Aakash Deep Rajput

Class-10 B
th

Roll No.-28
2012-2013
 CHEMISTRY
CARBON
AND
ITS
COMPOUNDS
 PREFACE
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Dr.(Mrs.) Sameera Sarkar as well as our principal
Ms. Sudha Datta who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic Carbon and its
Compound(Chemistry), which also helped me in doing a lot
of Research and I came to know about so many new things. I
am really thankful to them.
I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time. I am
very thankful to everyone who all supported me, for
completed my project effectively and moreover on time.
Carbon And Its Compounds
 CARBON
o CARBON IS AN ELEMENT AND NON METAL.
oTHE SYMBOL OF CARBON IS C.
oIT IS A NON-METAL.
oTHE ATOMIC NUMBER OF CARBON ATOM IS 6.
oATOMIC MASS OF CARBON ATOM IS 12.0107.
oIT IS TETRAVALENT
(TETRA=FOUR;VALENT=VALENCY).
 Carbon
The name carbon is derived from the Latin word
“carbo”which means “coal". This is because the
carbon is the main constituent of coal.
The amount of carbon present in the earth’s
crust and atmosphere is very small. For example,
the earth’s crust contains only 0.02% carbon is in
the form of minerals(like carbonates, coal and
petroleum, etc).
 Carbon Always Forms Covalent Bonds
 The atomic number of carbon is 6 which means
that a neutral atom of carbon contains 6
electrons. So, the electronic configuration of
carbon is 2,4. This is clear that carbon has 4
electrons in the outermost shell (L shell) of its
atom.
Since a carbon atom has 4 electrons in its
outermost shell, so it should either lose 4
electrons or gain 4 electrons to achieve the inert
gas electron configuration and become stable.
 Occurrence of carbon:
Carbon occurs in nature in “free state”(as element) as
well as in the “combined state”(in the form of
compounds with other element).

A) In free state, carbon occurs in nature mainly in two

forms: 1)Diamond,
2)Graphite.
B) In combined state, carbon occurs in the forms
of compounds are:
1) Carbon dioxide gas in air;
2)Carbonates(like limestone, marble and chalk);
3)Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas;
4)Wood, cotton and wool, etc;
5)Organic compounds like carbohydrates, fats and
proteins.
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON ATOM
 Allotropes
The various physical forms in which an element can
exist are called allotropes of the element.

Allotropes of carbon:

1. Diamond

2. Graphite

3. Buckminsterfullerene.
DIAMOND AND GRAPHITE
 HYDROCARBON
Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and
hydrogen.
The natural source of
hydrocarbons is
petroleum (crude oil)
 The Simplest Hydrocarbon
A molecule of methane has four
hydrogen atoms linked to one central
atom of carbon.
Methane CH4
 Saturated Hydrocarbons

Alkanes
 ALKANES
• The hydrocarbons methane, ethane propane
and butane form a series of carbon
compounds known as alkanes
• The alkane series can be represented by the
general formula
 ISOMERISM
• COMPOUNDS HAVING THE SAME
MOLECULAR FORMULAE BUT DIFFERENT
STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN
THEM ARE KNOWN AS ISOMERS, AND THE
PHENOMENON IS KNOWN AS ISOMERISM
 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain a double
or triple bond between two carbon atoms.
• The one with double bond are called alkenes.
 ALKENES
• Double Bond
• Unsaturated
• The alkene series can be represented by the
general formula
 ALKENES
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain
triple bond between two carbon atoms.
• The alkyne series can be represented by the
general formula
 Properties of Carbon
Compounds
1. Form covalent bonds. Therefore, poor
conductors of electricity due to the
absence of charged particles.
2. Strong bonds within the molecule but
weak inter-molecular forces.
Therefore, low melting and boiling
points.
 VERSATILE NATURE
Two factors noticed in the case of carbon are –

(i) Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with other
atoms of carbon, giving rise to large molecules. This
property is called catenation. These compounds may have long
chains of carbon, branched chains of carbon or even carbon
atoms arranged in rings.

(ii) Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of

bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some
other mono-valent element. Again the bonds that carbon forms
with most other elements are very strong making these
compounds exceptionally stable. One reason for the formation
of strong bonds by carbon is its small size. This enables
the nucleus to hold on to the shared pairs of electrons
strongly. The bonds formed by elements having larger atoms
are much weaker.
Structures of Carbon
Compounds
 Nomenclature
Number of Carbon Prefix
atoms
1 Meth-

2 Eth-

3 Prop-

4 But-

5 Pent-
For saturated Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons that
hydrocarbons, containing double contain a triple
bonds are known as bond between carbon
the primary atoms are known
alkenes. For such
suffix “ane” hydrocarbons, as alkynes and for
should be added. the primary suffix naming such
For example, the “ene” should be hydrocarbons
IUPAC name of added to the root the primary suffix
word. For example, “yne“ should be
the IUPAC name of added. For example,
the IUPAC name of

is ethane.
is propyne
is ethene
 Isomerism
• The unique feature of the carbon-carbon bonding has also
led to the formation of compounds that can have the same
molecular formula, but different structures. This
phenomenon of different structural formula of the same
molecule, giving rise to different properties of compounds,
is called Isomerism.

• In the above illustrations pentane and iso-pentane display

isomerism. Such compounds with the same molecular formula are
called isomers of one another. Another common instance of
 Homologous series
• A series of organic compounds having same general formula,
same functional group and having similar chemical properties is
called homologous series. Eg. alkanes.

• Each member of a series differs from its preceding and

succeeding member by a CH2 group. Eg. in alkane group:
• 1. Methane – CH4
• 2. Ethane – C2H6
• 3. Propane – C3H8

• As a CH2 group is added to every next member of a series, each

member has a mass 14 a.m.u. higher than the previous member.

• Each homologous group has a formula from which all it’s

members can be derived. Eg. the formula for alkanes is: C nH2n+2
where n=1,2,3,4….

• As the molecular mass increases in a homologous series, a

 Combustion
• Carbon, in all allotropic forms, burns in
presence of oxygen to give carbon dioxide with
evolution of heat. Diamonds, graphite and
fullerenes burn completely as they are the
purest forms of carbon.
C + O2 CO2 + heat

• Most carbon compounds are combustible and

burn in presence of oxygen to form CO2 and
H2O.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Burning of diamond in liquid
CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O oxygen on a block of
CH3COOH + 2O2 2CO2 + 2H2O graphite
CH3COCH3 + 4O2 3CO2 + 3H2O

• Saturated hydrocarbons generally burn with a

clean flame while unsaturated hydrocarbons
give a lot of black smoke on burning.
 OXIDATION
• Some substances are capable of
adding oxygen to others. These
substances are known as
oxidizing agents. Alkaline
potassium permanganate or
acidified potassium dichromate
are oxidizing alcohols to acids.
Hence they are known as
oxidizing agents.
 SUBSTITUTION REACTION
• Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreative and are
inert in the presence of most reagents. However, in
the presence of sunlight, chlorine is added to
hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction. Chlorine can
replace the hydrogen atoms one by one. This type of
reaction is called a substitution reaction.

• CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl+HCl(in the presence of

sunlight)
 SOAP
• Soap is a salt of a fatty acid. When used
for cleaning, soap serves as
a surfactant in conjunction with water.
The cleaning action of this mixture is
attributed to the action of micelles, tiny
spheres coated on the outside with polar
carboxylate groups, encasing a
hydrophobic (lipophilic) pocket that can
surround the grease particles, allowing
them to dissolve in water. The
hydrophobic portion is made up of the
long hydrocarbon chain from the fatty
acid. In other words, whereas normally
oil and water do not mix, the addition of
soap allows oils to dissolve in water,
allowing them to be rinsed away.
Synthetic detergents operate by similar
mechanisms to soap.
 DETERGENT
• A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of
surfactants having "cleaning properties in dilute
solutions." Soaps are surfactants and detergents.
Most commonly, detergent refers to
alkylbenzenesulfonates, which are similar to soap
but are less affected by "hard water." In most
household contexts, the term detergent by itself
refers specifically to laundry detergent, vs hand
soap or other types of cleaning agents. Most
detergent is delivered in powdered form.