AS LEVEL ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER

AS/A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY MODULE
Cambridge syllabus 9696

ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER
WHAT IS THE ATMOSHERE

4. Thermosphere
Minimal mass of atmosphere, pressure about one-millionth of at sea level.
Temperature increases with height due to insolation. Temperature reach 1500 c.
Atomic oxygen is highly concentrated in this layer.

THE EARTH’S ENERGY BUDGET
GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGET

LOCAL ENERGY BUDGETS [micro level]
Local daytime and night time energy budgets
Local energy budgets are different during night time and day time and they exists
for individual places of the earth
Local night time energy budget
How is the night time different from the daytime budget?

FACTORS AFFECTING TEMPERATURE
The geographical and seasonal pattern of air temperature is affected by several factors.
These include the following:
 Insolation  Latitude  Altitude
 Cloud cover  The nature of the surface
 Land and water contrasts
 Continentality  Ocean currents
 Topography  Aspect
Aspect
It is the direction that the slope faces
https://study.com/academy/lesson/factors-that-influence-earths-temperature.html
LOCAL WEATHER PHENOMENA : [Temperature changes close to the surface]
MIST AND FOG

DEW
TEMPERATURE INVERSION
A TEMPERATURE INVERSION WILL ACT AS A LID ON POLLUTANTS CAUSING THEM TO REMAIN IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE
NEXT TO THE EARTH’S SURFACE
LAND AND SEA BREEZES
ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY : NET RADIATION
Latitudinal patterns of radiation excesses and deficits…..which areas of the earth gets more energy than
others and why
If there was no energy transfer the poles would have been 25oC colder than they are now.
AREAS CLOSER TO THE EQUATOR RECEIVE MORE INSOLATION THAN AREAS FURTHER AWAY FOR TWO
REASONS :
AIR PRESURE
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
WIND AND PRESSURE VARIATIONS
https://youtu.be/DHrapzHPCSA
https://youtu.be/NQ3Tj-tdQIk global winds
https://youtu.be/Ye45DGkqUkE global pressure belts
) Without the Sun: Episode 12-Global Circulation - YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMKa_ubu8UM Coriolis
force
ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
CONDENSATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
Precipitation refers to all forms of deposition of moisture from the atmosphere in either
solid or liquid states. It includes rain, hail, snow, sleet and dew.
The Collision and coalescence Theory
The warm moist air (without crystals) as found in the tropics, contain numerous water droplets
of different sizes. These are swept upwards at different velocities, and in doing so, collide with
other droplets. Larger water droplets have greater chances of collision and subsequent
coalescence with smaller droplets. However, coalescence does not result from collision alone
but is due to droplets having different electrical charges. Negatively charged droplets colliding
with positively charged droplets have a high chance of merging, because opposite charges
attract each other (Buckle, 1996). When coalescing droplets reach a radius of 3mm, their
motion causes them to disintegrate and form a fresh supply of droplets. Coalescence is
common in tropical regions where temperatures are high; clouds have high water content and
therefore a high droplet density.
The Ice Crystal Growth Theory

The theory is associated with clouds where at least some of the water exists in solid state (ice
crystals). This occurs when the temperature of the air is between -5 0C and -25 0C. According to
this theory water droplets grow in clouds whose tops rise above the freezing level. Supper
cooling takes place when water remains in the atmosphere after temperatures have fallen
below 0 0C, usually due to lack of condensation nuclei. The relative humidity of air is ten times
greater above an ice surface than on water. This means that the water droplets evaporate and
the resultant vapour condenses (sublimates) back onto the ice crystals which then grow into
hexagonal-shaped snowflakes. The ice crystal growth theory suggests the formation snow, sleet
and hail.
ADIABATIC PROCESSES [LAPSE RATES]

LAPSE RATE
Rate of temperature decrease with height
 This marks the top of cloud development.
STABILITY AND INSTABILITY IN THE AIR
CLOUDS
TYPES OF RAINFALL
All of them occur due to AIR BEING FORCED TO RISE

THE HUMAN IMPACT ON OUR ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER
URBAN CLIMATES AND HOW WE HAVE AFFECTED CLIMATE BY
BULDING URBAN AREAS
Sources to be used :
https://youtu.be/FlJ750FOyVY CNN news on effects

https://youtu.be/G4H1N_yXBiA national geographic report
TOPIC 2 : POPULATION STUDIES
NATURAL INCREASE AS A COMPONENT OF POPULATION CHANGE

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POPULATON DISTRIBUTION
COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE
BIRTH RATE , DEATH RATE , NATURAL CHANGE , FERTILITY RATE
For a country’s population to change the number of babies being born and the number of people
dying must change
Natural change is the balance between births and deaths, while net migration is the difference
between immigration and emigration (Figure 4.1). The relative contributions of natural change
and net migration can vary over time within a particular country. Natural change can be stated
in absolute or relative terms.
The former gives the actual change in population, for example 200,000. The latter expresses
natural change as a rate per thousand, for example 2/1000
The factors affecting levels of fertility
Fertility varies widely around the world. The crude birth rate is the most basic measure of
fertility. The word ‘crude’ means that the birth rate applies to the total population, taking no
account of gender and age. The crude birth rate is heavily influenced by the age structure of a
population. In 2010 the crude birth rate varied globally from a high of 52/1000 in Niger to a
low of 7/1000 in Monaco. For more accurate measures of fertility, the fertility rate and the
total fertility rate are used.
These rates apply to women in the main reproductive age range, rather than to the whole
population. They are thus much more accurate measures of fertility than the birth rate. In 2010,
the total fertility rate varied from a high of 7.4 in Niger to a low of 1.0 in China, Macao and
China, Hong Kong. The global average is 2.5. The factors affecting fertility can be grouped into
four main categories.
Life expectancy
It is the average age one is expected to live in a country.
The sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females in a population
* Male births consistently exceed female births due to a combination of biological and social
reasons.
*After birth, the gap generally begins to narrow until eventually females outnumber males, as
at every age male mortality is higher than female mortality.
*A report published in China in 2002 recorded 116 male births for every 100 female births due
to the significant number of female fetuses aborted by parents intent on having a male child.
POPULATION STUREUCTURE AND PYRAMIDS
In countries where there is strong rural-to-urban migration, the population
structures of the areas affected can be markedly different. These differences
show up clearly on population pyramids. Out-migration from rural areas is
ageselective, with single young adults and young adults with children dominating
this process. Thus, the bars for these age groups in rural areas affected by out-
migration will indicate fewer people than expected. In contrast, the population
pyramids for urban areas attracting migrants will show age-selective in-
migration, with substantially more people in these age groups than expected.
Such migrations may also be sex-selective.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
https://youtu.be/GV3atpOqtxs DTM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dK3mL35nkk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvFk58mBjQ8
ISSUES WITH A YOUNG OR OLD POPULATION

CASE STUDY : JAPAN’S AGEING POPULATION
POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
POPULATION – RESOURCES RELATIONSHIP
POPULATION AND RESOURCES
CASE STUDY : SUDAN
THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL INCREASE
CASE STUDY : CHINA’S ANTI-NATAL POPULATION POLICY

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AS/A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY MODULE

Cambridge syllabus 9696

WHAT IS THE ATMOSHERE

Minimal mass of atmosphere, pressure about one-millionth of at sea level.

Temperature increases with height due to insolation. Temperature reach 1500 c.

Atomic oxygen is highly concentrated in this layer.

GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGET

How is the night time different from the daytime budget?

These include the following:

 Insolation  Latitude  Altitude

 Cloud cover  The nature of the surface

 Land and water contrasts

 Continentality  Ocean currents

It is the direction that the slope faces

MIST AND FOG

The Ice Crystal Growth Theory

ADIABATIC PROCESSES [LAPSE RATES]

All of them occur due to AIR BEING FORCED TO RISE

https://youtu.be/FlJ750FOyVY CNN news on effects

NATURAL INCREASE AS A COMPONENT OF POPULATION CHANGE

It is the average age one is expected to live in a country.

ISSUES WITH A YOUNG OR OLD POPULATION

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