Transformation of Sentence

Transformation of Sentence

Transformation শব্দটির অর্থ হলো রুপান্তর। সুতরাং, যেকোন এক ধরণের

Sentence কে অন্য ধরণের Sentence এ রুপান্তর করাই হলো Transformation of
Sentences। তবে রুপান্তরের সময় আমাদের খেয়াল রাখতে হবে যেন Sentence
এর মূল ভাব পরিবর্তন না হয়।

অর্থ, গঠন, Degree, হ্যা / না প্রকাশ ইত্যাদির উপর ভিত্তি করে Sentence
কে বিভিন্ন ভাবে সাজানো যায়, তাই Transformation of Sentences ও বিভিন্ন
ধরণের হয়ে থাকে।

1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার ।

2. Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার ।

3. Voice Change ২ প্রকার ।

4. Degree ৩ প্রকার ।

1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার ।

AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE

Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → স্থানে→ None but(ব্যক্তি)/ nothing

but(বস্তু)/ not more than or not less than(সংখা)

Example:
 Aff: Only Allah can help us.

Neg: None but Allah can help us.

Aff: He has only a ball.

Neg: He has nothing but a ball.

Aff: He has only ten taka.

Neg: He has not more than ten taka.

Rule 2: Must/Have to /Has to → স্থানে → Cannot but+মূল verb/ Cannot help+

(v+ing).

Example:

Aff: We must obey our parents.

Neg: We cannot but obey our parents/ We cannot help obeying our parents.

Rule 3: Both----and → স্থানে → not only ---- but also.

Example:

Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited.

Neg: Not only dolon but also Dola were present.

 Rule 4: and (যদি দুটি শব্দ যোগ করে) →স্থানে → Not only ----- but also.

Example:

aff: He was obedient and gentle.

Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.

Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → স্থানে

→ There is no + attached word + but.

Example:

Aff: Every mother loves her child.

Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.

Rule 6: As soon as → স্থানে → No sooner had ----- Than.

Example:

Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.

Neg: No sooner had the thief saw the police he ran away.

Rule 7: The Superlative degree → স্থানে → No other+ attached word+verb+so/as+

 positive form+ as+subject.

Example:

aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.

Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.

Rule 8: প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে। By Not.

Example:

Aff: I shall remember you.

Neg: I shall not forget you.

Rule 9: Always → স্থানে → Never প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে।

Example:

Ex: aff: Raven always attends the class.

Neg: Raven never misses the class.

Rule 10: Too ---- to → স্থানে → so ---that+Present হলে can not/ Past হলে could
not.

Example:
 Aff: He is too weak to walk.

Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

Rule 11: As – as → স্থানে → Not less – than.

Example:

Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi.

Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi.

Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.

Example:

Aff: The Sun sets in the west.

Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west.

Rule 13: Sometimes স্থানে → Not + always.

Example:

Aff: Raven sometimes visits me.

Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me.

 Rule 14: Many → স্থানে → Not a few.

Example:

Aff: I have many friends.

Neg: I donot have few friends.

Rule 15: A few → স্থানে → not many.

Example:

Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars.

Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.

Rule 16: Much → স্থানে → A little.

Example:

Aff: He belongs much money.

Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.

Rule 17: A little → স্থানে → not much.

 Example: Aff: Dolon has a little riches.

Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches.

ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE

** Present Form=Don't ?

** Past Form=Didn't ?

** Verb+s/es=Doesn't ?

** Auxiluary Verb= Auxiluary Verb+n't ?

** Every/Some/All/Body=Who ?

Rule 1: যদি sentence টি affirmative হয় তাহলে negative interrogative

করতে হবে.আর যদি negative হয় affermative interrogative করতে হবে।

Example:

Ass: He was very gentle.

Int: was n’t he very gentle?

Aff: He is not a good person.

Int: Is he a good person?

 Rule 2: যদি auxiliary verb না থাকে →

Present form হলে Do/ Don’t

Past form হলে Did/Didn’t.

Verb+s,es হলে Does/Doesn’t

Example:

Ass:He plays Football.

Int: Does he play football?

Ass: They did not play football yesterday.

Int: Did they play football yesterday?

Rule 3: Never → স্থানে → Ever.

Example:

Ass: I never drink tea.

Int: Do I ever drink tea?

Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → স্থানে → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t

 Example:

Ass: Everybody wishes to be happy.

Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?

Rule 5: Every + noun → স্থানে → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.

Example:

Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.

Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?

Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → স্থানে → Who.

Example:

Ass: Nobody could count my love for you.

Int: Who could ever count my love for you?

Rule 7: There is no → স্থানে → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).

Example:

Ass: There is no use of this law.

 Int: What is the use of this law.

Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.

Int: Who is Happier than jamil.

Rule 8: It Is no → স্থানে → Is there any/Why.

Example:

Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.

Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,

Is there any use of this law?

Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → স্থানে → what though/ Does it matter.

Example:

Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam.

Int: What though if you fail in the exam?

EXCLAMATORY TO ASSERTIVE
Rule 1: what a/an → স্থানে → a very(before adjective)/ a great(before noun)

Example:

Ex: What a beautiful scenery!

Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.

Ex: What a pity!

Ass: It is a great pity.

Rule 2: How → স্থানে → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)

Example:

Ex: How fortunate you are!

Ass: You are very fortunate.

Exc: What a fool you are!

Ass: You are a great fool.

Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → স্থানে → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.

Example:

Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game.

 Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.

Rule 4: Alas → স্থানে → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.

Example:

Ex: Alas! He has failed.

Ass: We mourn that he has failed.

Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → স্থানে → I wish + subject again
+ were/ had+ rest part.

Example:

Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!

Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.

Ex: Were I a bird!

Ass: I wish I were a bird.

Ex: If I were young again!

Ass: I wish I were young again.

Ex: would that I could be a child!

Ass: I wish I could be a child.

 IMPERATIVE TO ASSERTIVE

Rule 1: subject + should+verb.

Example:

Ex: Do the work.

Ass: you should do the work.

Rule 2: Please/kindly → স্থানে→ you are requested to+verb.

Example:

Ex: Please, help me.

Ass: You are requested to help me.

Rule 3: Do not → স্থানে → You should not.

Example:

Ex: Do not run in the sun.

Ass: you should not run in the sun.

 Rule 4: Never → স্থানে → you should never.

Example:

Ex: Never tell a lie.

Ass: You should never tell a lie.

Rule 5: Let us → স্থানে → We should.

Example:

Ex: Never tell a lie.

Ass: You should never tell a lie.

Rule 5: Let us → স্থানে → We should.

Example:

Ex: Let us go out for a walk.

Ass: We should go out for a walk.

Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → স্থানে → Subject + might.

 Example:

Ex: Let him play football.

Ass: He might play football.

2. Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার ।

Rule 1:

Simple=Verb+ing

Compund=and

Complex=when/as/since

Example:

Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.

Compund: The boy worked hard and he made a good result.

Complex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.

Rule 2:

Simple=In spite of possessive+v+ing

 Compund=But

Complex=Though/Although

Example:

Simple: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.

Compund: He tried heart and soul but he could not succeed in life.

Complex: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.

Rule 3:

Simple=By+ing

Compund=Imperative sentence+and

Complex=If Clause positive

Example:

Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.

Compund: Work hard and you will succeed in life.

Complex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.

Rule 4:
 Simple=Without+ing

Compund= Imperative sentence+or

Complex=If Clause negative

Example:

Simple: Without working hard, you will not succeed in life.

Compund: Work hard or you will not succeed in life.

Complex: Unless you work hard, you will not succeed in life.

Rule 5:

Simple=Principal clause +Too-to+verb

Compund=very/much...and

Complex=So...That

Example:

Simple: The boy is too foolish to understand it.

Compund: The boy is very foolish that he cannot understand it.

Complex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.

 Rule 6:

Simple=Principal clause +to+verb

Compund=and

Complex=Sothat/In order that

Example:

Simple: He works hard to prosper in life.

Compund: He works hard and he may prosper in life.

Complex: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.

Rule 7:

Simple=Principal clause +adjective+Noun

Compund=and

Complex=Relative Pronoun (Who,Which,That)

Example:

Simple: I know the poor man

Compund: I know the man and he is poor

Complex: I know the man who is poor.

 COMPOUND TO COMPLEX

Rule-1: And যুক্ত Compound Sentence-এর একটি Clause যদি অপরটির কারন বা
সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে উক্ত Compound Sentence টিকে Complex করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: Since/as/when + 1st sentence + and পরিবর্তে (,) + 2nd sentence.

Example:

Compound: He came to me and I felt tired.

Complex: When he came to me, I felt tired.

Rule-2: But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: Although/though + 1st sentence + but এর পরিবর্তে (,) + বাকি

sentence.

Example:

Compound: The boy tried hard but could not win the match.

Complex: Though the boy tried hard hard, he could not win the match.

Rule-3: Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: If + Sub + do not + 1st Clause + or এর পরিবর্তে (,) + sub + will + or এর
পরবর্তী অংশ।

Example:

Compound: Do or die.

Complex: If you do not do, you will die.

Rule-4: And দ্বারা যুক্ত cause and effect নির্দেশক compound sentence কে
so…. that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয়।

Example:

Compound: Farhan works very hard and he can shine in life.

Complex: Farhan works so hard that he can shine in life.

Rule-5: And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশমুলক compound sentence কে so that

দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয় ।

Example:

Compound: We take balance diet and we can keep good health.

Complex: We take balance diet so that we can keep good health.

 SIMPLE TO COMPOUND

Rule-1: Present Participle যুক্ত Simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেএে -

Structure: 1st sub + main verb + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) এর স্থলে and + sub
এর পরের অংশ।

Example:

Simple: Fishing the work, we went to the playground.

Compound: We finished the work and went to the playground.

Rule-2: Being যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেএে

Structure: Sub + Being এর বাকি অংশ যে tense এর থাকে সেই tense ও person
অনুযায়ী to be verb বসে + being এর পরের অংশ + কমা উঠে and + sub বাদে এর
পরের অংশ।

Example:

Simple: Being father, he can not neglect his son.

Compound: He is father and can not neglect his son.

Rule-3: Having যুক্ত বা perfect participle যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound

sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Sub + Tense অনুযায়ী verb ‘to have’ + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + and +
sub এর পরের অংশ ।

Example:

Simple: Having written the letter, I posted it.

Compound: I had written the letter and it.

Rule-4: In spite of/Despite যুক্ত simple sentence কে but দ্বারা compound

করতে হয়।

Example:

Simple: In spite of his dishonesty, he was reworded.

Compound: He was dishonest but reworded.

Rule-5: Without + Gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence যদি শর্ত বুঝাই, তবে ‘or’
যুক্ত করে compound করতে হয়।

Structure: Without উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমা এর
স্থলে or + কমা এর পরের অংশ।

Example:

Simple: Without going, you will die.

Compound: Go or you will die.

Rule-6: By Gerund যুক্ত simple sentence কে and যোগ করে compound করতে হয়।

Structure: By উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমার পূর্ব
পর্যন্ত + কমা স্থলে and + কমার পরের অংশ।

Example:

Simple: By wasting your time, you can spoil your life.

Compound: Waste your time and you can spoil your life.

Rule-7: Too….to যুক্ত Simple Sentence Compound করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: Sub + ‘to be’ verb + too এর পরিবর্তে very + Adjective + and + can
not/could not + to বাদে পরের অংশ।

Example:

Simple: He is too dull to understand it.

Compound: He is very dull and can not understand it.

COMPLEX TO COMPOUND

Rule-1: Since, as, when ইত্যাদি conjunction যুক্ত Complex sentence কে

Compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় since/as/when তুলে দিতে হয় এবং
 এর পর complex sentence কমা তুলে দিয়া সেখানে and বসালেই compound
sentence হয়ে যায়।

Example:

Complex: When i went there, I found him.

Compound: I went there and found him.

Rule-2: Though/although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence

পরিবর্তন করতে হলে though/ although তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পরে কমা তুলে
দিয়ে সেখানে but বসাতে হয়।

Example:

Complex: Although it rained heavily, he went out without an umbrella.

Compound: It rained heavily but he went out without an umbrella.

Rule-3: Complex sentence যদি If দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং if যুক্ত Clause এ যদি not
থাকে, তবে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে if থেকে not পর্যন্ত
অংশ তুলে দিতে হবে এবং এর পর কমা তুলে দিয়া সেই স্থানে ‘or’ বসালেই
compound sentence হবে।

Example:

Complex: If you do not read, you will fail.

Compound: Read or you will fail.

 COMPLEX TO SIMPLE

Rule-1: Since/when/as যুক্ত complex sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject এর

হলে এবং দুটি Clause এ principal verb থাকলে নিচের নিয়ম করতে হবে।

Structure: Since/when/as এর প্রথম subject তুলে দিয়ে main verb ing form করতে
হবে + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ।

Example:

Complex: When i went there, I found him absent.

Simple: Going there, I found him absent.

Rule-2: Since/as যুক্ত complex sentence যদি কারন বুঝাই, তাহলে Because of,
Due to, Owing to, On account of ইত্যাদি দিয়ে করতে হয়।

Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ On account of + verb + ing অথবা fog/rough
weather/cold + Extension.

Example:

Complex: Since there was fog, he could not go out.

Simple: Due to fog, he could not go out.

Rule-3: If যুক্ত শর্তমূলক Negative complex sentence কে simple sentence করার
নিয়মঃ

Structure: If থেকে not পর্যন্ত তুলে দিয়ে without বসাতে হবে + verb + ing +
কমা সহ বাকি অংশ ।

Example:

Complex: If you do not come, you will not get the pen.

Simple: Without coming, you will not get the pen.

Rule-4: If যুক্ত Negative Complex Sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject ভিন্ন

হলে নিম্নরুপ হবে।

Structure: If এর স্থলে without + subject এর possessive form বসে + Auxiliary verb ও

not উঠে যায় + main verb + ing + Extension.

Example:

Complex: If he does not stay at office, I shall not meet him.

Simple: Without his staying at office, I shall not meet him.

Rule-5: ‘So that’ যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: So that থেকে principal verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত উঠে গিয়ে সে স্থলে
to বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।

Example:
 Complex: People work hard so that they may shine in life.

Simple: People work hard to shine in life.

Rule-6: ‘So …. that’ যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন

করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: Sub + verb + so এর স্থলে too + adjective/adverb + that থেকে not

পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + to + Extension.

Example:

Complex: They are so nice that they can not be used just at present.

Simple: They are too nice to be used just at present.

Rule-7: Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence করার

নিয়মঃ

Structure: Although/though-এর স্থলে In spite of/ Despite বসে + Subject এর

possessive form + being/having + extension.

Example:

Complex: Though he was dishonest, he was set free.

Simple: In spite of his being dishonest, he was set free.

 Rule-8: Complex Sentence এ Relative pronoun টি যদি subject কে নির্দেশ করে
সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় উক্ত relative pronoun এবং
তৎপরবর্তী verb উঠে যায়।এবং relative pronoun এর পরের adjective-টি subject
এর পূর্বে বসে ।

Example:

Complex: The man who is drowning cateachs at a straw.

Simple: A drowning man catches at a straw.

COMPOUND TO SIMPLE

Rule-1: And দ্বারা যুক্ত compound sentence-এর and এর উভয় অংশের subject
যদি এক হয়, তবে একে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়মঃ

Example:

Compound: He finished the work and return home.

Simple: Finishing the work, he returned home.

Rule-2: And যুক্ত compound sentence এর উভয় অংশের subject যদি একই হয় এবং
প্রথম অংশের sentence টি যদি কারন নির্দেশ করে, সেক্ষেত্রে নিচের
নিয়মে simple করতে হবে।

Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ on account of + 1st sentence এর subject এর
possessive form + main verb + ing/ being/having + but এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা +
sub + verb + extension.

Example:

Compound: I was ill and I could not attend the meeting.

Simple: Because of my being ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Rule-3: But যুক্ত compound sentence এ যদি but এর পরে subject ও verb না থাকে
তবে, simple sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হলে নিচের নিয়মঃ

Structure: In spite of / Despite + Subject এর possessive form + main verb + ing +

being/having + but এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা + subject + verb + extension.

Example:

Compound: He is poor but honest.

Simple: In spite of his being, he is poor.

Rule-4: ‘Or’ যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার

নিয়মঃ

Structure: Without + 1st main verb + ing + verb এর পরের অংশ + কমা + বাকি অংশ।

Example:

Compound: Move or will die.

 Simple: Without moving, you will die.

Rule-5: Not only …. but also যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ

Structure: Besides + not only যুক্ত ব্যকের মূল verb এর সাথে ing + not only উঠে
যাবে + but also এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) + মূল subject + but also অংশে verb না
থাকলে প্রথম অংশের verb + but এর পরের অংশ।

Example:

Compound: Our teachers not only teach us but also guide us.

Simple: Besides teaching us, our teacher guide us.

Rule-6: And দ্বারা যুক্ত সময় নির্দেশক Compound sentence -কে In, On, At
ইত্যাদি time word দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয়।

Example:

Compound: It was raining and Siam came to me.

Simple: At the time of raining Siam came to me.

Rule-7: And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশ্যমুলক compound sentence কে Infinitive

দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয়।

Example:
 Compound: He reads attentively and she can do good result.

Simple: He reads attentively to do good result.

***Voice Change
Active voice:

যে sentence এ subject নিজে সক্রিয় বা active হয়ে কাজ সম্পন্ন করে সে

sentence এ verb এর Active voice হয়।

Structure:

Subject + verb + object.

Example:

I do the work.

Passive voice:

যে sentence এ subject নিজে কাজটি করে না বরং object এর কাজটি তার ওপর এসে
পড়ে তখন সে sentence এ verb এর passive voice হয়।

Structure:

Object + be verb + verb এর past participle+ by+ subject.

 Example:

The work is done by me.

Active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Rule 1:

a) Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়ে যায়।

b) Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject এ রুপান্তর হয়।

c) মূল verb এর past participle হয় এবং subject ও tense অনুসারে auxiliary verb/be
verb হয়।

Rule 2:

Indefinite tense:

a) Present indefinite – am, is, are.

b) Past indefinite – was, were.

c) Future indefinite – shall be, will be.

Continuous tense:

a) Present Continuous- am being, is being, are being.

 b) Past Continuous – was being, were being

c) Future Continuous - shall be being, will be being.

Perfect tense:

অথবা

Rule-1

Present form/v+s,es = am,is,are+vpp

do/does =am,is,are+vpp

Rule-2

Past form/did= was/were+vpp

Rule-3

Be verb= be verv+being+vpp

Rule-4

Have verb= have verb+being+vpp

 Rule-5

Modal=modal+be+vpp

Rules of changing voice:

Rule 3:

a) Present indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + am/is/are + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active – I play football.

Passive- Football is played by me.

Active- They eat rice.

Passive- Rice is eaten by them.

b) Present continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর

করার নিয়ম-
 Structure:

Object এর subject + am being/is being/are being + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I am playing football.

Passive: football is being played by me.

Active: He is eating rice.

Passive: Rice is being eaten by him.

c) Present perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + have been/ has been + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: He has eaten rice.

Passive: Rice has been eaten by him.

Active: I have played football.

Passive: Football has been played by me.

d) Past indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + was/were + v3+ by + subject এর object

Active: I ate rice.

Passive: Rice was eaten by me.

Active: They played football.

Passive: Football were played by them.

e) Past continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + was being/were being + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I was eating rice.

Passive: rice was being eaten by me.

 Active: They were catching fishes.

Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.

f) Past perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + had been + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I had eaten rice.

Passive: Rice had been eaten by me.

Active: we had dug the cannel.

Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.

g) Future indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + shall be/will be + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I will eat rice.

 Passive: Rice will be eaten by me.

Active: They will play football.

Passive: Football will be played by them.

h) Future continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + shall be being/will be being + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I will be eating rice.

Passive: Rice will be being eaten by me.

Active: They will be playing football.

Passive: Football will be being.

i) Future perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-

Structure:
Object এর subject + shall have been /will have been + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I will have eaten rice.

Passive: Rice will have been eaten by me.

Active: They will have caught the fish.

Passive: The fish will have been caught by them.

Rule 4:

May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to active voice কে passive voice এ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + may, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to এর পরে be +
v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I may help you.

Passive: you may be helped by me.

Active: you must do the work.

Passive: The work must be done by you.

 Active: we ought to obey our teachers.

Passive: our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.

Active: we are going to open a shop.

Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us.

Rule 5:

Imperative sentence এর active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

A) শুধু মাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Let + object এর subject + be + v3

Active: close the door.

Passive: Let the door be closed.

Active: shut the window.

 Passive: Let the window be shut.

B) Do not দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর
করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Let not + object এর subject + be + v3

Active: Do not close the door.

Passive: Let not the door be closed.

Active: Do not shut the window.

Passive: Let not the window be shut.

C) Let এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her)থাকে
এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Let + object এর subject + be + v3 + by + ব্যক্তিবাচক object.

Active: Let me play football.

 Passive: Let the football be played by me.

Active: Let us sing a song.

Passive: let a song be sung by us.

Active: let him give the chance.

Passive: let the chance be given by him.

D) Never যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Let not + object এর subject + ever be + v3

Active: Never tell a lie.

Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.

Active: Never go there.

Passive: let not there ever be gone.

 E) মূল verb এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her)
থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Let + direct object টি বসবে (মূল verb এর পর যে object টি থাকে + be + v3 + for

+ব্যক্তিবাচক object

Active: Buy me a shirt.

Passive: let a shirt be bought for me.

Active: Give me a glass of water.

Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me.

Interrogative sentence

Rule 6:

A) nterrogative sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার

নিয়ম-

Structure:

Interrogative sentence কে Assertive sentence এ রুপান্তর করে নিতে হবে +

রুপান্তরিত Assertive sentence এর active voice থেকে passive voice এ রুপান্তর
করতে হবে + এবার রুপান্তরিত passive voice এর auxiliary verb টিকে প্রথমে
বসাতে হবে + শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। **** Tense অনুসারে করতে
 হবে।

Assertive এর passive: Rice has been eaten by you.

Passive এ রুপান্তর: Has rice been eaten by you?

Active: Is he reading a book?

Assertive: He is reading a book.

Assertive এর passive: A book is being read by him.

Passive এ রুপান্তর: Is a book being read by him?

Active: Did you play football?

Assertive: you played football.

Assertive এর passive: Football was played by you.

Passive এ রুপান্তর: Was football played by you?

B) Who যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + object এর

subject + অনেক সময় tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/ being/ been বসাতে হয় +
 V3+ ?.

Active: Who is playing football?

Passive: BY whom is football being played?

Active: who will help me?

Passive: By whom will I be helped?

C) Whom যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Whom এর পরিবর্তে who + tense ও person অনুযায়ী

Auxiliary verb + V3 + by + subject এর object +?

Active: Whom did you see on the road?

Passive: who was seen by you on the road?

Active: Whom has he murdered in this home?

Passive: Who is murdered by him in this home?

 D) What যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

What + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + V3 + by + subject এর object +?

Active: What do you want?

Passive: What is wanted by you?

Rule 7:

Subject + verb + object + present participle যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + present participle

যুক্ত অংশটি + by + subject এর object.

Active: I saw him playing cricket.

Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.

Active: I took him for my friend.

Passive: He was taken for my friend by me.

 Rule 8:

Double object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

দুইটা object এর যে কোন একটি subject করতে হয় (personal object কে subject এ

রুপান্তর করলে ভাল) + v3 + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + প্রদত্ত
বাকি object টি বসে + by + active voice এর subject টি object রুপে হয়।

Active: I gave him a flower.

Passive: He was given a flower by me.

Active: He teaches us math.

Passive: we are taught English by him.

Rule 9:

Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ

রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice এ রূপান্তরের সময় উভয়
clause এর voice পরিবর্তন হয়।

Active: I know that he did the work.

Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him.

 Active: He told me that he had done the work.

Passive: I was told that the work had been done by him.

Note: Active voice “people say” দিয়ে শুরু হলে It is said দিয়ে passive voice করাই
ভাল।

Active: people say that the lion is the king of forest.

Passive: It is said that the lion is the lion is the king of forest.

Rule 10:

Intransitive verb যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

সাধারনত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় না। তবে Intransitive verb এর পরে
preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যদি group verb গঠন করে এবং তা Intransitive verb
হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে –

Structure:

Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + প্রদত্ত preposition + by

+ subject টির object।

Active: The truck run over the boy.

Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.

 Active: they looked at the poor man.

Passive: The poor man was looked at by them.

Rule 11:

Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, themselves, himself, herself)

যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Active voice subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় passive voice এর subject হিসেবে

হবে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + Reflexive object বসবে।

Active: He hanged himself.

Passive: He was hanged by himself.

Active: you killed yourself.

Passive: you were killed by yourself.

Rule 12:

Factitive object/Complementary object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ

রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
 Factitive object/Complementary object( select, elect, nominate, make, call, name
ইত্যাদি transitive verb থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণ রুপে অর্থ প্রকাশ
করতে পারে না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object আনতে
হয়। এইরুপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive object/Complementary object বলে।

Structure:

নামবাচক object টির (me, us, you, them, him, her) object টি subject হয়। + tense ও
person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + Factitive object + by + subject এর object।

Active: They made me captain.

Passive: I was made captain by them.

Active: we call him liar.

Passive: He is called liar by us.

Rule 13:

Cognate object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Cognate object এর সংজ্ঞা – কিছু intransitive verb তাদের সমর্থক object নিয়ে
transitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এ ধরনের object কে Cognate object বলে।

Structure:

Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + subject টির object।

 Active: he caught a fish.

Passive: A fish was caught by him.

Active: you ran a race.

Passive: A race was run by you.

Rule 14:

Infinitive যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + infinitive এর পরের object (যদি
থাকে) + to be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর v3.

Active: He wants someone to take camera.

Passive: He wants camera to be taken.

Active: He wants you to write a letter.

Passive: He wants a letter to be taken.

Rule 15:
 Gerund combinations অর্থাৎ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund +
object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + gerund এর পরের object টি +
should be + প্রদত্ত gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে v3 বসে।

Active: He suggested giving up smoking.

Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.

Active: He wanted playing football.

Passive: He wanted that football should be played.

Rule 16:

Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be determined, decide, demand, + infinitive +

object object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + infinitive এর পরের + object +
should be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর v3.

Active: He decided to buy the house.

Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.

 Active: you agreed to sell the house.

Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.

Rule 17:

One + should যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:

Object এর subject + should be + v3

Active: one should take care of one’s education.

Passive: Education should be taken care of.

Degree and Change of Degrees-এর নিয়মাবলী

Degree and Change of Degrees

Degree হল Adjective এবং adverbs এর রূপভেদ। এটি ৩টি ভাগে বিভক্ত। যথা-

Positive Degree- (no comparison -কোন তুলনা হবেনা)

Comparative Degree- (comparison between two persons or objects-দুইজনের বা
দুটি বিষয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা হবে)
Superlative Degree- (comparison among several persons or objects- অনেক ব্যক্তি
 বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা হবে।)
বিস্তারিত ভাবে

Positive Degree:

কোন sentence এ Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদি বুঝাতে

adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Positive Degree বলে।
যেমন – Mr. Roni is a good man.

Comparative Degree:

সাধারণত দুটি Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদির তুলনা

বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Comparative Degree বলে।
যেমন – Rahim is wiser than Karim.

Superlative Degree:

সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয়

তাকে Superlative Degree বলে।
যেমন – Rony is the best player in the team.

Change of Degrees:

Adjective শব্দ বা Adverb শব্দের মাঝে তুলনা করাকে Comparison of Degree

বলা হয়। এটি Transformation of Sentences এর উপরে একটি গুরুত্ত্বপূর্ণ
অধ্যায়। এখানে আমাদের একটি বাক্যকে Positive থেকে Comparative বা
Superlative এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয় adjective বা adverb শব্দের পরিবর্তনের
নিয়ম অনুসরন করে। আমি আজ Changing Degree এর উপরে ৫ টি নিয়ম আলোচনা করব
।

এই Changing Degree এর উপরে প্রশ্ন বিভিন্ন প্রতিষ্ঠানের প্রশ্ন এবং

ভর্তি পরীক্ষা যেমনঃ জে.এস.সি, এস.এস.সি, এইচ.এস.সি, বি সি এস,
 বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ভর্তি পরীক্ষা, চাকুরীর পরীক্ষায় প্রায় সবসময়
প্রশ্ন হয়ে থাকে। সুতরাং, একজন ভাষা শিক্ষার্থী অবশ্যই এই
অধ্যায়টি পড়তে হবে পরীক্ষায় Changing degree এর উপরে আশা সকল প্রশ্নের
উত্তর সঠিকভাবে দেওয়ার জন্য। এখানে, আমি আপনাদের Changing degree এর
উপরে সবচেয়ে সহজ নিয়ম শেখাবো। আমি আশা করিছ যে, বিভিন্ন বইয়ে দেওয়া
Changing degree এর উপর নিয়ম-কানুনের চেয়ে এই পদ্ধতিগুলো সহজ মনে হবে।
আপনারা এই অধ্যায়টি পড়ার পরে Changing degree এর ক্ষেত্রে আর কোন
সমস্যায় পড়বেন নে। তাহলে শুরু করা যাক আমাদের আলোচনা।

Example:

In this class, this student is intelligent.

Positive Degree-(no comparison)

In this class, this student is more intelligent than Max.

Comparative Degree-(comparison between two persons or objects)

In this class, this student is the most intelligent.

Superlative Degree-(comparison among several persons or objects)

The adjective or adverb word forms of these 3 degrees are:

Adjectives এবং Adverbs শব্দের ৩ টি degrees এর রূপের ভিন্নতাঃ

 Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Strong Stronger Strongest
Great Greater Greatest
Old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
Small Smaller Smallest
Few Fewer Fewest
Weak Weaker Weakest
Hot Hotter Hottest
Big Bigger Biggest
Large Larger Largest
Wise Wiser Wisest
Easy Easier Easiest
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Intelligent More Intelligent Most Intelligent
Good/well Better Best
Bad/badly/evil/ill Worse Worst
Many/much More Most
Fore Former Foremost/first
Little Less Least
Late Later/latter Latest/last
Far Farther Farthest
Fore Further Furthest
Out Outer/utter Outmost/outermost
Up Upper Uppermost
There are so many words of degrees. Here, I have given some of those words to give
you an idea of those words. Degrees এর উপর অনেক শব্দ রয়েছে। এখানে আমি
তাদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে গুরুত্ত্বপূর্ণ কিছু শব্দ দিলাম আপনাদের
ধারনা দেবার জন্য।

The points you must remember:

কিছু বিষয় যা তোমাকে মনে রাখতে হবেঃ

There are some points which should be remembered during changing the degrees.
Here are those:

Degrees পরিবর্তনের সময় কিছু নির্দিষ্ট বিষয় তোমাকে মনে রাখতে হবে।
নিচে সেগুলো দেওয়া হলঃ

Point-01:

The sign of Positive Degree is“as…..as/so…..as”.

(Positive Degree এর চিহ্ন হল “as…..as/so…..as”)

Point-02:

The sign of Comparative Degree is “than”

(Comparative Degree এর চিহ্ন হল “than”)

Point-03:

The sign of Superlative Degree is“the”.

(Superlative Degree এর চিহ্ন হল “the”)

 Point-04:

The form of adjective or adverb word will be changed following the form of degrees
such as: (Positive-Strong)/ (Comparative- Stronger) / (Superlative-Strongest).

(Adjective বা Adverb যে শব্দটি দেওয়া আছে তা Degree এর বিভিন্ন রূপ

যেমনঃ (Positive- Strong)/ (Comparative- Stronger) / (Superlative-Strongest)
অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

Point-05:

During transformation, the original meaning of the sentence should not be changed.

(Degree পরিবর্তনের সময় মূল বাক্যের অর্থের কোন পরিবর্তন হওয়া যাবে
না।)

Point-06:

During transformation, in orderto keep the meaning same, you have to change the
position of subject and object.

(Degree পরিবর্তনের সময় মূল বাক্যের subject এবং object এর স্থান

পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। অর্থাৎ, Positive Degree তে object টিকে Comparative
Degree / Superlative Degree তে subject হিসেবে বসাতে হবে।)

Now follow these 5 rules of changing degrees from positive to comparative and
superlative.
 এখানে, Degree পরিবর্তনের উপর এই ৫ টি সূত্র অনুসরন করঃ

5 Rules of Changing Degree

Degree পরিবর্তনের ৫ টি সূত্রঃ

No: Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Rule:1 No other… than any other… the…
There is no…. than anything… of any…
Nothing…
(in case of Singular)
(একবচন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু )
Rule:2 Very few… than most other… one of the…
Few… than all other… of all…
(in case of Plural)
(বহুবচন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু )
Rule:3 As….as/so….as
(Affirmative-Negative) not….than (Not applicable)
(single sentence)
(হাঁ-বোধক=না-বোধক) (পরিবর্তন হয় না )
Rule:4 As…as(Affirmative) not less…than (Affirmative) (Not applicable)
As…as (Negative) less…than (Negative) (পরিবর্তন হয় না)
(before a sentence)
(No changing of Subject Object)
Rule:5 As soon as….., No sooner had… than (Not applicable)
(পরিবর্তন হয় না)
Now see the examples and explanations of these rules below. The changing parts of
all sentences are inbold form. I have explained all the facts of each rule both in
English and Bengali language.

এখন নিচে প্রতিটি সূত্রের উদাহরণ এবং ব্যাখ্যা দেখ। বাক্যের মধ্যে
যে অংশ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে তা মোটা অক্ষরে চিহ্নিত করা আছে।
 Example of Rule: 01

Positive:No other boyin the class is as good as John.

Comparative: John is betterthan any otherboy in the class.

Superlative: John is the best boy in the class.

Explanation:

Here, the adjective word ‘good’ is changed into ‘better’ in comparative and ‘best’ in
superlative. Besides, the object word ‘John’ in positive has become subject word in
comparative and superlative. Finally, you see that the form of verb is singular in this
rule.

(এখনে adjective শব্দ ‘good’কে ‘better’ এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে comparative

রূপে এবং ‘best’ এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে superlative রূপে। পাশাপাশি,
positive রূপের object word-‘John’ কে comparative বা superlative রূপের সময়
subject word এ নিয়ে যাওয়া হয়েছে। পরিশেষে, তুমি দেখতে পাবে যে এখানে
verb এর রূপটি একবচন)

Example of Rule: 02

Positive: Very few cities areas developed as New York in the world.
 Comparative: New York is more developed than most other/than all other cities in
the world.

Superlative: New York is one of the most developed cities in the world.

Explanation:

Here, the adjective word ‘developed’ is changed into ‘more developed’ in

comparative and ‘most developed’ in superlative. Besides, the object word ‘New
York’ in positive has become subject word in comparative and superlative. Finally,
you see that the form of verb is plural in this rule.

(এখনে adjective শব্দ ‘developed’ কে ‘more developed’ এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে

comparative রূপে এবং ‘most developed’ এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে superlative
রূপে। পাশাপাশি, positive রূপের object word-‘New York’ কে comparative বা
superlative রূপের সময় subject word এ নিয়ে যাওয়া হয়েছে। পরিশেষে, তুমি
দেখতে পাবে যে এখানে verb এর রূপটি হহুবচন)

Example of Rule: 03

Positive: The boy is as strong as the girl.

Comparative: The girl is not stronger than the boy.

Positive: You believe him as much as I.

Comparative: I do not believe him more than you.

Positive: Your bag is as fine as mine.

 Comparative: My bag is not finer than yours.

Explanation:

In this rule, you will get a single word after “as…as”. Here, the adjective word ‘strong’
is changed into ‘stronger’ in comparative. Besides, the object word ‘The girl’ in
positive has become subject word in comparative form. Finally, you will make the
comparative negative if the positive form is in affirmative. But, if the positive form is
in negative, you will make the comparative form affirmative. This is must to keep the
meaning same.

(এই নিয়মে, তুমি “as…as” এরপর একটি মাত্র শব্দ পাবে। এখানে adjective
শব্দ ‘strong’ পরিবর্তন হয়ে comparative রূপে ‘stronger’ হবে। পাশাপাশি,
positive রূপের object word- ‘The girl’ কে comparative রূপের সময় subject word এ
নিয়ে যাওয়া হযেছে। পরিশেষে, যদি positive রূপটি হাঁ-বোধক থাকে তবে
comparative রূপ না-বোধক করতে হবে আর না-বোধক থকলে হাঁ-বোধকে রূপান্তর
করতে হবে। অর্থ ঠিক রাখার জন্য এটা করতে হবে।)

Example of Rule: 04

Positive: The girl isas ugly asyou said

Comparative: The girl isno less ugly than you said. Positive:

The student isnot as fool asI think.

Comparative: The student is less fool than I think

 Explanation:

In this rule, you will get a sentence after “as…as”. Here, you need not change the
adjective form in comparative and the position of subject and object will also be not
changed. You will make the comparative negative if the positive form is in
affirmative. But, if the positive form is in negative, you will make the comparative
form affirmative. This is must to keep the meaning same.

(এই নিয়মে, তুমি “as…as” এরপর একটি বাক্য পাবে। এখানে তোমাকে adjective
এর কোন পরিবর্তন করতে হবে না এবং subject বা object স্থানের কোন
পরিবর্তন ঘটবেনা। পরিশেষে, যদি positive রূপটি হাঁ- বোধকে থাকে তবে
comparative রূপ না-বোধকে করতে হবে আর না-বোধকে থাকলে হাঁ-বোধকে
রূপান্তর করতে হবে। অর্থ ঠিক রাখার জন্য এটা করতে হবে।)

Example of Rule: 05

Positive: As soon asthe man came, I left the room.

Comparative: No sooner hadthe man come than I left the room.

Explanation:

Here, you will just transform the phrase “as soon as”into “No sooner had” and the
part“(,)” comma” into “than”in comparative form. Besides, you need not change the
adjective word form in comparative and the position of subject and object will also
be not changed.

(এখানে তোমাকে শুধু “as soon as” অংশটিকে “No sooner had” এ পরিবর্তন
করতে হবে এবং “(,)” কমাটিকে “than” এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে positive হতে
comparative করার সময়। এখন তোমাকে adjective এর কোন পরিবর্তন করতে হবে না
 এবং subject বা object স্থানের কোন পরিবর্তন ঘটবেনা।)

এই হল degree পরিবর্তনের উপর পরিপূর্ণ ৫ টি নিয়ম উদাহরণ এবং

ব্যাখ্যা। আমি আশা করি যে, তুমি এই অধ্যায়টি ভালোভাবে বুঝে গেছ। এখন
তুমি যেকোন বাক্যকে positive হতে comparative বা superlative এ পরিবর্তন
করতে পারবে। কিন্তু যদি তুমি এই “5 Rules of Changing Degrees” অধ্যায়ের
কোন অংশ বুঝতে না পারো তবে অবশ্যই email এর সাহায্যে যোগাযোগ করবে ।
ধন্যবাদ।

Changing sentences / Transformation

1. (a) Mobile phone is one of the greatest inventions. (Positive) (b) Scientists believe that mobile phones
cause brain tumour. (Compound) (c) Millions of people are getting benefits from mobile phones but
most are unaware of the danger of it. (Complex) (d) The consumers of mobile phones are increasing day
by day. (Interrogative) (e) But the children are affected much by mobile phones. (Active)

2. Rio carnival, a famous celebration of Brazil, is held in February. (a) This carnival was introduced in
Brazil by the Portuguese in 1641 to celebrate their independence from Spanish domination. (Complex)
(b) The first carnival which was held in Rio de Jennerio lasted a week. (Compound) (c) When the carnival
is celebrated, the whole city explodes with music, dancing and excitement.(Simple) (d) They are
organized by Samba schools. (Active) (e) It is one of the most enjoyable festivals in Brazil. (Positive)

3. (a) Our Parliament House at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar in Dhaka is a triumph of modern architecture and
technology. (Complex) (b) A famous American architect Louis I Kahn, designed this magnificent building.
(Passive) (c) It is one of the largest parliament buildings. (Positive) (d) As it is a highly complex structure,
its annual maintenance cost is about 50 million Taka. (Simple) (e) It is very difficult for a poor country
like Bangladesh to bear this high expense. (Negative)

4. Success will not come to one’s life automatically. (a) Do you know it? (Passive) (b) An industrious boy
will shine in life. (Complex) (c) A life with an assignment is an actual life. (Negative) (d) None can
receive any reward unless he works hard. (Simple) (e) It is evident that industry is one of the greatest
virtues. (Positive)

5. (a) Jim and Della sacrificed their dearest possession in order to buy nice Christmas presents for each
other. (Compound) (b) Della had a ardent desire to give her husband a worthy gift. (Complex) (c) Jim also
thought how he could give his wife a nice gift. (Simple) (d) Della saved a scanty amount of money for
this. (Passive) (e) Jim was one of the sincerest husbands that we have ever known. (Positive)

6. (a) E-mail is a computer-based messaging system (Complex). It is a speedy mode of communication.

(b) It eliminates the time spent in establishing phone calls (Interrogative). (c) It is cheaper than
telephone calls (Positive). It permits communication between two parties without the parties actually
being present simultaneously. (d) It takes only a few seconds to transmit a message from one country to
another (Negative). It has, however, not reached everyone, especially in developing countries like ours.
(e) But even here people use commercially operated e-mail facilities for important purposes (Passive).

7. (a) Cox’s Bazar sea-beach is the largest sea-beach in the world (Complex). (b) It is one of the most
beautiful sea-beach in the world (Positive). (c) It is called pleasure seekers’ paradise (Active). (d) The
visitors go there to enjoy natural beauties (Compound). (e) Those who become tired may go to relax
there (Simple).

8. Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He was born in an educated family. (a) He is considered the
greatest physicist after Einstein. (Active) (b) In 1979 he joined Cambridge University. (Complex) (c)
When he was thirty two years old, he received the prestigious Albert Einstein award. (Simple) (d) He
wrote a book explaining cosmology for general public. (Compound) (e) He is one of the greatest
scientists in the present world. (Positive)

9. (a) Once a cook roasted a duck for his master.(Passive) (b) The roast looked so delicious that the cook
could not resist the temptation (Simple). He ate one of the drumsticks. (c) When his master sat down to
eat, he quickly noticed the missing drumstick. (Compound) (d) The master enquired of the missing leg.
(Interrogative) (e) But the cook told him that this duck had only one leg. (Negative)

10. Adulteration is the act of making any commodity impure by admixture of other or baser ingredients.
(a) This admixture may corrupt the nature of the original commodity. (Passive) (b) The value or the
effectiveness of the finished product is destroyed by adulteration. (Active) Adulterated foods and
beverages cause a serious health hazards. (c) We have laws and law-enforcing agencies to stop the
dishonest businessmen. (Complex) (d) Their effort has been proved ineffective since adulteration of
foods and other commodities is on the increase. (Compound) (e) It is strong public awareness which is
essential for the fight against adulteration. (Simple)

11. (a) Cricket is a very exciting game. (Complex) (b) People all over the world enjoy this game very
much. (Passive) (c) At present cricket is one of the most popular games in our country. (Comparative)
(d) Though it is a very costly game, young men and children get a great deal of delight playing it.
(Compound) (e) It is a matter of sorrow that the performance of Bangladesh Cricket Team is not up to
the mark. (Exclamatory)
12. (a) Eve-teasing is one of the serious problems. (positive) (b) It is an inhuman and barbarous act.
(Negative) (c) The problem cannot be solved overnight. (active) (d) We should create public awareness
to solve this problem. (complex) (e) Moral lesson is essential for this (interrogative).

13. Nobel Prize winner Malala Yousafzai is only seventeen years old (complex). (b) But her spirit is high
(compound). (c) She worked for ensuring female education (compound). (d) Alas! Her effort was not
hailed by a group of activists (assertive) (e) She suffered a very serious injury (negative).

14. Hamlet and Macbeth are two famous tragic heroes of Shakespeare. (a) But Hamlet is more popular
than Macbeth. (positive) (b) In spite of his being an enigmatic character every reader likes Hamlet very
much. (complex) (c) His poetic mind makes us spell-bound. (passive) (d) He was so skeptical that he
could not believe Ophelia (simple). (e) He failed because he was not a man of action (compound).

15. (a)Acquisition and learning are the two ways of developing communicative competence in a
language.(complex) (b) Acquiring a language is more successful than learning it (positive). (c) Teachers
encourage the learners of a second language to practise the language (passive). (d) Communicative
competence in a language can be achieved in a short time (active). (e)The students who wish to acquire
proficiency in a language should practise the language (simple).

HSC English

2nd Paper

Affirmative to Negative

Rule-1: Only/alone থাকলে ব্যক্তির ক্ষেত্রে none but, বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে nothing but,
বয়স/সংখ্যার ক্ষেত্রে not more than/not less than বসে।

যেমন:

Affirmative : He alone can do this. Negative : None but he can do this. Affirmative : Only the graduates
should apply. Negative : None but the graduates should apply. Affirmative : I have only a few books.
Negative : I have nothing but a few books. Affirmative : I have only ten millions. Negative : I have not
more than ten millions. Affirmative : He is only ten years old. Negative : He is not more than ten years
old.

Try yourself:

(a) Allah alone can help us. (b) Only the qualified candidates should apply for the post. (c) The boys have
only a few mangoes. (d) I have only three hundred taka. (e) She is only sixteen years old.

Rule-2: Must থাকলে cannot but/cannot help বসে। Cannot help-এর পরে যে verb-এর তার সঙ্গে ing
যোগ করতে হবে।

যেমন:

Affirmative : I must help my brother. Negative : I cannot but help my brother. Or. Negative : I cannot
helping my brother. Affirmative : He must do it. Negative : He cannot but do it. Or. Negative : He cannot
help doing it. Affirmative : You must obey your teacher. Negative : You cannot but obey your teacher.
Or. Negative : You cannot help obeying your teacher.

Try yourself:

(a) You must help the poor. (b) He must buy new books. (c) You must obey your elders.(d) One must
perform one’s duty. (e) We must abide by law and order.

Rule-3: Every যুক্ত affirmative sentence কে negative করার সময় every-এর স্থলে there is no বসে।
এরপর every এর পরের শব্দটি + but বসে, এরপর sentence এর বাকি অংশ বসে।

যেমন:

Affirmative: Every mother loves her child. Negative: There is no mother but loves her child. Affirmative:
Every one will support him. Negative: There is no one but will support him.

Try yourself:

(a) Every father loves his son. (b) Every one will perform his duty. (c) Everybody hates a liar. (d)
Everybody respect an honest man. (e) Every citizen loves his motherland.

Rule-4: As soon as থাকলে no sooner had + প্রদত্ত বাকের subject + verb-এর past participle form +
than + দ্বিতীয় clause-এর past form বসবে। যেমন:

Example:

Affirmative: As soon as the rain stopped, we came back home. Negative: No sooner had the rain stopped
than we came back home. Affirmative: As soon as he arrived at the airport, the plane went off. Negative:
No sooner had he arrived at the airport than the plane went off. Affirmative: As soon as we reached the
station, the train left. Negative: No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.

Try yourself:

(a) As soon as we reached college, the bell rang. (b) As soon as he arrived at the bus stand, the bus
started. (c) As soon as they reached the station, the train left. (d) As soon as the students reached the
college, the class started.

Rule-5: Affirmative sentence-এ যদি superlative degree-এর adjective থাকে তবে তাকে negative করার
সময় no other + adjective-এর পরের অংশ + verb + as + superlative adjective-এর positive form + as +
প্রদত্ত বাক্যের subject বসে।

Example:

Affirmative: Karim is the best boy in the class. Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as Karim.
Affirmative: Fahima is the most beautiful girl in the class. Negative: No other girl in the class is as
beautiful as Fahima.

Try yourself:
(a) Hassan is the best student in the college. (b) Rini is the most intelligent girl in the class. (c) He is the
wisest man in the village. (d) He is the cleverest man in the office. (e) He was the tallest man in this
village.

Rule-6: Than any other/than all other (comparative degree) যুক্ত affirmative sentence কে negative
করার সময় no other + than any other/than all other-এর পরের ask + verb + adjective-এর positive form +
as + subject. Example: Affirmative: He is wiser than any other man in the village.

Negative:

No other man in the village is as wise as he. Affirmative: He is cleverer than any other boy in the class.
Negative: No other boy in the class is as clever as he.

Try yourself:

(c) Rana is taller than any other boy in the village. (d) The man is cleverer than any other man in this area.

Rule-7: less ....... than যুক্ত sentence কে negative করার সময় less-এর স্থলে not as বসবে এবং than-
এর স্থলে as বসে।

Example:

Affirmative: They are less rich than you. Negative: They are not as rich as you. Affirmative: She is less
brilliant than her sister. Negative: She is not as brilliant as her sister.

Try yourself:

(a) They are less rich than you. (b) He is less brilliant than his brother. (c) This subject is less important
than English. (d) She was less intelligent than Adnan. (e) Rana was less honest than Mamun.

Rule-8: Always যুক্ত affirmative sentence কে negative করার সময় always-এর পরিবর্তে never এবং
affirmative শব্দটির বিপরীত শব্দ (antonym) বসবে।

Example:

Affirmative: You are always late. Negative: You are never punctual. Affirmative: I shall always support
you. Negative: I shall never oppose you.

Try yourself:

(a) They are always late. (b) They will always support me. (c) He was always punctual. (d) They were
always active. (e) The nation will always remember the martyrs.

Rule-9: To.........to যুক্ত affirmative aentence কে so.......that দ্বারা negative করতে হয়।

Example:

Affirmative: He is too weak to walk. Negative: He is so weak that he cannot walk. Affirmative: He was
too tired to do it. Negative: He was so tired that he could not do it.
Try yourself:

(a) The man was too weak to speak. (b) He was too dull to do the sum. (c) The man was too honest to
take bribe. (d) He was too poor to buy a book. (e) The boy was too poor to buy a shirt. # Affirmative to
Negative

Rule-10: both ... and থাকলে not only ... but also বসবে।

Example:

Affirmative: Both Razu and Shilla went to college. Negative: Not only Razu but also Shilla went to
college. Affirmative: Both Neela and Bella made a train journey. Negative : Not only Neela but also Bella
made a train journey.

Try yourself:

(a) Both Mamun and Keya can do it. (b) Both the teachers and the students came to the meeting.

Rule-11: সাধারণত affirmative sentence কে negative sentence-এ পরিণত করতে হলে প্রদত্ত
বাক্যের affirmative শব্দটির বিপরীত শব্দ (antonym) বসিয়ে তার আগে নিয়মমতো not বসাতে
হয়।

Example:

Affirmative: He loves me. Negative: He does not hate me. Affirmative: The workers were very active.
Negative: The workers were not inactive.

Some Important Antonyms:

Sl. Word Opposite Word

1. always never

2. good bad

3. friend enemy/foe

4. active inactive

5. absent present

6. agree disagree

7. doubtful undoubtful

8. grateful ungrateful

9. honest dishonest

10. pleasant unpleasant

11. pleased displeased

12. legal illegal

13. possible impossible

14. literate illiterate

15. present absent

16. punctual late

17. regular irregular

18. responsible irresponsible

19. honest dishonest

20. happy unhappy

21. hard easy

22. honor dishonor

23. healthy unhealthy

24. love hate

25. moral immoral

26. mortal immortal

27. comfortable uncomfortable

28. obey disobey

29. obedient disobedient

30. real unreal

31. rich poor

32. remember forget

33. right wrong

34. sincere insincere

35. solvent insolvent

36. wise unwise

37. willing unwilling

38. tall short

39. heavy light

40. intelligent Dull

41. support dispute

HSC English

2nd Paper

Assertive to Interrogative

Rule-1: বাক্যটি Affirmative (হ্যাঁ-বোধক) হলে interrogative করার সময় negative করতে হবে এবং
বাক্যটি negative (না-বোধক) হলে interrogative করার সময় affirmative (হ্যাঁ-বোধক) করতে হবে।
অর্থাৎ not থাকলে not উঠে যাবে এবং not না থাকলে not দিতে হবে।

example:

Assertive: He is my brother. Interrogative: Is he not my brother? Assertive: Rina does not go to school.
Interrogative: Does Rina go to school? Assertive: They could not drink the salty water. Interrogative:
Could they drink the salty water?

Try yourself:

(b) He was present in the meeting. (c) We are the citizens of Bangladesh. (d) Shakespeare is the greatest
dramatist in the world. (e) Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

Rule-2: Auxiliary verb বিহীন assertive sentence যদি present indefinite tense হয় তবে don’t/doesn’t এবং
past indefinite tense হলে did/didn’t কে sentence-এর প্রথমে বসিয়ে interrogative করতে হয়।

Example:

Assertive: He learns his lesson regularly. Interrogative: Doesn’t he learn his lesson regularly? Assertive:
He went to school. Interrogative: Didn’t he go to school?

Rule-3: Nobody/no one/none যুক্ত বাক্যকে interrogative করার সময় nobody/ no one/ none-এর
পরিবর্তে who বসাতে হবে। আর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না। তবে বাক্যটি affirmative হবে।

Example:

Assertive: Nobody believes him. Interrogative: Who believes him? Assertive: No one will support it.
Interrogative: Who will support it?
Rule-4: Everyone/ everybody/ all যুক্ত sentence কে interrogative sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করার সময়
everyone/ everybody/ all-এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে who বসবে। তারপর auxiliary verb এবং মূল verb-এর
present form বসিয়ে বাকি অংশ লিখতে হবে।

Example:

Assertive: Everybody wishes to be rich. Interrogative: Who does not wish to be rich? Assertive:
Everybody hates a liar. Interrogative: Who doesn’t hate a liar? Assertive: Everybody praises an honest
man. Interrogative: Who does not praise an honest man? Assertive to Interrogative

Rule-5: Never/nothing যুক্ত assertive sentence কে interrogative sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করার সময়
never-এর পরিবর্তে ever এবং nothing-এর পরিবর্তে anything হয়।

Example:

Assertive: There is nothing to do for you. Interrogative: Is there anything to do for you?

HSC English

2nd Paper

Complex to Simple

A sentence characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is called a Complex
sentence.

একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে ।

Such as, Although I was ill, I attended the meeting.

On the other hand, a sentence characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause is
called a Simple sentence.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি Simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র independent clause এবং কোনো dependent clause
থাকে না।

Such as, In spite of my illness I attended the meeting.

The rules for transforming complex sentence to simple sentence are discussed below.

Complex sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নিচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

Rule 1:

When the subject of two clauses of a complex sentence including since/as/when is same and both clauses
have the main verb, the simple sentence will follow this formula: Verb+ing of 1st clause + the rest of the
verb + comma + subject of 1st clause + the rest.

যখন since/as/when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main
verb থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই formula follow করবে: 1st clause এর Verb+ ing + verb এর বাকি
অংশ + comma + 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।

Example:

Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.

Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.

Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.

Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.

Exception:
Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started having lunch.

Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started having lunch.

Rule 2:

When the subjects of two clauses of a complex sentence are different and have
am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had, the simple sentence will follow this rule: Eliminate the since/as/when +
replacing am/is/are/was/were use being or in place of has/have/had use having + 2nd clause.

যখন complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হয় এবং am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had

থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:

since/as/when উঠিয়ে দেবে + am/is/are/was/were এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা has/have/had এর

পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + ২য় clause ।

Example:

Complex: ‍Since the weather was very bad, we did not start the journey.

Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start the journey.

Complex: When the show was over, we came back home.

Simple: The show being over, we came back home.

Rule 3:

When the subject of the two clauses is same, and the subordinate clause has be verb (am/ is/ are/ was/
were/ have/ has/ had), the simple sentence will follow this rule: Because of in the place of since/as + the
possessive form of subject of 1st clause + being in the place of (am/is/are/was/were) or having in the
place of (has/have/had) + the rest + comma + 2nd clause.
যখন দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং subordinate clause এর be verb
(am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had) থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:

since/as এর পরিবর্তে because of+ ১ম clause এর subject এর possessive form + (am/is/are/was/were) এর

পরিবর্তে being অথবা (has/have/had) এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + comma+ ২য় clause ।

Example: ‍

Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.

Simple: Because being ill, he could not come.

Complex: He was loved by all, as he had honesty.

Simple: He was loved by all, because of his having honesty.

Rule 4:

When a complex sentence has relative pronoun, the simple sentence will follow this rule: From the
beginning up to the relative pronoun will be written + the relative pronoun will be omitted+ the be verb
will be omitted + the main verb + ing + the rest.

যখন complex sentence এ relative pronoun থাকে, তখন simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:

প্রথম থেকে relative pronoun পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + relative pronoun উঠে যাবে + be verb উঠে
যাবে + the main verb + ing + বাকি অংশ ।

Example:

‍
Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.

Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.

Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land.

Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land.

Complex: The students who study seriously can get good marks.

Simple: The students studying seriously can get good marks.

Rule 5:

If the complex sentence has “when” which indicates estimate while transforming it into simple, when will
be omitted + subject and verb after when will be omitted + little time at/in+ season (if mentioned) + (if
age is mentioned) at the age of+ the rest.

যদি complex sentence এ “when” থাকে যা সময়ের পরিমাপ বোঝায় তবে একে simple করার সময়, when
উঠে যাবে+ when এর পরের ‍subject ও verb উঠে যাবে + ছোট সময় at/in + ‍season (যদি উল্লেখ
থাকে) + age থাকলে at the age of + বাকি অংশ।

Example: ‍

Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by the sound of construction.

Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of construction.

Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.

Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.

Complex: When he was six, he left the country.

Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.

But if the when doesn’t mean time rather it means that something is going on, then At the time of +
Verb+ ing + the rest.

কিন্তু যদি when সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কিছু ঘটছে তা বোঝায় তবে, At the time of + Verb+ ing +
বাকি অংশ, এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার হবে ।

Example: ‍

Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.

Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.

When the personal subject is used in the subordinate clause, the simple sentence will use a possessive
pronoun.

যখন subordinate clause এ personal subject ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন simple sentence, possessive pronoun
ব্যবহার করে ।

Example: ‍

Complex: When they were studying, the teacher came.

Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher came.

Complex: When I was having tea, she came.

Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came.

Rule 6:

To transform negative conditional complex sentence having if, into a simple form, this rule is followed:
Without+ Verb+ ing + 2nd clause.

Negative conditional complex sentence যাতে if থাকে, তা ‍simple করতে এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয়:
Without+ Verb+ ing + ২য় clause ।

Example: ‍

Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.

Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.

Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.

Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.

If the clause is affirmative then by is used replacing without.

যদি clause টি affirmative হয়, without এর পরিবর্তে by ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

Example: ‍

Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion quickly.

Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion quickly.

Rule 7:

If the complex sentence has “so that”, the simple sentence will follow this rule:

From beginning up to so will be written + from “so that “up to may/might/can/could will be eliminated +
to + the rest of the sentence.

যদি complex sentence এ “so that” থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: শুরু থেকে so
পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + “so that “থেকে may/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যাবে + to + sentence এর
বাকি অংশ ।

Example:

Complex: The student studied hard so that he could get good marks on the exam.

Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on the exam.

Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get the national award.

Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national award.

Rule 8:

If the complex sentence has “so……that” form, the simple sentence will follow this rule: too will be used
in the place of so + the same thing will be placed up to that + from that up to not will be eliminated + to +
the rest.

যদি complex sentence এ “so……that” form থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
so এর জায়গায় too বসবে + that এর আগে পর্যন্ত একই জিনিস বসবে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ
উঠে যাবে + to + বাকি অংশ।

Example: ‍

Complex: ‍He is so sick that he cannot come.

Simple: He is too weak to come.

Rule 9:

When the complex sentence has though/although, to transform it into simple form this rule will be
followed: In spite of will be used in the place of though /although + subject’s possessive form + being in
the place of am/is/are/was/were or having in the place of has/have/had or verb+ ing + the rest + the 2nd
clause.

যখন complex sentence এ though/although থাকে, একে simple form এ নিতে এই নিয়ম follow করতে হয়:

Though/although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে + subject এর possessive form +

am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing
ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause ।

Example: ‍

Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.

Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very hard.

Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to buy more.

Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants to buy more.

HSC English

2nd Paper

Simple to Compound

একটি simple sentence এ একটিমাত্র independent clause থাকে এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না
।

A simple sentence is characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause.

Such as: Listening to music is my hobby.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক
sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।

On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can
be used as separate sentences and are connected with a coordinating conjunction.

Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

Simple sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

The rules for transforming simple sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.

Rule 1:

যদি simple sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে তবে
Compound sentence এ প্রথম কাজটিকে দ্বিতীয় কাজের আগে উল্লেখ করে তাদেরকে “and”
conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত করতে হবে। Sentence এ দ্বিতীয় কাজের tense ব্যবহার করা হবে।
If the simple sentence is stating that a person is doing two things one after another, the compound
sentence will mention the first thing before the second thing and join them with a conjunction-“and” and
the tense will be same as of doing the second thing.

Example:

Simple: Coming home she had lunch.

Compound: She came home and had lunch.

Simple: Going to the office I will write the article.

Compound: I will go to the office and will write the article.

Simple: Going to the varsity she will do the class.

Compound: She will go to the varsity and will do the class.

Rule 2:

Simple sentence এ “besides being” থাকলে compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” structure
ব্যবহার করা হবে।

If the simple sentence has “besides being,” the compound sentence will use “not only..….but also.”

Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.

Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.

Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.

Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.

Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.

Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.

Rule 3:

যদি simple sentence এ “in spite of” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে ভিন্ন
clause দুটো যুক্ত করতে হবে।

If the simple sentence has “in spite of,” the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but” joining the
two different clauses.

Simple: In spite of his poverty the postman never shirks his duty.

Compound: The postman is poor, but he never shirks his duty.

Simple: In spite of his illness he sat for the exam.

Compound: He was ill, but he sat for the exam.

Rule 4:

যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে কোনকিছু অর্জন করতে must কিছু করতে হবে
তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will
not…..”
If the simple sentence tells that a person must do something to achieve a certain thing, the compound
sentence will follow this structure, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”

Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.

Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the exam.

Simple: He must run fast to win the race.

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.

Rule 5:

যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে must কিছু করতে হবে কোনকিছু escape/avoid
করতে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে ”person must do….or/otherwise person will +
verb’s simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb’s past participle form

If the simple sentence dictates that a person must do something to escape/avoid a certain thing, the
compound sentence will follow one of the following structures:

”person must do….or/otherwise the person will + verb’s simple form…..”

”person must do…...or/otherwise the person will be + verb’s past participle form.”

Simple: You must study hard to escape failure in the exam. Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise
you will fail the exam.

Simple: He must run fast to avoid losing in the race.

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will lose the race.

Simple: The culprit must run away to avoid his arrest.

Compound: The culprit must run away or/otherwise, he will be arrested.

Rule 6:

যদি simple sentence এ একজন person এর কোন কাজ করার কারণ বলা হয়, তবে compound sentence এ
প্রথমে কারণ উল্লেখ করে result বা ফলাফলকে conjunction “and” দিয়ে যুক্ত করা হয়।

If the simple sentence states any cause of a person’s doing something, the compound sentence will first
state the cause, then join the result or outcome with a conjunction “and.”

Simple: Being guilty he ran away.

Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.

Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.

Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.

Rule 7:

যদি simple sentence এ “for” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে
তবে compound sentence এ “so”/”therefore” থাকবে এবংএর আগে কারণ ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল
থাকবে।

If the simple sentence has “for” having the result before it and cause after it, the compound sentence will
contain the conjunction “so”/”therefore” having the cause before it and the result after it.

Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.

Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.

Compound: He worked hard, and therefore, the boss praised him.

In the above sentence, the result is “the praise of the boss, ” and the cause is “his(a person’s) hard work.”

Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among people.

Rule 8:

যদি simple sentence এ “to” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে
compound sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার হবে ও বাকি সবকিছু একই থাকবে।

If the simple sentence has “to” having the result/outcome before it and the cause/reason after it, the
compound sentence will have the conjunction “and” all other things being the same.

Simple: She came here to meet me.

Compound: She came here and met me.

Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.

Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.

Rule 9:

যদি simple sentence এ “In the event of being” থাকে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে,
“person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”।

If the simple sentence has “In the event of being,” the compound sentence will follow this structure
“person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”

Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.

Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the team.

HSC English

2nd Paper

Compound to Simple

A compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate
sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.

একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে
ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।

Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

On the other hand, a simple sentence is characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent
clause.
Such as: Listening to music is my hobby.

The rules for transforming compound sentence to simple sentence are discussed below.

Compound sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

Rule 1:

If the compound sentence is stating that a person is doing two things one after another and join them with
a conjunction-“and”; then while transforming it into simple, “ing” will be added to the first verb; thus the
first clause will be shortened and tense will be same as the second clause.

যদি compound sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে এবং
“and” conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময়

প্রথম verb এর সাথে “ing” যোগ করে প্রথম clause টিকে সংক্ষিপ্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয়
clause এর

Tense ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

Compound: I went there and met her.

Simple: Going there I met her.

Compound: She will go to the office and will do the work.

Simple: Going to the office she will do the work.

Compound: She will go to the theatre and watch the play.

Simple: Going to the theatre she will watch the play.

Rule 2:

If the compound sentence has “not only..….but also”, the simple sentence will use “besides being.”

Compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” থাকলে, simple sentence এ “besides being” ব্যবহার করা
হবে।

Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.

Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.

Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.

Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.

Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.

Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.

Rule 3:

If the compound sentence has the conjunction “but” joining the two different clauses, the simple sentence
will use “in spite of” at the beginning following my/his/her according to the person+ noun form of the
adjective of the subordinate clause + main clause.
যদি compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে দুটো ভিন্ন clause যুক্ত থাকে, তবে simple
sentence এ শুরুতে “in spite of”, এর পরে person অনুযায়ী my/his/her + subordinate clause এর
adjective এর noun form + main clause ব্যবহার করা হবে।

Compound: The book was long but interesting.

Simple: In spite of being long the book was interesting.

Compound: He was ill, but he came for rehearsal.

Simple: In spite of his illness he came for rehearsal.

Rule 4:

If the compound sentence has this structure, ”the person must do….or/otherwise, the person will not…..”,
the simple sentence will follow this structure, “ person must do….to + the result/outcome of doing the
work.

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, ”person must do….or/otherwise person will not…..” ,
তবে simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, “ person must do….to + কাজটি করার ফলাফল ।

Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the exam.

Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.

Simple: He must run fast to win the race.

Rule 5:

If the compound sentence follows this structure, ”person must (do)….or/otherwise person will + verb’s
simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb’s past participle form, the
simple sentence will follow this structure, ”person must (do)….to escape/avoid……”.

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, ”person must (do)….or/otherwise person will + verb
এর simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb এর past participle form,
simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must (do)….to escape/avoid……” ।

Compound: You must practice hard or/otherwise, you will lose the game.

Simple: You must practice hard to escape losing the game.

Compound: He must work hard or/otherwise, he will be suspended.

Simple: He must work hard to avoid suspension.

Compound: The thief must run away or/otherwise, he will be beaten.

Simple: The thief must run away to avoid being beaten.

Rule 6:

If the compound sentence first states a cause behind a work, then join the result or outcome with a
conjunction “and ”, the simple sentence will follow this structure, “ Being + adjective (cause)+ main
clause.

যদি compound sentence প্রথমে কোনো কাজ করার কারণ উল্লেখ করে, কাজ করার ফলাফলকে
conjunction “and ” দিয়ে যুক্ত করে, তবে simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, “ Being +
adjective (কারণ)+ main clause।
Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.

Simple: Being guilty he ran away.

Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.

Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.

Rule 7:

If the compound sentence contains the conjunction “so”/”therefore” having the cause before it and the
result after it, the simple sentence will have “for” having the result before it and cause after it.

যদি compound sentence এ “so”/”therefore” থাকে এবংএর আগে কারণ ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে,
তবে simple sentence এ “for” থাকবে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল ও পরে কারণ থাকবে।

Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.

Compound: He worked hard, and therefore the boss praised him.

Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.

In the above sentence, the result is “the praising of boss”, and the cause is “his(a person’s) hard work”.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among people.
Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.

Rule 8:

If the compound sentence has the conjunction “and” having the result/outcome before it and the
cause/reason after it, the simple sentence will use “to” all other things being the same.

যদি compound sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার করে এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল

ও পরে কারণ থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ “to” ব্যবহার হবে ও বাকি সবকিছু একই থাকবে।

Compound: She came here and met me.

Simple: She came here to meet me.

Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.

Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.

Rule 9:

If the compound sentence follows this structure, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person
will not be…….”, the simple sentence will use “In the event of being” in the beginning + adjective+ main
clause.

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise +
person will not be…….”, simple sentence শুরুতে “In the event of being”+ adjective+ main clause
ব্যবহার করবে ।

Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.
Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the team.

Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.

Developed by

Rules of Sentence Connectors

HSC English

2nd Paper

Complex to Compound

A complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।

Such as, I will wait here until you come.

On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can
be used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক
sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।

Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

The rules for transforming complex sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.

Complex sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

Rule 1:

If the complex sentence has “though”/”Although” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the
conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” থাকলে, compound sentence “but”/”yet”

conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.

Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.

Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.

Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.

Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.

Rule 2:

If the complex sentence has “lest” in the middle having “should” after the person, the compound sentence
will use the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect the different clauses, and future tense will be used in
the second clause.
Complex sentence এর মাঝে যদি “lest” থাকে এবং person এর পরে “should” থাকে তবে compound
sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং
দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয় ।

Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.

Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.

Rule 3:

If the complex sentence has “As soon as” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the
conjunction “and” to join the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” থাকলে, compound sentence “and” conjunction দিয়ে
পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.

Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.

Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.

Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.

Rule 4:

If the complex sentence has “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use
“and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” to connect the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/”as”/”when” থাকলে, compound sentence

“and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.

Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.

Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.

Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.

Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.

Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.

Rule 5:

If the complex sentence has relative pronoun “who”, the compound sentence will use “and” in that place
and object of the first clause will be the subject of the second clause.

Complex sentence এ relative pronoun “who” থাকলে, compound sentence সে স্থানে “and” ব্যবহার
করে এবং প্রথম clause এর object দ্বিতীয় clause এর subject হয়ে যায় ।

Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.

Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.

Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.

Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.

Rule 6:

If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it bears a negative meaning
while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+
affirmative form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ
প্রকাশ করে তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয় “Let+ pronoun এর object form +
subordinate clause এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause” ।

Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.

Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.

Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.

Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.

Rule 7:

If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it is in affirmative form
while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ “and”
between two clauses+ main clause”.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form
এ থাকে তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয়, “Let+ pronoun এর object form + দুই
clauses এর মাঝে “and” + main clause” ।

Complex: If I go there, I will be able to learn it.

Compound: let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.

Complex: if I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.

Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.

Rule 8:

When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing a negative
meaning, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+
or/otherwise + the main clause.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ
প্রকাশ করে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form +
or/otherwise + main clause হয় ।

Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.

Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.

Rule 9:

When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and it’s in affirmative form,
the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+ and + main clause.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form এ
থাকে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + and + main
clause হয় ।

Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.

Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.

Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.

Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.

Rule 10:

If the complex sentence has “so…that” form, the compound sentence will follow this rule, “very “ in
place of “so”; ”and” in place of “that” +so/hence/therefore+ main clause.

Complex sentence যদি “so…that” form এ থাকে তবে compound sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে, “so”
এর স্থানে “very “; “that” এর স্থানে ”and” +so/hence/therefore + main clause ।

Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.

Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.

Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.

Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.

Rule 11:

If the complex sentence starts with “Unless” following second person(you), the compound sentence will
follow this structure, “Unless and you will be omitted + ”or” between two clauses+ main clause.”

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকলে , compound sentence
এই structure follow করবে, “Unless ও you উঠে যাবে + দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” + main clause ।

Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.

Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.

Developed by

Rules of Sentence Connectors

HSC English

2nd Paper

Complex to Compound

A complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।
Such as, I will wait here until you come.

On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can
be used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক
sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।

Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

The rules for transforming complex sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.

Complex sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

Rule 1:

If the complex sentence has “though”/”Although” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the
conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” থাকলে, compound sentence “but”/”yet”

conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.

Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.

Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.

Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.

Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.

Rule 2:

If the complex sentence has “lest” in the middle having “should” after the person, the compound sentence
will use the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect the different clauses, and future tense will be used in
the second clause.

Complex sentence এর মাঝে যদি “lest” থাকে এবং person এর পরে “should” থাকে তবে compound
sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং
দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয় ।

Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.

Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.

Rule 3:

If the complex sentence has “As soon as” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the
conjunction “and” to join the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” থাকলে, compound sentence “and” conjunction দিয়ে
পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।
Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.

Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.

Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.

Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.

Rule 4:

If the complex sentence has “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use
“and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” to connect the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/”as”/”when” থাকলে, compound sentence

“and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.

Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.

Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.

Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.

Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.

Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.
Rule 5:

If the complex sentence has relative pronoun “who”, the compound sentence will use “and” in that place
and object of the first clause will be the subject of the second clause.

Complex sentence এ relative pronoun “who” থাকলে, compound sentence সে স্থানে “and” ব্যবহার
করে এবং প্রথম clause এর object দ্বিতীয় clause এর subject হয়ে যায় ।

Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.

Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.

Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.

Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.

Rule 6:

If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it bears a negative meaning
while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+
affirmative form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ
প্রকাশ করে তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয় “Let+ pronoun এর object form +
subordinate clause এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause” ।

Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.

Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.

Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.

Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.

Rule 7:

If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it is in affirmative form
while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ “and”
between two clauses+ main clause”.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form
এ থাকে তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয়, “Let+ pronoun এর object form + দুই
clauses এর মাঝে “and” + main clause” ।

Complex: If I go there, I will be able to learn it.

Compound: let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.

Complex: if I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.

Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.

Rule 8:

When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing a negative
meaning, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+
or/otherwise + the main clause.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ
প্রকাশ করে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form +
or/otherwise + main clause হয় ।
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.

Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.

Rule 9:

When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and it’s in affirmative form,
the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+ and + main clause.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form এ
থাকে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + and + main
clause হয় ।

Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.

Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.

Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.

Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.

Rule 10:

If the complex sentence has “so…that” form, the compound sentence will follow this rule, “very “ in
place of “so”; ”and” in place of “that” +so/hence/therefore+ main clause.
Complex sentence যদি “so…that” form এ থাকে তবে compound sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে, “so”
এর স্থানে “very “; “that” এর স্থানে ”and” +so/hence/therefore + main clause ।

Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.

Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.

Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.

Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.

Rule 11:

If the complex sentence starts with “Unless” following second person(you), the compound sentence will
follow this structure, “Unless and you will be omitted + ”or” between two clauses+ main clause.”

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকলে , compound sentence
এই structure follow করবে, “Unless ও you উঠে যাবে + দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” + main clause ।

Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.

Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.

Developed by

Rules of Sentence Connectors

HSC English

2nd Paper

Compound to Complex

A compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate
sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.

একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে
ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।

Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

On the other hand, a complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.

পক্ষান্তরে Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause
থাকে।

Such as, I will wait here until you come.

The rules for transforming compound sentence to complex sentence are discussed below.

Compound sentence কে complex sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।

Rule 1:

If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses, the complex
sentence will use “though”/”Although” in the beginning and “but”/”yet” will be removed.
Compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করলে, Complex
sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” বসে “but”/”yet” উঠে যাবে ।

Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.

Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.

Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.

Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.

Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.

Rule 2:

If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect different clauses and future
tense is used in the second clause, the complex sentence uses “lest” in the middle and “should” after the
person.

যদি Compound sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত
করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয়, তবে complex sentence এর মাঝে “lest” হবে এবং
person এর পরে “should” বসবে ।

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.

Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.

Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.

Rule 3:

If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “and” to join the different clauses, the complex sentence
will use “As soon as” in the beginning removing the “and” from the middle.

যদি compound sentence “and” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে, তবে complex
sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” বসে মাঝ থেকে “and” উঠে যাবে ।

Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.

Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.

Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.

Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.

Rule 4:

If the compound sentence uses “and”/ ”so” /”hence” /”therefore” to connect the different clauses, the
complex sentence uses “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning removing “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore”
from the middle.

যদি compound sentence “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে,
তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/ ”as”/ ”when” বসে “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” উঠে
যাবে ।

Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.
Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.

Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.

Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.

Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.

Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.

Rule 5:

If the compound sentence uses “and” to connect two different clauses about the same person, the complex
sentence will use relative pronoun “who” in place of “and” removing the pronoun after it.

যদি compound sentence এ “and” ব্যবহৃত হয় একই ব্যক্তি সম্পর্কে দুটো ভিন্ন clause
যুক্ত করতে, তবে complex sentence “and” এর স্থানে relative pronoun “who” ব্যবহার করে এর
পরের pronoun উঠিয়ে দেবে ।

Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.

Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.

Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.

Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.

Rule 6:
If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ affirmative form of
subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”, the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third
person after it and it bears a negative meaning.

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে , “Let+ pronoun এর object form + subordinate clause
এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause”, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে
first or third person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে ।

Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.

Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.

Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.

Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.

Rule 7:

If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ “and” between two
clauses+ main clause”, the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it is in
affirmative form.

Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , “Let+ pronoun এর object form + দুই clauses এর
মাঝে “and” + main clause”, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person
ব্যবহার করে affirmative form এ থাকে ।

Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.

Complex: If I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.

Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.

Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.

Rule 8:

If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of verb+ or/otherwise + main clause, the complex
sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing a negative meaning.

Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , verb এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main
clause, complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ
প্রকাশ করে ।

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.

Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.

Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.

Rule 9:

If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of verb+ and + main clause, the complex sentence
starts with “if” having second person after it and it's in affirmative form.

Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , verb এর affirmative form + and + main clause,
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person ব্যবহার করে affirmative form এ থাকে
।

Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.

Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.

Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.

Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.

Rule 10:

If the compound sentence has this form, “very….and so/hence/therefore+ main clause”, the If the
complex sentence will use “so…that” form.

যদি compound sentence “very….and so/hence/therefore+ main clause” এই from এ থাকে, তবে complex
sentence “so…that” form ব্যবহার করবে ।

Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.

Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.

Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.

Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.

Rule 11:

If the compound sentence uses ”or” between two clauses stating an advice, the complex sentence starts
with “Unless” following second person(you).

যদি compound sentence দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” ব্যবহার করে উপদেশ দেয়া বোঝায়, তবে
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকে ।
Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.

Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.

Developed by

Rules of Sentence Connector

HSC English

2nd Paper

Change Degree

Degree

Degree হল Adjective এর রূপভেদ। এটি ৩টি ভাগে বিভক্ত। যথা-

Positive Degree

Comparative Degree

Superlative Degree

Positive Degree:

কোন sentence এ Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদি বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ
ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Positive Degree বলে। যেমন – Mr. Roni is a good man.

Comparative Degree:
সাধারণত দুটি Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদির তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর
যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Comparative Degree বলে। যেমন – Rahim is wiser than Karim.

Superlative Degree:

সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Superlative
Degree বলে। যেমন – Rony is the best player in the team.

Change of Degrees:

Superlative Degree into Positive Degree

Superlative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Rule 1:

No other + প্রদত্ত Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + Superlative Degree এর Positive form +
as + মূল sentence এর subject.

Superlative: Rony is the smallest player in the team. Positive: No other player in the team is as small as
Rony. Superlative: Sima is the best housewife. Positive: No other housewife is as good as Sima.

Rule 2:

all other, most other, many other, few other, very few, one of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Positive
Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রথমে very few + Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb এর plural form + so/as + Superlative Degree এর
Positive form + as + মূল sentence এর subject.

Superlative: He is one of the best players in the team.

Positive: Very few players in the team are as good as he.

Superlative: Iron is one of the most useful metals.

Positive: Very few metals are as useful as Iron.

Comparative into positive

Rule 1:

Than any other/all other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + Comparative Degree এর Positive form + as
+ প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Comparative: kibria is greater than any other boy in the class.

Positive: No other boy in the class is as great as Kibria.

Comparative: Dhaka is larger than all other cities in Bangladesh.

Positive: No other cities in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.

Rule 2:

Than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Than এর পরের অংশ + verb + not + so/as + Comparative এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর
subject.

Comparative: Rony is bigger than Bony.

Positive: Bony is not as big as Rony.

Comparative: He is stronger than I.

Positive: I am not as strong as he.

Rule 3:
Than most other / than few other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার
নিয়মঃ

Very few + most other/few other এর পরের অংশ + verb এর plural form + so/as + Comparative এর
Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Comparative: The gold is most useful than most other metals.

Positive: very few metals are as/so useful as gold.

Comparative: A. K. Fazlul Haque was greater than most other politicians in Bangladesh.

Positive: very few politicians in Bangladesh were as/so great as A. K. Fazlul Haque.

Rule 4:

No less/not less ……..than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার
নিয়মঃ

No less/not less এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে এবং than এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as
বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

Comparative: He is no less intelligent than you.

Positive: He is as intelligent as you.

Comparative: Kripa is not less clever than shipa.

Positive: Kripa is as clever as shipa.

Rule 5:

No sooner had ….than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

No sooner had এর পরিবর্তে as soon as + subject + verb এর পরিবর্তে past form + than এর
পূর্বের অংশ + than এর পরিবর্তে কমা বসে + বাকী অংশ।
Comparative: No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.

Positive: As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

Superlative into comparative

Rule 1:

Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than any other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী অংশ।

Superlative: He is the best player in the team.

Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.

Note: All of থাকলে All of এর পরিবর্তে than all other বসে।

Superlative: He is the best of all men.

Comparative: He is better than all other man.

Rule 2:

One of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than most other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী অংশ।

Superlative: Kibria is one of the best players in the team.

Comparative: Kibria is better than most other players in the team.

Superlative: Canada is one of the coldest countries in the world.

Comparative: Canada is colder than most other countries in the world.

Positive into comparative

Rule 1:

No other যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + positive degree এর comparative form + than any other +
no other এর পর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত।

Positive: No other player in the team is as good as him.

Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.

Positive: No other country in the world is so/as cold as Canada.

Comparative: Canada is colder than any other country in the world.

Rule 2:

Very few যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + positive degree এর comparative form + than most other
+ no other এর পর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত।

Positive: Very few students are so good as Lablu.

Comparative: Lablu is better than most other students.

Positive: Very few metals are so costly as gold.

Comparative: Gold is costlier than most other metals.

Rule 3:

As……as যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + not + positive degree এর comparative form + than +
প্রদত্ত sentence এর প্রথম subject।
Positive: He is as good as his brother

Comparative: His brother is not better than him.

Comparative into superlative

Rule 1:

Subject + verb + the + Comparative এর superlative form + other এর পরের অংশ।

Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.

Superlative: He is the best player in the team.

Note – other এর পর plural noun থাকলে superlative এর পরে of all বসে।

Comparative: He is bigger than of all boys.

Superlative: He is the tallest of all boys.

Rule 2:

Than most other/than few other যুক্ত Comparative কে Superlative এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Subject + verb + one of the + Comparative degree এর superlative form + most other/few other এর পরের
অংশ।

Comparative: Vatican City is smaller than most other countries in the world.

Superlative: Vatican City is one of the smallest countries in the world.

Comparative: Dhaka is bigger than most other cities in Bangladesh.

Superlative: Dhaka is one of the biggest cities in Bangladesh.

Positive into superlative:

Rule 1:

No other যুক্ত positive degree কে superlative degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject + verb + the + positive এর superlative form + no other এর পর
থেকে verb এর মাঝের অংশ।

Positive: No other player in the team is as good as Raju.

Superlative: Raju is the best player in the team.

Positive: No other man man in the society is as good as him.

Superlative: He is the best man in the society.

Rule 2:

Very few যুক্ত positive degree কে superlative degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject + verb + one of the + positive এর superlative form + very few এর
পর থেকে verb এর মাঝের অংশ।

Positive: Very few men in the village are as tall as Kabir.

Superlative: Kabir is one of the tallest men in the village.

Positive: Very few people in the country are as good as Rakib

Superlative: Rakib is one of the best people in the country.

12. Read the text and change the sentences as directed.

(a) Pahela Boishakh is undoubtedly the most celebrated festival in Bangladesh. (Complex)
(b) It is the first day of the Bengali year when the city roads get so jam-packed. (Simple)
(c) Almost everyone enjoys the day in his own way. (Passive)
(d) Although I do not like gatherings, I enjoy the activities of this day. (Compound)
(e) It is one of the most interesting days of the year. (Positive)

Transformation
 Affirmative <> Negative Sentences

1. Affir.--- Everybody admits that he is a good musician. Neg.--- None denies that he is a good musician.
2. Affir.--- All must submit to destiny. Neg.--- None can escape his destiny.
3. Affir.--- This was not the last attack. Neg.--- More/other attacks followed.
4. Affir.--- Every rose has a thorn. Neg.--- There is no rose without a thorn.
5. Affir.--- I was doubtful if he would come. Neg.--- I was not sure that he would come.E-6
6. Affir.--- You are the only person fit for the post. Neg.--- No other person but you is fit for the post.
7. Affir.--- I have come here for the last time. Neg.--- Never again shall I come here.
8. Affir.--- He died prematurely. Neg.--- He did not live long.
9. Affir.--- Where there is fire, there is smoke/There is smoke with fire. Neg.----There is no smoke without fire.
10. Affir.--- He tried all plans. Neg.--- He left no plans untried.
11. Affir.---The snail dares to fall/The snail is without fear to fall.Neg.--- The snail does not fear to
fall.E-7
12. Affir : It always pours when it rains. Neg: It never rains but it pours./ It never pours when it does not rain.
13. Affir.--- All must submit to destiny. Neg.--- None can escape destiny.
14. Affir.--- Everybody should admit the truth. Neg.---Nobody should deny the truth.
15. Affir.--- I can only offer you regular price now. Neg.--- I cannot offer you discount now.
16. Affir.--- He hardly/rarely visits my house. Neg.--- He does not often visit my house.
17. Affir.--We have every material here to make us comfortable. Neg.- We have no lack of material here to make us comfortable.
18. Affir.--- Jim was always punctual. Neg.--- Jim was never late/on time.
19. Affir.--- Jerry refused the money. Neg.--- Jerry did not accept the money.
20. Affir.--- Day to day life in Dhaka is expensive. Neg.--- Day to day life in Dhaka is not cheap/inexpensive.
21. Affir.---At last, God took pity on him. Neg.---At last, God was no more unkind to him.
22. Affir.--- A life with an assignment is an actual life. Neg.---A life without an assignment is not an actual life.
23. Affir.--- We should maintain social order. Neg.--- We should not disturb social order.
24. Affir.--- We have a very good day today. Neg.---- We do not have a bad day at all today.
25. Affir.--- They are always beside the helpless. Neg.---They are never away from the helpless.
26. Affir.--- A true friend always stand by his friend. Neg.--- A true friend never leaves his friend.
27. Affir.---Cuckoo lays egg only in the nest of crow. Neg.--- Cuckoo lays egg nowhere but in the nest of crow.
28. Affir.---Bangladesh is a highly populated country. Neg.--- Bangladesh is not a scarcely populated country.

Interrogative <> Assertive Sentences

1. Inter: Why waste time in reading trash? Asser: It is no use wasting time in reading trash.
2. Inter: What though/if I fail? Asser: It does not matter if I fail.
3. Inter: Is there any milk in the glass? Asser: There is little milk in the glass.
4. Inter: Did you find anyone there? Asser: I found none there. E-6
5. Inter: Is life anything but a shadow? Asser: Life is nothing but a shadow.
6. Inter: Can human beings survive without air. Asser: Human beings cannot survive without air.
7. Inter: Who doesn’t love his country? Asser: Everybody loves his country.
8. Inter: Who loves a liar? Asser: Nobody loves a liar?
9. Inter: Is there any girl who does not attend to her cheek? Asser: Every girl attends to her cheek.
10. Inter: What is the use of mobile set for the children. Asser: There is no use of mobile set for the children.E-7
 Active <> Passive Sentences

1. Active: Della saved a scanty amount of money to buy a worthy gift for Jim.
Passive: A scanty amount of money was saved by Della to buy a worthy gift for Jim.
2. Active: Jim and Della sacrificed their dearest possessions to buy Christmas presents for each other.
Passive: Their dearest possessions were sacrificed by Jim and Della to buy Christmas presents for each other.
3. Active: The farmers do not get the facilities necessary for food production.
Passive: The facilities necessary for food production are not gotten by the farmers.
4. Active: They use water largely in time of cultivation.
Passive: Water is used largely by them in time of cultivation by them.
5. Active: The farmers do not get the due price of their products.
Passive: The due price of their products is not gotten by the farmers.
6. Active: Shah Jahan, emperor of Delhi, built the Tajmahal as a tomb of his dear wife.
Passive: The Tajmahal was built by Shah Jahan, emperor of Delhi as a tomb of his dear wife.
7. Active: Jerry used to cut wood for the writer. Passive: Wood used to be cut by Jerry for the writer.
8. Active: He also did some unnecessary things for her. Passive: Some unnecessary things were also done by him for her.
9. Active: He always helps the helpless. Passive: The helpless are always helped by him.E-6
10. Active: She admires the advantages of a nuclear family. Passive: The advantages of a nuclear family are admired by her.
11. Active: He killed one of the birds. Passive: One of the birds is killed by him.
12. Active: The woman showed a great love to the orphan boy. Passive: A great love was shown to the orphan by the woman.
13. Active: Tea helps us remove our fatigue. Passive: We are helped to remove our fatigue.
14. Active: We should create public awareness about the danger of drug.
Passive: Public awareness about the danger of drug should be created by us.
15. Active: The teachers encourage the learners of a second language to practise language.
Passive: The learners of a second language are encouraged by the teachers to practise language.
16. Active: The cuckoos lay the eggs in the nests of crows. Passive: The eggs are laid by the cuckoos in the nests of crows.
17. Active: The good teacher discovers the latent talent of the students.
Passive: The latent talent of the students is discovered by the good teacher.
18. Active: We will not admit children under ten. Passive: Children under ten will not be admitted by us.
19. Active: Mother looked after the baby. Passive: The baby was looked after by the baby.
20. Active: He has worked out the answer correctly. Passive: The answer has been correctly worked out by him.
22. Active: Dr. Das presided over the meeting. Passive: The meeting was presided over by Dr. Das.
23. Active: We must listen to our teachers. Passive: Our teachers must be listened to by us.
24. Active: They used to burn the dead body. Passive: The dead body used to be burnt by them.
25. Active: We talked of them. Passive: They were talked of by us.
26. Active: My friend offered me a seat. Passive: I was offered a seat by my friend.
27. Active: My friend sent me a gift. Passive: I was sent a gift by my friend.
28. Active: We elected him president. Passive: He was elected president by us.
29. Active: They considered me a tourist. Passive: I was considered to be a tourist
30. Active: Lipa made Lipi laugh. Passive: Lipi was made to laugh by Lipa.E-7
31. Active: I saw him go to the garden. Passive: He was seen to go to the garden by me.
32. Active: I saw him going to the garden. Passive: He was seen going to the garden by me.
33. Active: Newspaper contains daily news. Passive: Daily news is contained in newspaper.
34. Active: Nobody knows him here. Passive: He is not known here.
35. Active: Panic seized the writer. Passive: The writer was seized with panic.
36. Active: His conduct annoyed me. Passive: I was annoyed at his conduct.
37. Active: His failure in the exam shocked his parents. Passive: His parents were shocked at his failure in the exam.
38. Active: Smoke filled the room. Passive: The room was filled with smoke.
39. Active: His behavior charmed me. Passive: I was charmed at his behaviour
40. Active: Your work satisfied me. Passive: I was satisfied with your work.
41. Active: Light filled the room. Passive: The room was filled with light.
42. Active: Her manners pleased us very much. Passive: We were pleased very much with her manners.
43. Active: The novel of Tolstoy interests me. Passive: I am interested in the novels of Tolstoy.
44. Active: He wants you to write a letter. Passive: He wants a letter written by you.
45. Active: I want him to write the letter. Passive: I want the letter to be written.
46. Active: He wants someone to take photographs. Passive: He wants photographs to be taken.
47. Active: I have him clean the floor. Passive: I have the floor cleaned by him.
47. Active: You like me to take tea. Passive: You like tea to be taken by me.
48. Active: It is time to do the work. Passive: It is time that the work should be done.
Passive: It is time for the work to be done.
49. Active: It is necessary to call a doctor. Passive: A doctor is necessary to be called in.
50. Active: It is time to shut the shop. Passive: It is time for the shop to be shut up.
51. Active: There are lots of things to do. Passive: There are lots of things to be done.
52. Active: There is no time to lose. Passive: There is no to time to be lost.
53. Active: We went to see the launching of the ship. Passive: We went to see the ship being launched.
54. Active: They proposed to hold a meeting. Passive: It was proposed by them to hold a meeting.
Or, It was proposed by them that a meeting should be held.
55. Passive: The judge ordered the convict to be hanged.
56. Active: They hoped to win the match. Passive: It was hoped by them that they would win the match.
57. Active: He decided to prepare the proposal. Passive: He decided that the proposal should be prepared
58. Active: He determined/agreed to sell the house. Passive: He determined that the house should be sold
59. Active: He proposed watching the movie. Passive: He proposed that the movie should be watched.
60. Active: He suggested giving up smoking. Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up
61. Active: Whom do you call? Passive: Who is called by you?
62. Active: Who gave you the ice-cream? Passive: By whom were you given the ice-cream?
63. Active: Why did the teacher punish you? Passive: Why were you punished by the teacher?
64. Active: Why did you slap the boy? Passive: Why was the boy slapped by you?
65. Active: Which book are you reading now? Passive: Which book is now being read by you?

66. Active: Please do what I tell you. Passive: You are requested to do what you are told by me.
67. Active: Buy me a dress. Passive: Let a dress be bought for me.
68. Active: Bring me a dress. Passive: Let a dress be brought for me.
69. Active: Don’t tease him. Passive: Let him not be teased
70. Active: Don’t play cricket at noon. Passive: Let not cricket be played at noon.
71. Active: Pluck me a flower. Passive: Let a flower be plucked for me.
72. Active: Please help the poor. Passive: You are requested to help the poor.
73. Active: Ask me a question. Passive: Let a question be asked to me.
74. Active: Please don’t disturb me. Passive: You are requested not to disturb me.
75. Active: Shut the door. Passive: Let the door be shut.
76. Active: Tell him to go. Passive: Let him be told to go.
77. Active: Let him buy a camera. Passive: Let a camera be bought by him.
78. Active: Let us forget the quarrel. Passive: Let the quarrel be forgotten by us.
79. Active: Let him go. Passive: He may be allowed to go.
80. Active: Please don’t smoke. Passive: You are advised not to smoke.
81. Active: Please keep off the grass. Passive: You are requested to keep off the grass.
82. Active: Prepare for the worst. Passive: Be/Get prepared for the worst.
83. Active: Keep your word. Passive: Your word should be kept.
84. Active: Obey your teacher. Passive: Your teacher should be obeyed.
85. Active: Love the children. Passive: The children should be loved.
86. Active: Put up a tent. Passive: Have a tent put up.

87. Active: They said he is a good candidate. Passive: He was said to be a good candidate.
88. Active: People believe it is true. Passive: It is believed to be true
89. Active: They think (that) I am a spy. Passive: I am thought to be a spy
90.
Active: I know that he is a good boy. Passive: That he is a good boy is known to me.
91. Active: We believe that the earth moves round the sun. Passive: It is believed that the earth moves round the sun.
92. Active: Everybody thought that he was a spy. Passive: It was thought that he was a spy.
93. Active: People think him to be honest. Passive: He is thought to be honest.
94. Active: People call the lion king of beasts. Passive: The lion is called the king of beasts.
95. Active: I know how he did it. Passive: It is known to me that how it was done by him.
96. Active: we must endure what we cannot cure. Passive: What cannot be cured must be endured.
97. Active: Lord knew what they cost. Passive: What they cost was known to Lord.
98. Active: We know that Columbus discovered America. Passive: It is known to us that America was discovered by Columbus.
99. Active: We hope that we shall finish the work in time. Passive: It is hoped that the work will be finished by us in time
100. ctive: I cannot depend on what he says. Passive: What is said by him cannot be depended on by me.
101. Active: We must endure what we cannot cure. Passive: What cannot be cured must be endured.
102. Active: We know that the earth is round. Passive: It is known to us that the earth is round.
103. Active: People say that the lion is the king of beasts. Passive: It is said that the lion is the king of beasts.
104. Active: Those who love T-20 cricket match enjoy BPL very much.
Passive: BPL is enjoyed very much by those who love T-20 cricket match.

105. Passive: The Pakistani forces were defeated in 1971.

Active: The freedom fighters of Bangladesh defeated the Pakistani forces in 1971.
106. Passive: A lot of emphasis is put on the unity in China. Active: The Chinese put a lot of emphasis on the unity.
107. Passive: I was strongly fastened to the ground. Active: My enemies fastened me strongly to the ground.
108. Passive: A true friend is hardly found. Active: We/People hardly find a true friend.
109. Passive: Nowadays books are published in huge quantity. Active: Nowadays publishers publish books in huge quantity.
110. Passive: I was obliged to go. Active: Circumstances obliged me to go.
111. Passive: A promises should be kept. Active: One should keep one’s promise.
112. Passive: I am considered honest. Active: People consider me honest.
113. Passive: He is expected soon. Active: We expect him soon.
114. Passive: The house was blown down. Active: The storm blew down the house
115. Passive: The shed was burnt to ashes. Active: Fire burnt the shed to ashes.
116. Passive: Promise should be kept. Active: We should keep our promise.
117. Passive: The tree has been uprooted. Active: The cyclone has uprooted the tree.
118. Passive: Rome was not built in a day. Active: The Romans did not build Rome in a day.
119. Passive: I shall be obliged to go. Active: Circumstances will oblige me to go.
120. Passive: Indiscipline should not be encouraged. Active: We should not encourage indiscipline.
121. Passive: The door was knocked at. Active: Someone knocked at the door.
122. Passive: The door should be kept closed. Active: You/We should keep the door closed.
123. Passive: Silence must be maintained in the library. Active: Readers must maintain silence in the library.
124. Passive: An honest man is honoured everywhere. Active: All honour an honest everywhere.
125. Passive: The criminal was arrested. Active: The police arrested the criminal.
126. Passive: He was caused to die of fever. Active: He died of fever.
127. Active: Alim walked ten miles. Passive: Ten miles was crossed by Alim in walking.
128. Active: He worked for an hour. Passive: An hour was spent by him in working.

Simple <> Complex<> Compound Sentences

1. When/While/Before/After/ Till/Until hy³ Complex Sentences:

1. Complex: He met me while he was going to school. Simple: He met me on his way to school.
2. Complex: When the Spring advances, the swallows appear. Simple: The Spring advancing, the swallows appear.
3. Complex: When the sun had risen, the fog disappeared. Simple: The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.
4. Complex: When the play starts is not certain. Simple: The time of starting of the play is not certain.
5. Complex: When the teacher is absent, the students generally make a noise.
Simple: In the teacher’s absence, the students generally make a noise.
6. Complex: The patient had died before the doctor came. Simple: The patient had died before the doctor’s coming.
7. Complex: Every night before I went to bed, I walked for five minutes.
Simple: Every night before going to bed, I walked for five minutes.
8. Complex: Wait here until I return. Simple: Wait here until my return.
9. Complex: We waited there till they arrived. Simple: We waited there till their arrival.
10. Complex: They had sailed away to the south until they arrived in cold grey seas.
Simple: They had sailed away to the south until their arrival in cold grey seas.
11. Complex: When my mutton chop arrived, she took me quite seriously to task. E-6
Simple: On the arrival of my mutton chop, she took me quite seriously to task.

2. As soon As/No sooner had/Hardly had/Scarcely had hy³ Complex Sentences:

1. Complex: As soon as he went there, he got the news.

Simple: He got the news immediately/just after going there.

3. Since/As/Because/ Such---that hy³ Complex Sentences:

1. Complex: As the boy was diligent, the teacher praised him. Simple: The teacher praised the boy for his diligence.
2. Complex: Since water was very cold, I could not drink it. Simple: Water being very cold, I could not drink it.
3. Complex: As everyone had left the room, we locked the door. Simple: Everyone having left the room, we locked the door.
4. Complex: The boy was beaten black and blue because he stole a pen.
Simple: The boy was beaten black and blue because of his stealing a pen.
5. Complex : He is such a fool that he cannot understand this. Simple : Because of his foolishness, he cannot understand this.E-6
Or, He is too foolish to understand this.
8. Complex : It is such an interesting book that we cannot overlook it.
Simple : We cannot overlook this book because of its being very interesting.

4. If / Unless hy³ Complex Sentences:

1. Complex: If you work hard, you will succeed. Simple: You must work hard for success.
Compound: Work hard and you will succeed
2. Complex: If you help me, I will help you. Simple: In case of your helping me, I will help you.E-7
3. Complex: If one small programme fails, disaster will strike.
Simple: Disaster will strike for the failure of one small programme.
Or, In case of the failure of one small programme, disaster will strike.
4. Complex: Unless you give up smoking, you will suffer. Simple: You must give up smoking to avoid suffering.
Or, Without giving up smoking, you will suffer. Compound: You must give up smoking or you will suffer.
5. Complex: The will never pay unless they are compelled. Simple: They will pay only under compulsion.
6. Complex: Unless he is compelled, he will not go with you.
Simple: He will go only under compulsion./Without being compelled, he will not go.
7. Complex: I would have died if you had not helped me. Simple: I would have died without/but your help.
8. Complex: If you had not helped me, I would have been ruined. Simple: But for your help, I would have been ruined.
Compound: You had helped me and thus I escaped my ruination.
Or, You had helped me, otherwise I would have been ruined.
9. Complex: If you speak the truth, I shall pardon you.
Simple: In case of/In the event of your speaking the truth, I shall pardon you.
10. Complex: Unless you go there, you will be fined.
Simple: You must go there to escape a fine/ to escape being fined.
Compound: Go there or you will be fined.
11. Complex : If I had not helped him, he could not have passed.
Simple : Without my help, he could not have passed.

5. Though/Although/However/Whatever hy³ Complex Sentences:

1. Complex: Though Rohit scored the highest marks in the class, Rohit failed to impress his teacher.
Simple: Despite/In spite of scoring the highest marks in the class, Rohit failed to impress his teacher.
2. Complex: Though it was unexpected, he succeeded. Simple: He succeeded unexpectedly.
3. Complex: Although there was water everywhere around them, they had not a drop to drink.
 Simple: In spite of water everywhere around them, they had not a drop to drink.
4. Complex: Although the weather was rough, we went out. Simple: In spite of rough weather, we went out.
5. Complex : Whatever he says, I don’t fear him. Simple : With/For all his saying, I don’t fear him.
6. Complex : However beautiful it may be, it is deceptive. Simple : With all its beauty, it is deceptive.
7. Complex : However charming it may be, our life is short. Simple : With all its charm, our life is short.

6. Noun Clause /Adjective Clause (Relative Pronoun )/Adverbial Clause (who/which) hy³ Complex
Sentences:
1. Simple: The story told by the ancient mariner was very thrilling.
Complex: The story which was told by the ancient mariner was very thrilling.
2. Simple: Every mother loves her child. Complex: There is no mother but/who does not love her child.
3. Simple: Our house is close to the school. Complex: The house in which we live is close to the school.
4. Simple: He has deep love for the land of his birth. Complex: He has deep love for the land where he was born.
5. Simple: I know nothing about his activities in London. Complex: I know nothing about what he did in London.
6. Simple: Only the fittest will survive. Complex: Only those who are the fittest will survive.
7. Simple: The man with a stick in his hand was walking across the road.
Complex: The man who had a stick in his hand was walking across the road.
8. Simple: I don’t know his father’s name. Complex: I don’t know what his father’s name is.
9. Simple: We know the name of the author of this book.
Complex: We know the name of the person (author) who has written this book.
10. Simple: A rolling stone gathers no moss. Complex: A stone that rolls gathers no moss.
11. Simple: I do not know your address. Complex: I do not know where you live.
12. Simple: He is the last man to do it. Complex: He is the last man who/that will do it.
13. Simple: Our present house suits us. Complex: The house in which we live at present suits us.
15. Simple: I had exactly sixty –three pounds in the bank.
Complex: Sixty-three pounds was the exact amount which I had in the bank.
Or, The amount which I had in the bank was exactly sixty-three pounds.
16. Simple: Thinking always made him sleepy. Complex: He always felt sleepy whenever he was thinking/thought.
17. Simple: Only students are allowed here. Complex: You can be allowed here only if you are a student.
Or, Only those who are students are allowed here.
18. Simple: We believe his word. Complex: We believe what he says.
19. Simple: Tell me his address. Complex: Tell me where he lives.
20. Simple: He did not get the letter written to him by me. Complex: He did not get the letter which I wrote to him.
21. Simple: Only the industrious boys can shine in life.
Complex: Only those/the boys who are industrious can shine in life.
22. Simple: We must love them living near us. Complex: We must love those who live near us.
23. Simple: The power given by money is great. Complex: The power which money gives is great.
24. Simple: The time of his arrival is not known. Complex: It is not known when he will arrive.
25. Simple: His speech on that occasion was unworthy of him. Complex: What he spoke on that occasion was unworthy of him.
26. Simple: That is his burial place. Complex: That is the place where he was buried.
27. Simple: Your opinion of me is unjust. Complex: The opinion that you have formed of me is unjust.

28. Complex : He would have enough food with which he could feed his family.
Simple : He would have enough food to feed his family.
29. Complex : He has some extra food which he can sell Simple : He has some extra food to sell.
30. Complex : Here is a pen which you can buy. Simple : Here is a pen to buy.
31. Complex : The roads that the flood has destroyed need repairing.
32. Simple : The roads destroyed by the flood need repairing.
33. Complex : I lived in a cabin that belonged to the orphanage. Simple : I lived in a cabin belonging to the orphanage.
34. Complex : The problem of shortage and of land and water which existed for centuries still remains.
Simple : The problem of shortage and of land and water existing for centuries still remains.
35. Complex : The boy who was forced to leave the place was not really dishonest.
Simple : The boy forced to leave the place was not really dishonest.
36. Complex : The other sailors were angry with the old man who had shot the albatross.
Simple : The other sailors were angry with the old man because of his having shot the albatross.
37. Complex : The people who are unmarried can easily sacrifice their lives for the country.
Simple : The unmarried people can easily sacrifice their lives for the country.
38. Complex : Choose only such friends as you can trust. Simple : Chose only trustworthy friends.
39. Complex : This is the same book as/that I wanted. Simple : I wanted this very book.
40. Complex : They are the same people that we saw before. Simple : We saw those very people before.
41. Complex : He was happy during the years that he had been in the army.
Simple: He was happy during the years of his having been in the army.
42. Complex : I can’t understand the process how the sum can be done.
Simple : I can’t understand the process of doing the sum.
43. Complex : Do you know how he has come out successful? Simple : Do you know the process of his coming out successful?
44. Complex : How he has occupied the plot is known to all.
Simple : The process of his occupying the plot is known to all.
45. Complex : Why she committed suicide is still a mystery. Simple : The reason of his committing suicide is still a mystery.
46. Complex : Do you know why he got angry? Simple : Do you know the reason of his getting angry?
47. Complex : What he says is important. Simple : His speech is important.
48. Complex : What is lotted cannot be blotted. Simple : Lot cannot be blotted.
49. Complex : What cannot be cured must be endured. Simple : One/ we must endure the incurable.
50. Complex: I was the first man who had heard the news. Simple : I was the first man to hear the news.

51. Simple : He gave me a pen to write with. Complex : He gave me a pen with which I could write.
52. Simple : The poor are not always unhappy. Complex : Those who are poor are not always unhappy.
53. Simple : The virtuous are always happy. Complex : Those who are virtuous are always happy.
54. Simple : You cannot live on bread only. Complex : It is only bread which/that you cannot live on.
55. Complex : He informed me why he had done this. Simple : He informed me of the reason of his doing this.

7. That (Conjunction) hy³ Complex Sentences:

1. Simple: He is pleased with your success. Complex: He is pleased that you have succeeded.
2. Simple: I know Jim to be an honest boy/I know Jim as an honest boy.
Complex: I know that Jim is an honest boy.
3. Simple: She admitted her mistake. Complex: She admitted that she had made mistake.
Compound: She made a mistake and she admitted it.
4. Simple: He wants me to go. Complex: He wants that I should go.
5. Simple: I have never seen him before. Complex: This is the first time that I see him.
6. Simple: He insisted on my going there. Complex: He insisted that I should go.
7. Simple: His honesty is beyond doubt. Complex: There is no doubt that he is honest.
8. Simple: I am certain of giving you satisfaction. Complex: I am certain that I shall give you satisfaction.
9. Simple: People say about his committing suicide. Complex: It is said that he committed suicide.
10. Simple: I believe in the total/entire innocence of the accused.
Complex: I believe that the accused is entirely innocent.
11. Simple: His honesty can be easily proved. Complex: That he is honest can be easily proved.
12. Simple: His death by poison is generally believed. Complex: It is generally believed that he died by poison.
13. Simple: He declared/demanded himself to be honest. Complex: He said that he was honest.
14. Simple: I desire to go. Complex: I desire that I should go.
15. Simple: He wants me to go. Complex: He wants that I should go.
16. Simple: His silence proves his guilt. Complex: His silence proves that he is guilty.
17. Simple: You may criticize my action. Complex: You may criticize what I do.
18. Simple: He hoped to win the prize. Complex: He hoped that he would win the prize.
19. Simple: I admit his greatness as a poet./ I admit him to be a great poet.
Complex: I admit that he is a great poet.
20. Simple: He was guilty of intolerable rudeness.
Complex: He was guilty of rudeness that could not be tolerated.
21. Simple: I pray for his success in life. Complex: I pray that he may be successful in life.
22. Simple: It is reported that he has stood first in the exam. Complex: The report is about his standing first in the exam.
23. Simple: I believe in his innocence./I believe him to be innocent.
Complex: I believe that he is innocent.
24. Simple: He said about his illness. Complex : He said that he was ill.
25. Simple : He declared his innocence. Complex : He declared that he was innocent.
26. Complex : The news that he has died is false. Simple : The news of his death is false.
27. Complex : I have learnt that you have topped the list. Simple : I have learnt about your topping the list.
28. Complex : He is greatly shocked that his father has died. Simple : He is greatly shocked at his father’s death.
29. Complex : He is sorry that you have failed in the exam. Simple : He is sorry for your failure in the exam.
30. Complex : The rumour is that he has committed suicide. Simple : The rumour is about his committing suicide.
31. Complex : I believe that he is a liar. Simple : I believe him to be a liar/as a liar.
32. Complex : I consider that you are a truthful boy. Simple : I consider you a truthful boy.
33. Simple : He likes his wife to dress colourfully.
Complex : He likes that his wife should be dressed colourfully
Or, He likes that his wife should dress herself colourfully.
34. Simple : Parents expect their children to be educated.
Complex : Parents expect that their children should be educated.

8. So + Adjective/Adverb + that hy³ Complex Sentences:

1. Simple: The grass was too wet for us to sit on. Complex: The grass was so wet that we could not sit on it.
2. Simple: His fluency of speech charmed everybody.Complex: He spoke so fluently that everybody was charmed.
3. Simple: The fact is too evident to require proof. Complex: The fact is so evident that it does not require proof.
4. Simple: No branch of knowledge is too difficult to be conquered by perseverance.
Complex: There is no branch of knowledge so difficult that it cannot be conquered by perseverance.
5. Simple: This is too small a thing a thing to put down.Complex: This is so small a thing that it cannot be put down.
6. Complex: The old sailor spoke so strangely that the marriage guest stood still.
Simple: Because of the old sailor’s very strange speech/ speaking very strangely, the marriage guest stood still.
7. Complex: The journey is so smooth that one is induced to sleep.
Simple: Because of the very smooth journey, one is induced to sleep.
8. Complex : I was so young that I had not learned to say ‘no’ to a man.
Simple : I was too young to have learned to say ‘no’ to a woman.

9. So that/In order that + Sub + Can/May +v1 / Lest hy³ Complex Sentences:
1. Simple: He started at night to escape being seen by anyone.
Complex: He started at night so that he might not be/was not seen by anyone.
23. Simple: He ran away to escape arrest Complex: He ran away so that he could escape arrest.
Compound: He ran away and thus escaped arrest.
3. Simple: He came home to see you. Complex: He came home so that he might see you.
Compound: He wanted to see you and so he came home.
4. Complex : He reads more lest he should fail. Simple: He reads more to avoid failure.

10. As if / As though/ As+ ad/adv+As hy³ Complex Sentences:

1. Complex: She dances as if she were a peacock./She dances as a peacock does.
Simple: She dances like a peacock.
2. Complex: He talks as though he knew everything. Simple: He talks like an all-knowing man.
3. Complex: He is as brave as a lion. Simple : He is brave like a lion.
4. Complex : The child has done as much as a man. Simple : The child has done like a man.

11. As + Clause, so + clause/As much as + clause hy³ Complex Sentences:

1. Complex : As you sow, so (will) you reap. Simple : You will reap according to your sowing.
2. Complex : As you read, so you learn. Simple : You will learn according to your reading.
3.Complex : As you treat others, so will you be treated. Simple : You will be treated according to your treating others.
4. Complex : You can take as much as you need. Simple : You can take according to your need.
5. Complex : He did as much as he could. Simple : He did according his ability.
6. Complex : You can eat as much as you like. Simple :

12. Not only----but also/ Both----and hy³ Compound Sentences:

1. Compound : The sailors not only cursed him but also hung the dead albatross round his neck as punishment.
Simple : Besides cursing him, the sailors hung the dead albatross round his neck as punishment.
2. Compound : They had not only the blush of an innocent girl but also the rich tone of an Italian landscape.
Simple : Besides the blush of an innocent girl, they had the rich tone of an Italian landscape.
3. Compound : He not only gave me advice but also helped me in my work.
Simple : Besides giving me advice, he helped me in my work.
4. Compound : They not only punished the boy but also fined him. Simple : Besides punishing the boy, they fined him.

3(i). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.

(a) Kambere Kahendo was cooking cassava leaves when the rebels arrived in her village. (Passive) (b) She hurriedly
gathered her children inside the house and locked the door. (Simple) (c) She prayed the fighters would move on.
(Negative) (d) Her door was smashed from its hinges and the rebels entered her house. (Complex) (e) “Since then
I’ve been having nightmares,” the 52-year –old woman said, “I am troubled in my mind.” (change the narration
adding the sentences) (f) She could not imagine the ensuing devastation. (Compound) (g) The rebels were too
brutal to describe in words. (Negative without changing meaning) (h) The rebels captured her children and tortured
her (Passive) (i) It is the colour which was the reason behind the misfortune of Kambere. (Interrogative) (j) We
should illuminate our “Heart of Darkness” to ensure peace in the world. (Imperative)
3(ii). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.
(a)The birds that come to our country in time of winter are called guest birds. (Simple) (b) As they cannot tolerate
the severe cold in their native land, they come to a temperate country like Bangladesh. (Compound) (c) They come
to our country to search a better shelter. (Complex) (d) They perform an important role to balance the environment.
(Passive) (e) They cannot but fly away from our country. (Affirmative) They are the gifts of nature.
3(iii). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.
Bangladesh whitewashed touring West Indies 2-0 registering their first-ever innings victory. (a) It is the biggest win
of Bangladesh in test match. (Positive) It was a sweet revenge of Bangladesh for their 0-2 defeat against the West
Indies in the Caribbean Islands in last July. (b) Bangladesh’s previous biggest Test win came in 2005 against
Zimbabwe. (Compound) (c) At that time, they beat Zimbabwe and that was the first-ever Test win of the Tigers.
(Simple) (d) Off-spinner Mehedi Hasan Miraz stole the show by taking 12 wickets. (Voice) (e) Shakib Al Hasan
was adjudged man of the series for scoring 115 runs and nine wickets in the series. (Complex)
3(iv). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.
(a) Rima’s life was very difficult. (Exclamatory) (b) One day she got a loan from Grameen Bank and started to make
plan. (Simple) (c) She bought a dheki to husk rice. (Complex) (d) In spite of her working very hard, there was
happiness in her heart. (Compound) (e) She was a very hard-working and responsible loanee. (Negative)

3(i). Answer: (a) Passive: Cassava leaves were being cooked by Kambere Kahendo when the rebels arrived in her
village.
(b) Simple : Gathering her children hurriedly inside the house, she locked the door.
(c) Negative: She prayed the fighters would not move back(retreat).
(d) Complex : The rebels entered her house after the door had been smashed from its hinges.
(e)Narration: The 52-year –old woman said that she had been having nightmares since then and she was troubled in
her mind.
(f) Compound: The devastation would ensue and she could not imagine that.
(g) Negative : The rebels were so brutal that they could not be described in words.
(h) Passive: Her children were captured and she was tortured by the rebels.
(i) Interrogative: Isn’t the colour which was the reason behind the misfortune of Kambere?
(j) Imperative: Let us illuminate our “Heart of Darkness” to ensure peace in the world.

3(ii). Answer: Simple: (a) The birds coming to our country in time of winter are called guest birds.
(b) Compound: They cannot tolerate the severe cold in their native land and so they come to a temperate country
like Bangladesh.
(c) Complex: They come to our country so that they can search a better shelter. (d) Passive: An important role is
performed to balance the environment. (e) Affirmative: They must fly away from our country.
3(iii). Answer: (a) Positive: No other win of Bangladesh in test match is as big as it.
(b) Compound: Bangladesh’s previous biggest Test win came in 2005 and it was against Zimbabwe.
(c) Simple: At that time, beating Zimbabwe was the first-ever Test win of the Tigers.
(d) Voice: The show was stolen by off-spinner Mehedi Hasan Miraz by taking 12 wickets.
(e) Complex: Shakib Al Hasan who scored 115 runs and took nine wickets in the series was adjudged man of the
series. Or, Shakib Al Hasan was adjudged man of the series because h scored 115 runs and took nine wickets in the
series.
3(iv).Answer: (a) Exclamatory: How difficult Rima’s life was! (b) Simple: One day getting a loan from Grameen,
she started to make plan. (c) Complex: She bought a dheki so that she could husk rice. (d) Compound: She worked
hard but there was happiness in her heart. (e) Negative: She was not an inactive and irresponsible loanee.

3(i). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.

I was extremely tired. (a) I lay down on the grass which was very soft and short. (Compound) (b) When I woke up,
it was daylight (Simple). (c) I attempted to rise but could not (Complex). (d) I was strongly fastened to the ground
(Active). I could not look upwards. I could see nothing except the sky. (e) The sun grew hot and its bright light hurt
my eyes (Complex).
3(ii). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.
Heaven helps those who help themselves. This immortal speech is apt for the young boy Ismail Hussain. (a) Ismail,
an affluent man lives in the district of Natore (Complex). (b) He was an unemployed youth who looked for a better
chance to be self-employed (Compound). (c) He could not finish his study because he came of a poor family
(Simple). (d) He received training in vegetable cultivation (Passive). After few years, Ismail’s lot has changed
radically. He said with a satisfactory smile, “I am very happy to be self-sufficient now.” (e) He is one of the best
examples of unemployed youths in our society (Positive).
3(i). Answer:
(a)Compound: The grass was very soft and short and I lay down on it.
(b) Simple: I woke up in/at daylight/It being daylight, I woke up.
(c) Complex: Though I attempted to rise, I could not do so.
(d) Active: Somebody fastened me strongly to the ground.
(e) Complex: As/When the sun grew hot, its bright light hurt my eyes.
3(ii). Answer: (a) Complex: Ismail who is an affluent man lives in the district of Natore.
(b) Compound : He was an unemployed youth and he looked for a better chance to be self-employed.
(c) Simple : He could not finish his study because of his coming of a poor family.
(d) Passive : Training in vegetable cultivation was received by him.
(e) Positive: Very few examples of unemployed youths in our society are so good as he.

3(i). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.

(a) Pahela Boishakh is undoubtedly the most celebrated festival in Bangladesh. (Complex)
(b) It is the first day of the Bengali year when the city roads get so jam-packed. (Simple)
(c) Almost everyone enjoys the day in his own way. (Passive)
(d) Although I do not like gatherings, I enjoy the activities of this day. (Compound)
(e) It is one of the most interesting days of the year. (Positive)
3(ii). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.
(a) You must work hard to succeed. (Compound) (b) I recognized her at first glance and helped her recognize me.
(Passive)
(c) He kept his promise. (Complex)(d) He ran away to escape arrest. (Compound) (e) Spectators cried out that it was
a captain hit. (Exclamatory)

3(i). Answer: (a) Complex: There is no doubt that Pahela Boishakh is the most celebrated festival in Bangladesh.
(b) Simple : On the first day of the Bengali year, the city roads get so jam-packed.
(c) Passive : The day is enjoyed by almost everyone in his own way.
(d) Compound: I do not like gatherings butI enjoy the activities of this day.
(e) Positive: Very few days of the year are as interesting as it.
3(ii).Answer : (a) Compound: You must work hard and will succeed.
(b) Passive: She was recognized by me at first glance and was she was helped to recognize me.
(c) Complex: He kept what he promised/He kept the promise which he made
(d) Compound: He ran away and could escaped arrest. Or, He wanted to escape arrest and so he ran away.
(e) Exclamatory: “Captain hit!” cried out the spectators.
Or, Spectators cried out, “What a captain hit it was!”
3. Read the text and transform the sentences as directed:
Success never comes automatically. (a) We work hard to attain success in our life. Complex) (b) Peace and
prosperity is not possible without being industrious. (Affirmative) (c) A man who leads an idle life brings misery for
his life. (Simple) (d) He can never help the people of the society.(passive) Such kind of man is the burden on the
society. (e) Everybody abhors him. (Negative)
3(ii). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.
Taimur was one of the greatest conquerors of the world. (a) Once Taimur attacked the province of a powerful prince
(make it passive). (b) He entered the kingdom of the prince and captured a large village (make aquestion). (c) As
soon as the prince heard the news, he came with a large army (make it a negative sentence without changing the
meaning). (d) The village was surrounded from all sides (make it active). Taimur was defeated. (e) Taimur disguised
himself as a poor traveler to survive (make it a complex sentence).

3(i). Answer :
(a)Complex: We work hard so that we can attain success in our life.
(b)Affirmative: Peace and prosperity is impossible without being industrious.
(c) Simple: A man leading an idle life brings misery for his life.
(d) Passive: The people of the society can never be helped by him.
(e) Negative: There is nobody but abhors him./Nobody loves him.

3(ii). Answer to the changing sentences-

(a)Passive: Once the province of a powerful prince was attacked by Taimur.
(b) Question: What did he do when he entered the kingdom of the prince?
Or, Didn’t he enter the kingdom of the prince and capture a large village?
(c) Negative: No sooner had the prince heard the news than he came with a large army.
(d) Active: The army of the prince surrounded the village from all sides.
(e) Complex: Taimur disgused himself as a poor traveler so that he could survive.

3(i). Read the text and change the sentences as directed.

Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He was born in an educated family. (a) He is considered the greatest physicist
after Einstein. (Active) (b) In 1979 he joined Cambridge University. (Complex) (c) When he was thirty two years
old, he received the prestigious Albert Einstein award. (Simple) (d) He wrote a book explaining cosmology for
general public. (Compound) (e) He is one of the greatest scientists in the present world. (Positive)
3(ii). Read the text and transform the sentences as directed:
(a) “Beautiful! Isn’t she? Tanvir whispered. (Make it assertive) (b) Tania nodded in agreement, but she was
extremely nervous. (Make it complex) (c) The tigress was now quite close to them. (Make it interrogative) (d) He
got closer to the animal and pressed the shutter button with a boyish grin in the face. (Simple) (e) Her husband was
the strongest man she had ever met. (Make it Positive degree)

3(i). Answer:
(a) Active : People consider him the greatest physicist after Einstein.
(b) Complex: It was 1979 when he joined Cambridge University.
(c) At the age of thirty-two, he received the prestigious Albert Einstein award.
(d) Compound: He wrote a book and explained cosmology for general public in it.
(e) Positive : Very few scientists in the present world are as great as he.

3(ii). Answer :
(a) Assertive: Tanvir whispered that she was very beautiful/She is very beautiful. (b) Complex : Though Tania
nodded in agreement, she was extremely nervous. (c) Interrogative : Wasn’t the tigress now quite close to them?
(d) Simple: Getting closer to the animal, he pressed the shutter button with a boyish grin in the face.
(e) Positive : No other man she had ever met was so strong as her husband.