 4.07 g /1.008g = 4.04
Moles of carbon = 24.27 g /12 01g =2. 021
Moles of chlorine = 71.65g /35.453g =2. 021
11
 Problems
Step 3. Divide each of the mole values obtained above by the smallest number amongst them

Since 2.021 is smallest value, division by it gives a ratio of 2:1:1 for H:C:Cl. In case the ratios are not whole numbers,
then they may be converted into whole number by multiplying by the suitable coefficient.

Step 4. Write down the empirical formula by mentioning the numbers after writing the symbols of respective
elements

CH₂Cl is, thus, the empirical formula of the above compound.

Step 5. Writing molecular formula

(a) Determine empirical formula mass by adding the atomic masses of various atoms present in the empirical formula.

For CH₂Cl, empirical formula mass is 12.01 + (2 ×1.008) + 35.453 = 49.48 g

(b) Divide Molar mass by empirical formula mass = 98.96 / 49.48 = 2 = (n)

(c) Multiply empirical formula by n obtained above to get the molecular formula Empirical formula = CH₂Cl, n = 2.

Hence molecular formula is C₂H₄Cl₂. 12

 Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations

■ Stoichiometry deals with the calculation of masses (sometimes volumes also) of the
reactants and the products involved in a chemical reaction.

Example:

Let us consider the combustion of methane. A balanced equation for this reaction is as given
below:
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
■ Here, methane and dioxygen are called reactants and carbon dioxide and water are
called products.
■ The coefficients 2 for O2 and H2O are called stoichiometric coefficients. Similarly the
coefficient for CH4 and CO2 is one in each case. They represent the number of
molecules (and moles as well) taking part in the reaction or formed in the reaction.
13
 Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations

Thus, according to the above chemical reaction,

■ One mole of CH4(g) reacts with two moles of O2(g) to give one mole of CO2(g) and
two moles of H2O(g)
■ One molecule of CH4(g) reacts with 2 molecules of O2(g) to give one molecule of
CO2(g) and 2 molecules of H2O(g)
■ 22.4 L of CH4(g) reacts with 44.8 L of O2 (g) to give 22.4 L of CO2 (g) and 44.8 L of
H2O(g)
■ 16 g of CH4 (g) reacts with 2×32 g of O2 (g) to give 44 g of CO2 (g) and 2×18 g of
H2O (g).

14
 Problems

● Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 16 g of

methane.

The balanced equation for the combustion of methane is :

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)

16 g of CH4 corresponds to one mole.

From the above equation, 1 mol of CH4 (g) gives 2 mol of H2O (g).

2 mol of water (H2O) = 2×(2+16) = 2×18 = 36 g

Ans: 36 g
15
 Problems

● How many moles of methane are required to produce 22g CO2 (g) after
combustion?
According to the chemical equation,

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)

44g CO2 (g) is obtained from 16 g CH4 (g). [∴1 mol CO2(g) is obtained from 1 mol of
CH4(g)]

Number of moles of CO2 (g) = 22 /44 mol =0.5 mol CO2

Hence, 0.5 mol of CH4 (g) would be required to produce 22 g CO2 (g).

Ans: 0.5 mol

16
 Limiting Reagent

■ Many a time, reactions are carried out with the amounts of reactants that are
different than the amounts as required by a balanced chemical reaction. In such
situations, one reactant is in more amount than the amount required by balanced
chemical reaction. The reactant which is present in the least amount gets consumed
after sometime and after that further reaction does not take place whatever be the
amount of the other reactant.

■ Hence,the reactant, which gets consumed first, limits the amount of product formed
and is, therefore, called the limiting reagent.

17
 Problems

● 50.0 kg of N2 (g) and 10.0 kg of H2 (g) are mixed to produce NH3 (g). Calculate the amount of
NH3 (g) formed. Identify the limiting reagent in the production of NH3 in this situation.

18
 Mass Percent

■ It is obtained by using the following relation:

Problem: A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance A to 18 g of water. Calculate the

mass percent of the solute.

19
 Molarity
■ It is defined as the number of moles of the solute in 1 litre of the solution. Thus, Molarity (M) = No. of moles
of solute Volume of solution in litres.
Example:

■ Suppose, we have 1 M solution of a substance, say NaOH, and we want to prepare a 0.2 M solution from it.
■ 1 M NaOH means 1 mol of NaOH present in 1 litre of the solution. For 0.2 M solution, we require 0.2 moles
of NaOH dissolved in 1 litre solution.
■ Hence, for making 0.2M solution from 1M solution, we have to take that volume of 1M NaOH solution,
which contains 0.2 mol of NaOH and dilute the solution with water to 1 litre.
■ Now, how much volume of concentrated (1M) NaOH solution be taken, which contains 0.2 moles of NaOH
can be calculated as follows:

If 1 mol is present in 1L or 1000 mL solution then,0.2 mol is present in (100 ml * 0.2 mol )/ 1 mol = 200 mL
solution. Thus,200 mL of 1M NaOH are taken and enough water is added to dilute it to make it 1 litre.
20
 Problems

● Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its

4 g in enough water to form 250 mL of the solution.

21
 Molality

■ It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of

solvent. It is denoted by m.

22
 Problems

● The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL–1. Calculate the molality

of the solution.

[ Mass = volume * density]

23
 Practice Problems

1. Calculate the molar mass of the following: (i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iii) CH4
2. Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
3. Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when (i) 1 mole of
carbon is burnt in air. (ii)1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen. (iii) 2 moles of
carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
4. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3 COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375
molar aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol–1.
5. How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO4 )?
6. Determine the molecular formula of an oxide of iron in which the mass percent of iron
and oxygen are 69.9 and 30.1 respectively. Given that the molar mass of the oxide is
159.69 g mol-1. 24q
q

7. In three moles of ethane (C2 H6), calculate the following: (i) Number of moles of
carbon atoms. (ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms. (iii) Number of molecules of
ethane.
 Practice Problems

8. What is the concentration of sugar (C12 H22 O11 ) in mol L–1 if its 20 g are
dissolved in enough water to make a final volume up to 2L?
9. In a reaction A + B2 AB2 Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following
reaction mixtures.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B
(ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B
(iii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B
(iv) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B
(v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B
10. How are 0.50 mol Na2 CO3 and 0.50 M Na2 CO3 different? 25