Classification of road signs

Traffic signs are means for exercising control on or passing information to the road
users. They may be regulatory, warning, or informative.

They can be classified into three main categories.

 Regulatory signs: These signs require the driver to obey the signs for the
safety of other road users.
 Warning signs:These signs are for the safety of oneself who is driving and
advice the drivers to obey these signs.
 Informative signs: These signs provide information to the driver about the facilities available
ahead, and the route and distance to reach the specific destinations

Special types of traffic signs namely work zone signs are used to give warning to
the road users when some construction work is going on the road. They are placed
only for short duration and are removed soon after the work is over and when the
road is brought back to its normal condition.

Regulatory signs
These signs are also called mandatory signs because it is mandatory that the drivers
must obey these signs. If the driver fails to obey them, the control agency has the
right to take legal action against the driver. These signs are primarily meant for the
safety of other road users. These signs have generally black legend on a white
background. They are circular in shape with red borders. The regulatory signs can
be further classified into :
1. Right of way series: These include two unique signs that assign the right of
way to the selected approaches of an intersection. They are the STOP sign and
GIVE WAY sign For example, when one minor road and major road meets at an
intersection, preference should be given to the vehicles passing through the major
road. Hence the give way sign board will be placed on the minor road to inform the
driver on the minor road that he should give way for the vehicles on the major road.
In case two major roads are meeting, then the traffic engineer decides based on the
traffic on which approach the sign board has to be placed. Stop sign is another
example of regulatory signs that comes in right of way series which requires the
driver to stop the vehicle at the stop line.
2. Speed series: Number of speed signs may be used to limit the speed of the
vehicle on the road. They include typical speed limit signs, truck speed, minimum
speed signs etc. Speed limit signs are placed to limit the speed of the vehicle to a
particular speed for many reasons. Separate truck speed limits are applied on high
speed roadways where heavy commercial vehicles must be limited to slower speeds
than passenger cars for safety reasons. Minimum speed limits are applied on high
speed roads like expressways, freeways etc. where safety is again a predominant
reason. Very slow vehicles may present hazard to themselves and other vehicles
also.
3. Movement series: They contain a number of signs that affect specific vehicle
maneuvers. These include turn signs, alignment signs, exclusion signs, one way
signs etc. Turn signs include turn prohibitions and lane use control signs. Lane use
signs make use of arrows to specify the movements which all vehicles in the lane
must take. Turn signs are used to safely accommodate turns in unsignalized
intersections.
4. Parking series: They include parking signs which indicate not only parking
prohibitions or restrictions, but also indicate places where parking is permitted, the
type of vehicle to be parked, duration for parking etc.
5. Pedestrian series: They include both legend and symbol signs. These signs
are meant for the safety of pedestrians and include signs indicating pedestrian only
roads, pedestrian crossing sites etc.
6. Miscellaneous: Wide variety of signs that are included in this category are:
a "KEEP OF MEDIAN" sign, signs indicating road closures, signs restricting vehicles
carrying hazardous cargo or substances, signs indicating vehicle weight limitations
etc.

Warning signs

Warning signs or cautionary signs give information to the driver about the impending
road condition. They advice the driver to obey the rules. These signs are meant for
the own safety of drivers. They call for extra vigilance from the part of drivers. The
color convention used for this type of signs is that the legend will be black in color
with a white background. The shape used is upward triangular or diamond shape
with red borders. Some of the examples for this type of signs are shown below

Informative signs
Informative signs also called guide signs, are provided to assist the drivers to reach
their desired destinations. These are predominantly meant for the drivers who are
unfamiliar to the place. The guide signs are redundant for the users who are
accustomed to the location.

Some of the examples for these type of signs are route markers, destination
signs, mile posts, service information, recreational and cultural interest
area signing etc. Route markers are used to identify numbered highways. They have
designs that are distinctive and unique. They are written black letters on yellow
background. Destination signs are used to indicate the direction to the critical
destination points, and to mark important intersections. Distance in kilometers are
sometimes marked to the right side of the destination. They are, in general,
rectangular with the long dimension in the horizontal direction. They are color coded
as white letters with green background.

Mile posts are provided to inform the driver about the progress along a route to reach
his destination. Service guide signs give information to the driver regarding various
services such as food, fuel, medical assistance etc. They are written with white
letters on blue background. Information on historic, recreational and other cultural
area is given on white letters with brown background.

LOCATION OF SIGNS

Driving safely is affected by the locations where traffic signs are

placed. The following points provide guidance on the sites where
traffic signs should be placed.

 Traffic signals are normally placed at intersections and

crossings
 In some countries, these signals are placed ahead of the
actual signal causing the traffic to stop well in advance of the
intersection thereby enhancing the purpose of the signals
(prevent accidents)

 Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or

above roads to give instructions or provide information to road
users

What Is Pavement Marking Meaning?

Pavement Markings are defined as the markings used on
paved roadways to provide guidance and information
to pedestrians and drivers. These are also can be applied in
other facilities used by vehicles to mark parking spaces
or nominated areas for other uses. These are also used
to indicate no parking pavement markings on the road.

Paveme
nt Marking
Whenever you see white and yellow color lines divide travel
lanes or mark the center of the road, they indicated if the traffic
is traveling in one or two directions. The yellow line separates
traffic in opposite directions and the white line separates traffic
lanes moving in the same direction.

Pavement markings are exclusive of roadway striping. They are

a factor of a guidance system for carrying regulatory and vehicle–
path information to the user beyond requiring them to alter
their attention from the road. Markings are generally used
to inspire safe, orderly traffic flow and optimize roadway
capacity.

To be effective pavement markings require to be

easily Perceived and understood. A reliable system of
marking color, shape, and utilization has been developed to pass
the same message each time
a pavement marking is encountered.
All pavement markings should be accurately maintained to
provide good daytime and nighttime visibility. Once a
municipality has been deciding to install a marking, it is
their liability to maintain it.

If the municipality has decided that the marking is no longer

needed, documentation of the selection process should
be recorded. Pavement markings Consider non-applicable or
complicated should be removed as soon as practical.

Types of Pavement Marking And Their

Meanings
Following are different types of pavement marking used,

1. Longitudinal Markings.
2. Yellow Center Line Pavement Markings & Warrants.
3. White Lane Line Pavement Markings.
4. Edge Line Pavement Markings.
5. Raised Pavement Markers (Rpm).
6. Roundabout pavement markings
Let discuss in details sign signals and pavement markings on
the road.

1. Longitudinal Pavement Makings

Longitudinal Markings are commonly located parallel and

adjoining to traffic flow – lane lines, centerlines, edge
lines, channelizing lines, etc. These markings are guide traffic on
the roadway by providing the visual solution to the travel lane.
This is one of the superior pavement markings used on the road.
Longitudinal Pavement Markings
Longitudinal Line Functions

Double Line: Maximum or major restrictions

Solid Line: Stops or prohibits crossing (depends on operation)
Broken Line: Permitting condition
Dotted Line: Provides advice or warning of
route function variation ahead

The widths and arrangement of longitudinal lines shall be as

follows:-
Normal line – 4 to 6 inches broad.
Wide line – littlest of double the width of a normal line.
The line width indicates the degree of emphasis.

Double line – double separated parallel lines

Broken line – normal line section (10 feet) is distinct by (30 feet)
gaps
Dotted line – considerably shorter line sections (2 feet) distinct by
fewer gaps(2 to 6 feet) when used for intersections and narrow –
3 feet line section with 9 feet gaps when used for the lane lines.
The Line width is at least equal to the width of the line it widens

White or yellow broken lines enable vehicles to cross or

change lanes. As declared above, these markings are adjusted
with ten-foot painted running and thirty-foot
spacing. Accordingly, the distance from the beginning of the
first dash to the beginning of the later dash is 40 feet in
yellow pavement markings on the road.

2. Yellow Pavement Markings

Yellow center line pavement markings divided opposite traffic

lanes for routes. These yellow pavement markings can be
equipped at locations that are not the perfect center of the
roadway. Short sections on the roads (beyond steady center line
markings) may be marked with centerline pavement road
markings to control traffic, where necessary for curves,
hills, grade crossings, bridges, etc.
 T
wo-Lane Road Pavement Markings Example
Centerline Marking Options:
Two Direction Passing Zone
The Broken yellow lines were passing with care is allowable by
traffic in either direction. Vehicles can pass.
Two yellow lines (broken and solid) where traffic can pass
if moving adjoining to the broken line, but is prohibited if
traveling adjoining to the solid line. Do not pass if driving close to
the solid line.

Double solid yellow lines where crossroad the centerline are

restricted for traffic passing in either direction.
Nevermore drive to the left of these lines.

3. No-Passing Zones

No–passing zones shall be used on two and three-lane roadways

(with centerline markings) where engineering studies show
that passing must be prohibited due to inadequate sight
distance or other special conditions

Common No-Passing Zone Locations,

• Lane reduction transitions
• Obstruction approaches (requisite passed on the right
side)
• Grade crossings
• Highway-rail grade crossings
• Inadequate sight distance locations
The manual on uniform traffic control devices mandates using
either one-direction or two-direction no-passing
zone pavement markings. No-passing zone signs may be used
in addition to markings to maintain the limits of a no-passing
zone.

One-Direction No-Passing Zone Markings:

One Direction
No-Passing Zone Pavement Markings
Double yellow line: one normal broken line and one
normal solid line passing is acceptable for traffic adjacent to the
broken line and prohibited for traffic adjacent to the solid line.

Two-Direction No-Passing Zone Markings:

Two-Direction No-Passing Zone Pavement Markings

Double solid yellow lines that prohibit passing in each
of two directions
4. White Lane Line Pavement Markings

White
Lane marking for Same Direction of Travel
White pavement markings define traffic lanes with the same
direction of travel. These markings should be placed on
the pavement with two or more adjoining traffic lanes in
the same direction of travel (unless required
for reversible lanes).
Broken White Line – Vehicles May Change Lane
Solid White Line: it requires drivers to settle within
the lane and marks the shoulder of the roadway.
Broken White Line: In the broken white line motorists may
change lanes if it is safe to do so.

5. Edge Line Pavement Markings

 Ed
ge Line Pavement Markings
Edge line pavement marking defining roadway edges. These
are useful as visual references over adverse weather and
visibility conditions. Edge lines should not
be extended through intersections or major driveways.

For divided highways, one-way streets, or ramps – normal

solid yellow lines can be used to define the left side of a roadway
or to indicate restrictions left of these markings.

Normal solid white lines can be used for defining the right-
hand edge of the roadway.

Wide solid edge line markings can be used at locations with

an essential for greater.

6. Raised Pavement Markings (Rpm)

 Raised
Pavement Markers (Rpm)
Raised pavement markings can addition or replaced for
roadway pavement markings. These may be
either retroreflective or non-retroreflective along
prismatic cube-corner reflectors used
for mandatory retroreflective properties.

Raised pavement markers shall be enhancing visibility under

adverse weather conditions, better durability than
markings, tactual warnings, and use, as the
transverse rumble strips.

7. Stop & Yield Lines

 Sto
p and Yield Lines
Stop and yield lines are transversal pavement markings used
to instruct drivers where to should stop or yield
when reaching an intersection or mid-block crosswalk.

These markings are ordinarily white lines that

are perpendicular to the travel lane (stop lines, yield lines,
crosswalks) as well as major markings (symbols, word
markings, channelization markings, etc.).

Yield lines are also called Give Way Line instruct drivers where
a yield is intended or obligated at an intersection
or roundabout restrained by a yield sign.

8. Crosswalks Pavement Markings

Crosswalk pavement markings serve the direct pedestrians to

cross at locations where convenient traffic control (including
traffic signals or adult school crossing guards) either directly exist
or can be provided. However, the marked pedestrian
crosswalks by themselves do not moderate traffic or reduce
pedestrian crashes

Pe
destrian Crosswalk Pavement Markings
Depending on the detection, multiple traffic laws state that
a crosswalk exists at an intersection even if or not it is
marked. Crosswalk markings describe and outline routes
for signalized intersections and on approaches to where traffic
stops. These crosswalks alert road users
to nominate pedestrian crossings across roadways that are
not restrained by signals or signs.

9. Roundabout Pavement Markings

 Round
about Pavement Markings
Roundabout is a defined type of circular intersection designed to
keep control speeds and having specific traffic control features.
Pavement markings and signing of the roundabout is must
be integrally designed to considering the geometric design
and intended lane use of a roundabout.

Pavement Marking Advantages

1. The pavement marking is easily installed without the use
of special type equipment.
2. Marking is more durable and providing 5 to 8 years
of service life depending on the traffic environment.
3. It can be high retro–reflectivity.
4. Marking is environment friendly and it can be little
damage to the local environment and workers.

Pavement Marking Disadvantages

1. Pavement markings have higher initial costs.
2. It can be not suitable for old roads in poor conditions.
ntroduction
Advantages of Road Markings
Types of Road Markings

 Carriageway Road Markings

 Longitudinal Markings
 Intersection Markings
 Hazardous Location Markings
 Parking
 Word Messages
 Object Markings

Road markings provide guidance for disciplined

and safe driving. It is suggested to mark all the
major roads with lanes, edge and median
markings together with delineators.

 Road Markings are the coloured

paintings on the roads.

è Perform an important function of guiding

and controlling traffic.
è Serve as a psychological barrier and
signify the delineation of the traffic path.
è Channelise the movement of the
pedestrians and cyclists into the safe
zones.
è Conveys information to road user without
distracting the attention from the
carriageway.
è Therefore, are indispensable to ensure
smooth & orderly flow of traffic and for
promoting road safety

IRC 35-1997 Code of Practice for Road

Markings

Colours employed
White: Generally to all markings
Yellow: No overtaking zones
Obstructions to Approaches
Parking restrictions
Black : Alternate with white for kerb
markings

v Materials

Thermo plastic paints

Reflectorised paint
 Pre fabricated sheets
Types of Road Markings Comprehensive Diagram of Longitudinal
Markings

Top

LONGITUDINAL MARKINGS

è Centre Line Marking

è Traffic Lane Markings
è Border or Edge lines
è Warning Lines
è No Passing Zones
è Bus Lane Markings

INTERSECTIONAL MARKINGS

§ Stop Lines
§ Give way Lines
§ Pedestrian Crossings
§ Cyclist Crossings
§ Marking on approach to
Intersection
§ Marking on Speed
Change Lane
§ Directional arrows
§ Protected Right Turn
lanes
§ Marking on Rotaries
§ Box Markings SINGLE SOLID LINE
§ Continuity Lines
W = 100 FOR RURAL AREAS; W=150 FOR
URBAN AREAS
HAZARDOUS LOCATION MARKINGS

 Carriageway Width Transition

 Obstruction Approaches
 Road-Rail Level Crossings
 Check Barriers

COMBINATION OF BROKEN & SOLID

LINES

a AND b SHALL DEPEND UPON

APPLICATION
c, d AND e EACH EQUAL TO 100
W=100 FOR RURAL AREAS; W=150 FOR
URBAN AREAS
MARKINGS FOR PARKING

 Parking Space Limits

 Parking Restrictions
 Bus Stops

OBJECT MARKINGS

 Objects within the Carriageway

 Objects adjacent to the carriageway
 Kerb Markings

PAIR OF SOLID LINES

c, d AND e EACH EQUAL TO 100
WORD MESSAGES Centre Line and Lane Line Marking for
Urban Areas
 Stop Pictorial Illustrations
 Slow
 Bus
 Keep Clear
 School
 Right Turn only
 Exit only
 Speed 25 (or any other specified)

CENTRE LINE MARKING FOR A TWO

LANE ROAD
 NOTE: FIGURES IN BRACKETS TO BE
USED ON CURVES AND APPROACHES
TO INTERSECTIONS
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LONGITUDINAL MARKINGS

 Longitudinal pavement markings are

lines placed along the direction of traffic
to indicate a driver, his proper position
on the roadway.
 Centre Line Markings: They are either
continuous or broken lines dividing road
into two equal halves. They indicate that
the traffic of one side should not move
onto the another side (except in case of
broken line)
 Traffic Lane Markings: Lane markings
are usually broken lines white in colour
dividing the road into lanes, each of 3.5 LANE LINE AND BROKEN CENTRE LINE
mtrs. MARKING FOR A FOUR LANE ROAD
 Border or Edge Lines: These are drawn NOTE: FIGURES IN BRACKETS TO BE
at the road shoulders with solid lines USED ON CURVES AND APPROACHES
usually in white or yellow colours. They TO INTERSECTIONS
indicate the edge of the road
carriageway.
 Bus Lane Markings: The right most lane
on the carriageway is allotted for heavy
vehicles such as Buses, Trucks, etc.,

CENTRE BARRIER LINE MARKING FOR A SIX CENTRE BARRIER LINE MARKING FOR A
LANE ROAD Four LANE ROAD
NOTE: FIGURES IN BRACKETS TO BE USED NOTE: FIGURES IN BRACKETS TO BE
ON CURVES AND APPROACHES TO USED ON CURVES AND APPROACHES
INTERSECTIONS TO INTERSECTIONS
WARNING LINE MARKINGS MARKINGS AT A SHARP CURVE

 Warning lines are broken lines with

segments and gaps of same length.
These are marked on horizontal curves
and vertical curves to make drivers more
cautious. Warning lines can also be used
at other hazardous locations such as
approaches to intersections, obstruction
approaches and sharp curves etc
 Warning lines are always single lines
with a minimum of 7 segments at any
location
 Width of warning line is same as a centre
line or traffic lane line immediately
preceding it

Intersectional Markings Bus Lane Markings

STOP LINE MARKINGS

 Stop line indicates the position beyond

which the vehicles should not proceed
when required to stop by traffic police,
traffic signals or other traffic control
devices. Stop lines should either be
parallel to the intersecting roadway or at
right angles to the approaching vehicle
 Two patterns are normally prescribed
namely Single Stop Line or Double Stop
Line
 Single stop line shall be solid white
transverse line of 200 mm wide on urban
roads and 300 mm wide on rural roads
 Double stop lines shall consist of two
continuous lines of each 200 mm width
spaced 300 mm apart and supplemented
by a STOP SIGN and a word message
STOP on the carriageway
 The single stop line shall ordinarily be
located not less than 2 meters nor more
than 3 meters in advance and parallel to
the nearest boundary of the pedestrian
crossing marking. Where there is no
pedestrian crossing, the single line shall
 be placed not less than 1.25 meters and
not more than 9 meters from the nearest
carriageway edge of the intersecting
road
 The double line is used exclusively at
junctions controlled by STOP signs and
in no circumstances should be used
merely to give warning of the approach
to a major road, for which purpose GIVE
WAY marking is appropriate
 The STOP sign supplemented by the
double line requires that (a) every
vehicle shall, before entering the major
road, stop at the transverse lines and (b)
no vehicle shall proceed past these
transverse lines in such a manner or at
such a time necessitating any vehicle on
the other road to change its speed or
path to avoid collision

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GIVE WAY LINE MARKINGS

 The prescribed marking consists of two

broken lines laid side by side, each
consisting of 600 mm segments and 300
mm gaps. The lines are 200 mm wide
and are spaced at 300 mm apart. The
marking is laid across the minor roads at
intersections which are not controlled by
stop sign, traffic signals or the police
 The Give Way lines shall be
supplemented by the hollow triangular
approach marking and a GIVE WAY
road sign. The triangular marking should
normally be located with its base 2 to 2.5
meters from the transverse marking.

OUTER SEPARATOR UPTO 10m WIDTH OUTER SEPARATOR WIDER THAN 10m
WIDTH
GIVE WAY AND STOP MARKINGS

PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS PEDESTRIAN CROSSING AT AN

INTERSECTION
 Crossing of the carriage way by
Pedestrians only at the authorised
places minimises confusion and
improves safety
 The Pedestrian crossings shall be
provided at important intersections
where conflict exists between vehicular
traffic and pedestrian movements. The
site should be so selected that the
pedestrians are subjected to minimum
inconvenience and the vehicular traffic is
not interrupted very often
 The location of pedestrian crossing at an
intersection should fulfill the following
conditions to ensure safety :

 Adequate visibility so that the driver of

approaching vehicle has clear view of
the persons on the pedestrian crossing
and on the foot path

 Sufficient space is available on the foot

path for pedestrians to wait

 Freedom from obstructions such as

trees, sign posts, lamp posts etc. in the
path of pedestrians at either end

 At intersections, the pedestrian crossings COMPREHENSIVE DIAGRAMATIC

 should invariably be preceded by a ILLUSTRATION
STOP line at a distance of 2 to 3 m for OF INTERSECTIONAL MARKINGS
unsignalised intersection and at 1 m for
signalised intersection

 The width of the pedestrian crossing is

governed by the pedestrian volumes
crossing the road and by local
requirements and in no case it shall be
less than the width of foot path subject to
a minimum of 1.5 m. The width of the
crossing generally lies between 2 m to 4
m

 Marking for Pedestrian crossing mostly

used is the Zebra Pattern consisting of
equally spaced white stripes generally
500 mm wide in accordance with
IRC:103 – 1988. A warning sign to
indicate that the pedestrian crossing is
ahead should also be installed

 At mid-block pedestrian crossing in

urban areas, it may be advantageous to
install flashing signals along with
markings

MARKINGS FOR PARKING

 The markings used for parking spaces in

urban roads promote more efficient use
of the parking and tends to prevent
encroachment on fire hydrant zones, bus
stops, loading / unloading zones and
other such locations where parking of
vehicles is undesirable. The markings
used for parking shall be solid white lines
100 mm wide.

 The limits of the designated parking

places should also be indicated by
informatory parking signs mounted on
the kerb side in accordance with IRC: 67
- 1977

 The word TAXI, CARS,SCOOTERS,

AUTO-RICKSHAWS etc. may also be
written if the parking area is specific for a
particular type of vehicle.

PARKING ON THE STRIP ROAD ROAD MARKINGS ACT AS

PSYCHOLOGICAL
BARRIER TO THE ROAD USER
 Top

TRAFFIC LANE MARKINGS NO OVER TAKING ZONE MARKINGS

 Sub division of wide carriageway into  No overtaking zones shall be

separate lanes on either side of the established on summit curves,
centre line helps to regulate traffic into horizontal curves and at locations
proper paths and curbs the meandering where the sight available to the
tendency of the drivers promoting safety driver is restricted thus making
and ensuring maximum capacity overtaking hazardous

 Traffic lanes are normally single broken  On undivided highways with more
lines of 100 mm width than 3 lanes, there is hardly any
need for a vehicle to cross the centre
 In urban areas the length of line segment line for overtaking. A double solid
is 1.5 m with a gap of 3 m in between centre line is prescribed for such
segments. On curves gap can be locations
reduced to 1.5 m. In rural areas the gaps
and segments shall be 3 m and 6 m  A solid centre line intended for
establishing no overtaking shall be in
 Solid lane lines shall be used in yellow colour
approaches to intersections and in other
areas where lane changes are to be  On sharp curves, where no
restricted overtaking zone markings are
required, they can be splayed to form
a shape of central island with an
internal width of 600 mm provided
there is ample space on either side
to enable vehicles to negotiate the
bend with reasonable comfort
without crossing the lanes. The area
within the splay and parallel must be
hatched with inclined 150 mm thick
lines at 2 m spacing.

 The no overtaking zone lines should

be marked with a single row of
double sided reflecting studs spaced
at 4m interval. When double lines are
used or when lines are splayed to
form hatched area uni-directional
studs may be laid symmetrically on
each longitudinal line at 4 m spacing
so that only the studs nearest to the
driver reflect back.
MARKINGS ON SPEED CHANGE LANES

 Channelizing lines are utilised to

demarcate a neutral area at the nose of
a channelizing island to reduce the
probability of collision with kerb nose.
They direct the entering and exiting
traffic in to the proper angle for smooth
movements of divergence and
convergence. These markings provide
for proper and safe use of acceleration
and deceleration lanes, known as speed
change lanes.

 A solid white line of 150 mm wide shall

be placed along the sides of the
triangular neutral area adjacent to the
speed change lane and the main
highway. A broken white warning line
100 mm thick shall be placed from the
apex of the triangular area for the full
length of the speed change lane.
Additional emphasis can be provided by
the chevron markings within the neutral
area.

BOX MARKINGS

 Critical intersection areas are marked

with yellow crossed diagonal lines in the
form of a box to indicate the areas where
a vehicle must not become stationary
even for a short while. Drivers are
prohibited from entering such areas even
if the signal light is green but if the area
can not be crossed. This is to ensure
that the junction is not choked in the
event of heavy traffic.

 These markings shall be used sparingly

and only at places where locking of
traffic stream is anticipated. For
example, a situation may arise when two
intersections are too close and the
waiting vehicles at red signal extend their
length upto the preceding intersection.
This marking indicated that the area
should not be used for storage of any
vehicles in queue.
OBSTRUCTION APPROACH MARKINGS

 Physical obstructions with in the

carriageway such as monuments,
towers, trees etc. which constitute a
serious hazard to traffic, should not be
allowed except under compelling
circumstances. If unavoidable, all
possible measures must be taken to
prevent collision of vehicles with such
objects

 The approach markings to obstruction

must be so designed as to deflect the
traffic away from the obstruction by
diagonal lines or chevron markings

 When the traffic flows on both sides of

the obstruction are in opposite directions,
diagonal markings shall be used. When
the traffic flow on both sides of the
obstruction is in the same direction
chevron marking is appropriate. The
colour of these markings shall be yellow.