SSC transformation
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Affirmative to Negative:
Affirmative: No sooner had the boysawthepolice,heran
away.
Rule 1:
Negative: As soon as the boy seen the police than he ran
Only বা alone এর পরিবর্তে উত্তর বাক্যের শুরুতেNonebutবসে । away.
আর কোন পরিবর্ত ন হয়না ।
Rule 5:
Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.
AffirmativesentenceকেNegativeকরারসময়উক্তsentenceএর
Negative: None but he can play good cricket.
Affirmative শব্দটিরNegativeরূপবসাতেহয় ।এবং উক্তNegative
Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for the
এর পূর্বে not বসাতে হয় । বাকী সব ঠিক থাকে ।
post.
Negative: None but the sciencestudentscanapplyforthe
Affirmative: He is a good man.
post.
Negative: He is not a bad man.
Affirmative: Only they can do the work.
Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy.
Negative: None but they can do the work.
Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.
Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.
Note:বস্তুরক্ষেত্রেonlyএরপরিবর্তে nothingbutবসে ।তবেবয়সের
Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.
ক্ষেত্রে বা সং খ্যার ক্ষেত্রে only এর পরিবর্তে not more than বসে ।
Rule 6:
Affirmative: He is only four.
Negative: He is not more than four.
Always যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে
Affirmative: They have only two cars.
Alwaysএরপরিবর্তে neverবসে ।Affirmativeশব্দটিরNegativeরূপ
Negative: They have not more than two cars.
বসাতে হয় ।
Rule 2:
Affirmative: He was always punctual.
Negative: He was never late.
Affirmativesentenceএmustথাকলেnegativeকরারসময়must
Affirmative: I always tell truth.
এরপরিবর্তে cannotbut/cannothelpবসে ।তবেcannothelp
Negative: I never tell lie.
এর পরে যে verb থাকে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত করতে হয় ।
Rule 7:
Affirmative: You must yield to your fate.
Negative: You can not but yield to your fate.
Superlative degree যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative
Affirmative: We must obey our parents.
করতে হলে –
Negative: We can not but obey our parents.
Affirmative: You must care them. No other + superlative এর পরের অং শ + verb + as +
Negative: You can not help caring them. superlativedegreeএরpositiveform+as+প্রদত্তsentenceএর
subject.
Rule 3:
Affirmative: He is the best batsman in the team.
Every কে Negative করতে হলে Every এর পরিবর্তে Thereisno
Negative: No other batsman in the team is as good as him.
বসে+everyএরপরেরশব্দটিবসে+but+প্রদত্তsentenceএরবাকী
Affirmative: You are the best boy in the class.
অং শ ।
Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as you.
Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist.
Rule 8:
Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist.
Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion. Than any other/than all other যুক্ত comparative degree কে
Negative: There is no body but hates a liar. Negative করতে হলে –
Rule 4: Noother+anyother/allotherএরপরেরঅং শবসে+প্রদত্তverb
+ so/as বসে + comparative degree এর positive form+as+
As soon as যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে-
প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
As soon as এরজায়গায়nosoonerhadবসবে+প্রদত্তSentence
Affirmative: He is better than any other boy in the class.
এর কর্তা বসে + সে Sentence এর মূল verb এর past participle
Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as him.
form বসে + সে sentence বাকী অং শ বসে + than + দ্বিতীয় বাক্য
Affirmative: Dhaka is bigger than all other cities in
বসে ।
Bangladesh.
Negative: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
Affirmative: As soon as he he saw the tiger, he ran away.
Negative: No sooner had he seen the Tiger than he ran
Rule 9:
Than যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে – Assertive – You can do the work.
Interrogative – Can’t you do the work?
Than এর শেষের অং শ প্রথমে বসে + verb (tense ও person
অনুযায়ী)+not+so/as+comparativedegreeএরpositiveform Rule 2:
+ as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
Auxiliary verb যুক্ত negative অর্থবোধক Assertivesentenceকে
Affirmative: He is stronger than you. interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় negative উঠে যায় । এবং
Negative: You are not as/so strong as him. সাহায্যকারী verb প্রথমে বসে । শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে ।
Affirmative: I am taller than you.
Negative: You are not as tall as me. Assertive – He is not in the school.
Interrogative – Is he in the school?
Rule 10: Assertive – I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow.
Interrogative – Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?
As....as যুক্ত positive degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
Rule 3:
প্রথম as এর পরিবর্তে not less শেষ as এর পরিবর্তে than বসে ।
Auxiliary verb বিহীন Assertive sentence interrogative এ
Affirmative: Robi and Rahat were as strong as Rakib. রুপান্তর করার সময় –
Negative: Robi and Rahat were not less strong than Rakib.
Affirmative: He is as good as you. Subjectandtenseঅনুযায়ীdon’t/didn’t/doesn’tবসে+subject
Negative: He is not less good than you. + verb এর base form + verb এর পরের অং শ +?
Rule 11: Assertive – He played good football.
Interrogative – Didn’t he play good football?
Less...than যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে – Assertive – She likes ice-cream.
Interrogative – Doesn’t she like ice-cream?
Less এর জায়গায় not as বসবে এবং than এর জায়গায় as বসবে ।
Rule 4:
Affirmative: He is less ugly than you said.
Negative: He is not as ugly as you said. Assertivesentenceএneverথাকলেeverহয়এবং nothingথাকলে
Affirmative: You are less good than he said. anything হয় । auxiliary verb না থাকলে Subject and tense
Negative: You are not as good as he said. অনুযায়ী প্রথমে আনতে হয় । শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে ।
Rule 12: Assertive – You never play football.
Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
Too.....to যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –
Assertive – I have nothing to do?
Tooএরজায়গায়soবসে+Tooএরপরেরadjective/adverbবসে+ Interrogative – Have I anything to do?
thatবসে+পনুরায়subjectবসে ।+tenseঅনুযায়ীcannot/could
Note – Assertive sentence এর subject এ যদি nothing থাকে
not + প্রদত্ত to এর পরের অং শ বসে ।
তাহলে nothing এর জায়গায় what বসে ।
Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.
Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.
Negative: He is so weak that he can not walk.
Interrogative – What can ruin him?
Affirmative: The sum was too difficult for me to work out.
Negative: The sum wassodifficultformethatIcouldnot Rule 5:
work out.
Everybody/ everyone/all যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে
Assertive to interrogative
interrogativeএরুপান্তরকরারসময়Everybody/everyone/allএর
পরিবর্তে who বসে + Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/
Rule 1:
doesn’t বসে + verb এর base form + verb এর পরের অং শ +?
অর্থের পরিবর্ত ন না করে সাহায্যকারী verb যুক্ত Assertivesentence
Assertive – Everybody wants to be win.
কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় sentence টি যদি
Interrogative – Who doesn’t wish to be win?
affirmativeহয়তাহলে–Auxiliaryverb+n’t+subject+বাকী+
Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers.
?
Interrogative – Who doesn’t love flower?
Note- assertiveএwill,can,shall,amথাকলেinterrogativeএ
Rule 6:
রুপান্তর করার সময় won’t, can’t, shan’t, ain’t হয়.
Nobody/none/no one interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় –
Assertive – He is in the school.
Interrogative – Isn’t he in the school?
Nobody/none/no one এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + বাকী অং শ + ? Alas এরপরিবর্তে itisamatterofsorrowthat+alasএরপরের
অং শ ।
Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you.
Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for you? Exclamatory – Alas! We lost the game!
Assertive – No one can beat him. Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the game.
Interrogative – Who can beat him? Exclamatory – Alas! He failed in the examination!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that he failed in the
Exclamatory to assertive
examination.
Rule 1:
Rule 7:
Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে -
প্রথমে Fie যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
প্রথমে subject বসে + verb + a/an + very/great + adjective+
Fie এর পরিবর্তে it is shameful that + fie এর পরের অং শ ।
বাকী অং শ ।
Exclamatory - Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.
Exclamatory – What a nice flower it is!
Assertive – It is shameful that he can not tolerate the poor.
Assertive – It is a very nice flower.
Exclamatory - Fie! He don’t respect seniors.
Exclamatory – What a genius student he is!
Assertive – It is shameful that he don’t respect seniors.
Assertive – He is a very genius student.
Rule 8:
Rule 2:
প্রথমেWouldthatযুক্তExclamatoryকেAssertiveএকরতেহলে
Hurrah যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
–
Hurrah এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of joy + Hurrah এরপরের
প্রদত্ত subject + wish + Would that এর পরের অং শ ।
অং শ ।
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a player!
Exclamatory – Hurrah! We have won the game.
Assertive – I wish I could be a player.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a child again!
Exclamatory – hurrah! I got the first prize.
Assertive – I wish I could be a child again.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that I have got the first prize.
Rule 9:
Rule 3:
প্রথমে o that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
If দ্বারা exclamatory sentence শুরু হলে উক্ত sentence কে
Assertive করার নিয়ম – Subject + wish + o that এর পরের অং শ ।
Exclamatory – If I were a player! Exclamatory – O that you were a cricketer!
Assertive – I wish I were a player. Assertive – I wish you were a cricketer.
Exclamatory – If I could fly! Exclamatory – O that i were a poet.
Assertive – I wish I could fly Assertive – I wish I were a poet.
. Assertive to Exclamatory
Rule 4: Rule 1:
প্রথমে had যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে – প্রথমেwhatবাhowবসে+adjectiveবসে+subject+verb+বাকী
অং শ( যদি থাকে) + !
Subject + wish + পুনরায় subject বসে + had + বাকী অং শ ।
Note –adjectiveএরপূর্বেaথাকলেwhataবসেএবং aনাথাকলে
Exclamatory – Had I the pairs of birds! how বসে.
Assertive – I wish I had the pairs of birds.
Exclamatory – Had I been a king! Assertive - It is a very beautiful place.
Assertive – I wish I had been a king. Exclamatory – What a beautiful place it is!
Assertive – The man is very honest.
Rule 6: Exclamatory – How honest the man is!
প্রথমে Alas যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে – Rule 2:
Assertive sentence এ wish থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় Superlative Degree into Positive Degree
শুরুতে if/had বসে ।
Superlative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Assertive – I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Rule 1:
Exclamatory – Had I the wings of bird!
Or, If I had the wings of a bird!
No other + প্রদত্ত Superlativeএরপরেরঅং শ+verb+so/as+
SuperlativeDegreeএরPositiveform+as+মূলsentenceএর
Assertive – I wish I were a king.
subject.
Exclamatory – If I were a king!
Superlative: Rony is the smallest player in the team.
Rule 3:
Positive: No other player in the team is as small as Rony.
Assertivesentenceএwish/desireExclamatorysentenceকরার Superlative: Sima is the best housewife.
সময় এর শুরুতে If, had, o that, oh that, ইত্যাদি বসে । Positive: No other housewife is as good as Sima.
Assertive – I wish I were a player. Rule 2:
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
all other, mostother,manyother,fewother,veryfew,one
Assertive – I desire I were young again.
oftheযুক্তSuperlativeDegreeকেPositiveDegreeতেরুপান্তর
Exclamatory – Oh that I were young again.
করার নিয়মঃ
Degree
প্রথমে very few +Superlativeএরপরেরঅং শ+verbএরplural
Degree হল Adjective এর রূপভেদ । এটি ৩টি ভাগে বিভক্ত । যথা- form + so/as + SuperlativeDegreeএরPositiveform+as+
মূল sentence এর subject.
● Positive Degree
Superlative: He is one of the best players in the team.
● Comparative Degree Positive: Very few players in the team are as good as he.
Superlative: Iron is one of the most useful metals.
● Superlative Degree
Positive: Very few metals are as useful as Iron.
Positive Degree:
কোন sentence এNounবাpronounএরদোষ,গুন,অবস্থাইত্যাদি
Comparative into positive
বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Positive Degree
বলে । Rule 1:
যেমন – Mr. Roni is a good man.
Than any other/all other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে
Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Comparative Degree:
Noother+anyother/allotherএরপরেরঅং শ+verb+so/as+
ComparativeDegreeএরPositiveform+as+প্রদত্তsentence
সাধারণতদু টিNounবাpronounএরদোষ,গুন,অবস্থাইত্যাদিরতু লনা
এর subject.
বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Comparative
Degree বলে ।
Comparative: kibria is greater than any other boy in the
যেমন – Rahim is wiser than Karim.
class.
Positive: No other boy in the class is as great as Kibria.
Comparative: Dhaka is larger than all other cities in
Superlative Degree: Bangladesh.
Positive: No other cities in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.
সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে তু লনা বুঝাতে adjectiveএরযেরূপব্যবহার
হয় তাকে Superlative Degree বলে । Rule 2:
যেমন – Rony is the best player in the team.
Thanযুক্তComparativeDegreeকেPositiveDegreeতেরুপান্তর
করার নিয়মঃ
Change of Degrees: Than এর পরের অং শ+verb+not+so/as+Comparativeএর
Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
Comparative: Rony is bigger than Bony.
Positive: Bony is not as big as Rony.
Comparative: He is stronger than I. Superlative: He is the best of all men.
Positive: I am not as strong as he. Comparative: He is better than all other man.
Rule 3: Rule 2:
Thanmostother/thanfewotherযুক্তComparativeDegree One of theযুক্তSuperlativeDegreeকেComparativeDegree
কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Very few + most other/few other এর পরের অং শ + verb এর Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than
plural form +so/as+ComparativeএরPositiveform+as+ most other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী অং শ ।
প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
Superlative: Kibria is one of the best players in the team.
Comparative: The gold is most useful than most other Comparative:Kibriaisbetterthanmostotherplayersinthe
metals. team.
Positive: very few metals are as/so useful as gold. Superlative: Canada is one of the coldest countries inthe
Comparative: A. K. Fazlul Haque was greater than most world.
other politicians in Bangladesh. Comparative:Canadaiscolderthanmostothercountriesin
Positive:veryfewpoliticiansinBangladeshwereas/sogreat the world.
as A. K. Fazlul Haque.
Rule 4:
Positive into comparative
No less/not less ……..than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে
Rule 1:
Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
No other যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে
No less/not less এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে এবং thanএর
রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে । আর কোন পরিবর্ত ন হয় না ।
প্রদত্তsentenceএরশেষেরsubject+verb+positivedegreeএর
Comparative: He is no less intelligent than you.
comparative form+thananyother+nootherএরপরথেকে
Positive: He is as intelligent as you.
verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত ।
Comparative: Kripa is not less clever than shipa.
Positive: Kripa is as clever as shipa.
Positive: No other player in the team is as good as him.
Comparative: He is better than any other player in the
Rule 5:
team.
Nosoonerhad….thanযুক্তComparativeDegreeকেPositive Positive: No other country in the world is so/as cold as
Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ Canada.
Comparative: Canada is colder than any other country in
No sooner had এর পরিবর্তে as soon as + subject + verb এর the world.
পরিবর্তে pastform+thanএরপূর্বেরঅং শ+thanএরপরিবর্তে কমা
বসে + বাকী অং শ । Rule 2:
Comparative: No sooner had he seen me than he ran away. Very few যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে
Positive: As soon as he saw me, he ran away. রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Change of Degree: প্রদত্তsentenceএরশেষেরsubject+verb+positivedegreeএর
comparativeform+thanmostother+nootherএরপরথেকে
verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত ।
Superlative into comparative
Positive: Very few students are so good as Lablu.
Comparative: Lablu is better than most other students.
Rule 1:
Positive: Very few metals are so costly as gold.
Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than Comparative: Gold is costlier than most other metals.
any other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী অং শ ।
Rule 3:
Superlative: He is the best player in the team.
As……as যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে
Comparative: He is better than any other player in the
রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
team.
Note: All of থাকলে All of এর পরিবর্তে than all other বসে ।
প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + not + positive Veryfewযুক্তpositivedegreeকেsuperlativedegreeতেরুপান্তর
degreeএরcomparativeform+than+প্রদত্তsentenceএরপ্রথম করার নিয়মঃ
subject ।
প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject + verb + one of the +
Positive: He is as good as his brother positiveএরsuperlativeform+veryfewএরপরথেকেverbএর
Comparative: His brother is not better than him. মাঝের অং শ ।
Positive: Very few men in the village are as tall as Kabir.
Superlative: Kabir is one of the tallest men in the village.
Comparative into superlative
Positive: Very few people in the country are as good as
Rakib
Rule 1:
Superlative: Rakib is one of the best people in the country.
Subject + verb + the+Comparativeএরsuperlativeform+
Voice
other এর পরের অং শ ।
Voice is the form of the verbwhichindicateswhetherthe
Comparative: He is better than any other player in the
subject does the work or something has been done to it.
team.
Superlative: He is the best player in the team. ক্রিয়াপ্রকাশেরভঙ্গিমাকেইvoiceবাবাচ্যবলে ।ক্রিয়ারপ্রকাশভঙ্গিবলে
দেয় কর্তা কাজটি নিজে করছেন, না কর্তার দ্বারা কোন কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে ।
Note–otherএরপরpluralnounথাকলেsuperlativeএরপরেof
all বসে । অথবা
Comparative: He is bigger than of all boys.
Superlative: He is the tallest of all boys. Voiceহলোverbএরগঠনযারদ্বারাsubjectনিজেকিছু করেবাঅন্যের
কাজ তার ওপর এসে পড়ে ।
Rule 2:
Than most other/than few other যুক্ত Comparative কে
Types of voice:
Superlative এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
There are two types of voice:
Subject + verb + one of the + Comparative degree এর
superlative form + most other/few other এর পরের অং শ ।
● Active voice.
Comparative: Vatican City is smaller than most other
● Passive voice.
countries in the world.
Superlative:VaticanCityisoneofthesmallestcountriesin
the world.
Comparative: Dhaka is bigger than most other cities in Active voice:
Bangladesh.
যেsentenceএsubjectনিজেসক্রিয়বাactiveহয়েকাজসম্পন্নকরে
Superlative: Dhaka is one of the biggest cities in
সে sentence এ verb এর Active voice হয় ।
Bangladesh.
Structure:
Subject + verb + object.
Positive into superlative:
Example: I do the work.
Rule 1:
No other যুক্ত positive degree কে superlative degree তে
Passive voice:
রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
যেsentenceএsubjectনিজেকাজটিকরেনাবরং objectএরকাজটি
প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject+verb+the+positiveএর
তার ওপর এসে পড়েতখনসেsentenceএverbএরpassivevoice
superlative form + no other এর পর থেকে verb এর মাঝের অং শ ।
হয় ।
Positive: No other player in the team is as good as Raju.
Structure:
Superlative: Raju is the best player in the team.
Object + be verb + verb এর past participle+ by+ subject.
Positive: No other man man in the society is as good as him.
Superlative: He is the best man in the society. Example: The work is done by me.
Rule 2:
Active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম: c) Presentperfecttenseযুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoiceএ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Rule 1:
Structure:
a) Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়ে যায় ।
Object এর subject + have been/ has been + verb এর past
b) Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject এ
participle form + by + subject এর object.
রুপান্তর হয় ।
c)মূলverbএরpastparticipleহয়এবং subjectওtenseঅনুসারে Active: He has eaten rice.
auxiliary verb/be verb হয় । Passive: Rice has been eaten by him.
Active: I have played football.
Passive: Football has been played by me.
Rule 2:
Indefinite tense:
d) Past indefinite tense যুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoiceএ
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
a) Present indefinite – am, is, are.
b) Past indefinite – was, were.
Structure:
c) Future indefinite – shall be, will be.
Objectএরsubject+was/were+verbএরpastparticipleform
+ by + subject এর object
Continuous tense:
Active: I ate rice.
a) Present Continuous- am being, is being, are being.
Passive: Rice was eaten by me.
b) Past Continuous – was being, were being
Active: They played football.
c) Future Continuous - shall be being, will be being.
Passive: Football were played by them.
Perfect tense:
a) Present Perfect – has been, have been.
e)Pastcontinuoustenseযুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoiceএ
b) Past Perfect- had been.
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
c) Future Perfect- shall have been, will have been.
Structure:
Rule 3:
Object এর subject + was being/were being + verb এরpast
a)Presentindefinitetenseযুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoice participle form + by + subject এর object.
এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Active: I was eating rice.
Structure: Passive: Rice was being eaten by me.
Objectএরsubject+am/is/are+verbএরpastparticipleform Active: They were catching fishes.
+ by + subject এর object. Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.
Active – I play football.
Passive- Football is played by me.
f ) Past perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ
Active- They eat rice.
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Passive- Rice is eaten by them.
Structure:
Objectএরsubject+hadbeen+verbএরpastparticipleform
b) Present continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive + by + subject এর object.
voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Active: I had eaten rice.
Structure: Passive: Rice had been eaten by me.
Objectএরsubject+ambeing/isbeing/arebeing+verbএর Active: We had dug the cannel.
past participle form + by + subject এর object. Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.
Active: I am playing football.
Passive: football is being played by me.
g)Futureindefinitetenseযুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoiceএ
Active: He is eating rice.
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Passive: Rice is being eaten by him.
Structure: Object এর subject + shall be/will be + verb এর Imperative sentence এর active voice কে passive voice এ
past participle form + by + subject এর object. রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Active: I will eat rice. A)শুধুমাত্রমূলverbদিয়েশুরুযুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoice
Passive: Rice will be eaten by me. এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Active: They will play football.
Passive: Football will be played by them. Structure:
Let + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form
Active: Close the door.
h)Futurecontinuoustenseযুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoice Passive: Let the door be closed.
এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Active: Shut the window.
Passive: Let the window be shut.
Structure:
Object এর subject+shallbebeing/willbebeing+verbএর
past participle form + by + subject এর object.
B) Do not দিয়ে শুরু যুক্তযুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoiceএ
Active: I will be eating rice. রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Passive: Rice will be being eaten by me.
Active: They will be playing football. Structure:
Passive: Football will be being Let not + object এর subject + be+verbএরpastparticiple
form
Active: Do not close the door.
i) Future perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passivevoiceএ Passive: Let not the door be closed.
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Active: Do not shut the window.
Passive: Let not the window be shut.
Structure:
Object এর subject+shallhavebeen/willhavebeen+verb
এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.
C) Let এর পরযদিকোনব্যক্তিবাচকobject(me,us,you,them,
Active: I will have eaten rice. him, her)থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে
Passive: Rice will have been eaten by me. active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Active: They will have caught the fish.
Passive: The fish will have been caught by them. Structure:
Let+objectএরsubject+be+verbএরpastparticipleform+
by + ব্যক্তিবাচক object.
Rule 4: Active: Let me play football.
Passive: Let the football be played by me.
May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to active Active: Let us sing a song.
voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Passive: let a song be sung by us.
Active: let him give the chance.
Structure:
Passive: let the chance be given by him.
Objectএরsubject+may,might,can,could,must,oughtto,
going to এর পরে be + verb এর past participle form+by+
subject এর object.
D) Never যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
Active: I may help you. নিয়ম-
Passive: You may be helped by me.
Active: You must do the work. Structure:
Passive: The work must be done by you. Let not + object এর subject + ever be + verb এর past
Active: We ought to obey our teachers. participle form
Passive: Our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.
Active: We are going to open a shop. Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us. Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
Active: Never do this.
Rule 5: Passive: Let not this ever be done.
E) মূল verb এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, Active: Who is playing football?
them, him, her) থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, Passive: BY whom is football being played?
তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Active: Who will help me?
Passive: By whom will I be helped?
Structure: Let + direct object টি বসবে (মূল verb এর পর যে
object টি থাকে + be + verb এর past participleform+for+
ব্যক্তিবাচক object
C) Whom যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তরকরার
Active: Buy me a shirt. নিয়ম-
Passive: Let a shirt be bought for me.
Active: Give me a glass of water. Structure:
Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me. Whom এর পরিবর্তে who + tense ও person অনুযায়ী
Auxiliaryverb+verbএরpastparticipleform+by+subject
Interrogative sentence এর object +?
Active: Whom did you see on the road?
Rule 6: Passive: Who was seen by you on the road?
Interrogative sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ Active: Whom has he murdered in this home?
রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Passive: Who is murdered by him in this home?
A) Structure:
Interrogative sentence কে Assertive sentence এরুপান্তরকরে
নিতেহবে+রুপান্তরিতAssertivesentenceএরactivevoiceথেকে D) What যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
passive voice এ রুপান্তর করতে হবে + এবার রুপান্তরিত passive নিয়ম-
voiceএরauxiliaryverbটিকেপ্রথমেবসাতেহবে+শেষেপ্রশ্নবোধক
চিহ্ন বসে । **** Tense অনুসারে করতে হবে । Structure:
What+tenseওpersonঅনুযায়ীAuxiliaryverb+verbএরpast
Example 1: participle form + by + subject এর object +?
Active: Have you eaten rice?
Assertive: You have eaten rice. Active: What do you want?
Assertive এর passive: Rice has been eaten by you. Passive: What is wanted by you?
Passive এ রুপান্তর: Has rice been eaten by you?
Rule 7:
Example 2:
Subject+verb+object+presentparticipleযুক্তactivevoice
Active: Is he reading a book?
কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Assertive: He is reading a book.
Assertive এর passive: A book is being read by him.
Structure:
Passive এ রুপান্তর: Is a book being read by him?
Objectএরsubject+tenseওpersonঅনুযায়ীAuxiliaryverb+
verbএরpastparticipleform+presentparticipleযুক্তঅং শটি+
Example 3:
by + subject এর object.
Active: Did you play football?
Assertive: You played football.
Active: I saw him playing cricket.
Assertive এর passive: Football was played by you.
Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.
Passive এ রুপান্তর: Was football played by you?
Active: I took him for a friend.
Passive: He was taken for a friend by me.
B) Who যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-
Rule 8:
Structure:
Double object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর
Whoএরপরিবর্তে Bywhom+tenseওpersonঅনুযায়ীAuxiliary
করার নিয়ম-
verb+objectএরsubject+অনেকসময়tenseঅনুযায়ীকর্তারপরে
be/ being/ been বসাতে হয় + verb এর past participle form + ?. Structure:
দু ইটা object এর যে কোন একটি subject করতে হয় (personal
object কে subject এ রুপান্তর করলে ভাল) + verb এর past
participle form + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + subjectহিসেবেহবে+tenseওpersonঅনুযায়ীAuxiliaryverb+
প্রদত্ত বাকি object টি বসে + by + active voice এর subject টি verb এর past participle form + by + Reflexive object বসবে ।
object রুপে হয় ।
Active: He hanged himself.
Active: I gave him aflower.Passive:Hewasgivenaflower Passive: He was hanged by himself.
by me. Active: He teaches usmath.Passive:wearetaught Active: You killed yourself.
English by him. Passive: You were killed by yourself.
Rule 9: Rule 12:
Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice কে Factitive object/Complementary object যুক্ত active voiceকে
passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice এ Factitive object/Complementary object( select, elect,
রূপান্তরের সময় উভয় clause এর voice পরিবর্ত ন হয় । nominate,make,call,nameইত্যাদিtransitiveverbথাকাসত্ত্বেও
সম্পূর্ণরুপেঅর্থপ্রকাশকরতেপারেনা ।পরিপূর্ণঅর্থপ্রকাশকরারজন্য
Active: I know that he did the work. অতিরিক্ত objectআনতেহয় ।এইরুপঅতিরিক্তobjectকেFactitive
Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him. object/Complementary object বলে ।
Active: He told me that he had done the work.
Passive: I was told that the work had been done by him. Structure:
নামবাচক object টির (me, us, you, them, him, her)objectটি
Note: Active voice “people say”দিয়েশুরুহলেItissaidদিয়ে subject হয় । + tense ও person অনুযায়ীAuxiliaryverb+verb
passive voice করাই ভাল । এরpastparticipleform+Factitiveobject+by+subjectএর
object ।
Active: People say that the lion is the king of forest.
Passive: It is said that the lion is the king of forest. Active: They made me captain.
Passive: I was made captain by them.
Active: We call him liar.
Rule 10: Passive: He is called liar by us.
Intransitive verb যুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoiceএরুপান্তর
করার নিয়ম-
Rule 13:
সাধারনত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় না । তবে
Cognate object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর
Intransitiveverbএরপরেprepositionযুক্তহয়েযদিgroupverb
করার নিয়ম-
গঠন করে এবং তা Intransitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে –
Cognateobjectএরসং জ্ঞা–কিছু intransitiveverbতাদেরসমর্থক
Structure:Objectটিsubject+tenseঅনুযায়ীAuxiliaryverb+
object নিয়ে transitiveverbহিসেবেব্যবহৃতহয় ।এধরনেরobject
verb এর past participle form + প্রদত্ত preposition + by +
কে Cognate object বলে ।
subject টির object ।
Structure:Objectটিsubject+tenseঅনুযায়ীAuxiliaryverb+
Active: The truck run over the boy.
verb এর past participle form + by + subject টির object ।
Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.
Active: They looked at the poor man. Active: He caught a fish.
Passive: The poor man was looked at by them. Passive: A fish was caught by him.
Active: You ran a race.
Passive: A race was run by you.
Rule 11:
Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself,
Rule 14:
themselves, himself, herself) যুক্ত active voice কে passive
voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Infinitive যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার
নিয়ম-
Structure:
Active voice subject টি অপরিবর্তি ত অবস্থায় passive voice এর Structure:
প্রদত্ত activevoiceএরsubject+মূলverb+infinitiveএরপরের
object (যদি থাকে) + to be+infinitiveএরপরেরverbএরpast Simple – Compund – Complex
participle form.
Rule 1:
Active: He wants someone to take camera. Simple = Verb + ing
Passive: He wants camera to be taken. Compound = and
Active: He wants you to write a letter. Complex = when/as/since
Passive: He wants a letter to be taken. Example:
Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.
Compound: The boy worked hard and he made a good
result.
Rule 15:
Complex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good
Gerund combinations অর্থাৎ advise/ propose/ recommend/ result.
suggest+gerund+objectযুক্তactivevoiceকেpassivevoice
Rule 2:
এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Simple = In spite of possessive + v + ing
Structure: Compound = But
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject+মূলverb+that+gerundএর Complex = Though/Although
পরেরobjectটি+shouldbe+প্রদত্তgerundটিverbএরূপান্তরিত Example:
হয়ে verb এর past participle form বসে । Simple: In spite of his trying hard and soul he could not
succeed in life.
Active: He suggested giving up smoking. Compound: He tried hard and soul but he could not
Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up. succeed in life.
Active: He wanted playing football. Complex: Though he tried hard and soul, he could not
Passive: He wanted that football should be played. succeed in life.
Rule 3:
Simple = By + ing
Rule 16:
Compound = Imperative sentence + and
Complex = If Clause positive
Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be determined,
Example:
decide,demand,+infinitive+objectobjectযুক্তactivevoice
Simple: By working hard, you will success in life.
কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Compound: Work hard and you will success in life.
Structure: Complex: If you work hard, you will success in life.
প্রদত্তactivevoiceএরsubject+মূলverb+that+infinitiveএর
Rule 4:
পরের+object+shouldbe+infinitiveএরপরেরverbএরpast
Simple =Without + ing
participle form.
Imperative sentence + or
Active: He decided to buy the house. Complex = If Clause negative
Passive: He decided that the house should be bought. Example:
Active: You agreed to sell the house. Simple: Without working hard, you will not success in life.
Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold. Compound: Work hard or you will not success in life.
Complex: Unless you work hard, you will not success in life.
Rule 5:
Rule 17: Simple = Principal clause + Too-to + verb
Compound = very/ much… and
One + should যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর
Complex = So… That
করার নিয়ম-
Example
Structure: Simple: The boy is too foolish to understand it.
Object এর subject + should be + verb এর past participle Compound: The boy is very foolish that he cannot
form understand it.
Complex: The boyissofoolishthathecannotunderstand
Active: One should take care of one’s education. it.
Passive: Education should be taken care of.
Active: One should tell the truth. Rule 6:
Passive: Truth should be told. Simple = Principal clause + to + verb
Compound = and
Complex = So that/ In order that Simple: Finishing the work, we went to the playground.
Example: Compound: We finished the work and went to the
Simple: He works hard to prosper in life. playground.
Compound: He works hard and he may prosper in life.
Complex: He works hard so that he may prosper in life. Rule 2: Being যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেত্রে
Structure: Sub + Beingএর বাকি অং শ যে tense এর থাকে সেই
Rule 7: tenseওpersonঅনুযায়ীtobeverbবসে+beingএরপরেরঅং শ+
Simple = Principal clause + adjective + Noun কমা উঠে and + sub বাদে এর পরের অং শ ।
Compound = and Simple: Being father, he can not neglect his son.
Complex = Relative Pronoun (Who, Which, That) Compound: He is father and can not neglect his son.
Example:
Simple: I know the poor man. Rule3:Havingযুক্তবাperfectparticipleযুক্তsimplesentence
Compound: I know the man and he is poor. কে compound sentence এ পরিবর্ত ন করার নিয়মঃ
Complex: I know the man who is poor. Structure:Sub+Tenseঅনুযায়ীverb‘tohave’+কমারপূর্বপর্যন্ত
+ and + sub এর পরের অং শ ।
Compound to Complex: Simple: Having written the letter, I posted it.
Compound: I had written the letter and it.
Rule 1: And যুক্ত Compound Sentence-এর একটি Clause যদি
অপরটিরকারণবাসময়নির্দে শকরে,তবেউক্তCompoundSentence Rule 4: Inspiteof/Despiteযুক্তsimplesentenceকেbutদ্বারা
টিকে Complex করার নিয়মঃ compound করতে হয় ।
Structure:Since/as/when+1stsentence+andপরিবর্তে (,)+ Simple: In spite of his dishonesty, he was rewarded.
2nd sentence. Compound: He was dishonest but rewarded.
Compound: He came to me and I felt tired.
Complex: When he came to me, I felt tired. Rule5:Without+Gerundযুক্তSimpleSentenceযদিশর্ত বুঝাই,
তবে ‘or’ যুক্ত করে compound করতে হয় ।
Rule 2: But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ Structure: Without উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এরpresentform
Structure:Although/though+1stsentence+butএরপরিবর্তে বসবে + কমা এর স্থলে or + কমা এর পরের অং শ ।
(,) + বাকি sentence. Simple: Without going, you will die.
Compound: The boy tried hard but could not win the Compound: Go or you will die.
match.
Complex:Thoughtheboytriedhardhard,hecouldnotwin Rule 6: By Gerund যুক্ত simple sentence কে and যোগ করে
the match. compound করতে হয় ।
Structure:Byউঠেগিয়েingযুক্তverbএরpresentformবসবে+
Rule 3: Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা স্থলে and + কমার পরের অং শ ।
Structure:If+Sub+donot+1stClause+orএরপরিবর্তে (,)+ Simple: By wasting your time, you can spoil your life.
sub + will + or এর পরবর্তী অং শ । Compound: Waste your time and you can spoil your life.
Compound: Do or die.
Complex: If you do not do, you will die. Rule 7: Too…. to যুক্ত Simple Sentence Compound করার
নিয়মঃ
Rule 4: And দ্বারা যুক্ত cause and effect নির্দে শক compound Structure: Sub + ‘to be’ verb + too এর পরিবর্তে very +
sentence কে so…. that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয় । Adjective + and + can not/could not + to বাদে পরের অং শ ।
Compound: Farhan works very hard and he can shine in Simple: He is too dull to understand it.
life. Compound: He is very dull and can not understand it.
Complex: Farhan works so hard that he can shine in life.
Complex to Compound:
Rule 5: And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশমুলক compound sentence কেso
that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয় । Rule 1: Since, as, when ইত্যাদি conjunction যুক্ত Complex
Compound: We take balance diet and we can keep good sentence কে Compound sentence এ পরিবর্ত ন করার সময়
health. since/as/whenতু লেদিতেহয়এবং এরপরcomplexsentenceকমা
Complex: We take balance diet so that we can keepgood তু লে দিয়া সেখানে and বসালেই compound sentence হয়ে যায় ।
health. Complex: When i went there, I found him.
Compound: I went there and found him.
Simple to Compound
Rule 2: Though/ although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে
Rule1:PresentParticipleযুক্তSimplesentenceকেcompound Compound sentence পরিবর্ত ন করতে হলে though/ although
করার ক্ষেত্রে – তু লে দিতে হয় এবং এর পরে কমা তু লে দিয়ে সেখানে but বসাতে হয় ।
Structure: 1stsub+mainverb+কমারপূর্বপর্যন্ত+(,)এরস্থলে Complex: Although it rained heavily, hewentoutwithout
and + sub এর পরের অং শ । an umbrella.
Compound: It rained heavily but he went out without an Rule7:Though/Althoughযুক্তComplexsentenceকেSimple
umbrella. sentence করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Although/ though-এর স্থলে In spite of/ Despite
Rule 3: Complex sentence যদি If দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং if যুক্ত বসে + Subject এর possessive form + being/ having +
Clause এ যদি not থাকে, তবে compound sentence এ পরিবর্ত ন extension.
করতেহলেifথেকেnotপর্যন্তঅং শতু লেদিতেহবেএবং এরপরকমা Complex: Though he was dishonest, he was set free.
তু লে দিয়া সেই স্থানে ‘or’ বসালেই compound sentence হবে । Simple: In spite of his being dishonest, he was set free.
Complex: If you do not read, you will fail.
Compound: Read or you will fail. Rule8:ComplexSentenceএRelativepronounটিযদিsubject
কে নির্দে শ করে সেক্ষেত্রেsimplesentence-এপরিবর্ত নেরসময়উক্ত
Complex to Simple: relative pronoun এবং তৎপরবর্তী verb উঠে যায় । এবং relative
pronoun এর পরের adjective-টি subject এর পূর্বে বসে ।
Rule1:Since/when/asযুক্তcomplexsentenceএরদু টিClause
Complex: The man who is drowning catches at a straw.
এর subject এর হলে এবং দু টি Clause এ principal verb থাকলে
Simple: A drowning man catches at a straw.
নিচের নিয়ম করতে হবে ।
Structure: Since/when/as এর প্রথম subject তু লে দিয়ে main Compound to Simple:
verb ing form করতে হবে + কমা সহ বাকি অং শ ।
Complex: When i went there, I found him absent. Rule 1: And দ্বারা যুক্ত compound sentence-এর and এর উভয়
Simple: Going there, I found him absent. অং শের subject যদি এক হয়, তবে একে simple sentence এ
পরিবর্ত নের নিয়মঃ
Rule2:Since/asযুক্তcomplexsentenceযদিকারণবুঝায়,তাহলে Compound: He finished the work and return home.
Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of ইত্যাদি দিয়ে Simple: Finishing the work, he returned home.
করতে হয় ।
Structure: Because of/ Due to/Owingto/Onaccountof+ Rule2:Andযুক্তcompoundsentenceএরউভয়অং শেরsubject
verb + ing অথবা fog/ rough weather/ cold + Extension. যদি একইহয়এবং প্রথমঅং শেরsentenceটিযদিকারননির্দে শকরে,
Complex: Since there was fog, he could not go out. সেক্ষেত্রে নিচের নিয়মে simple করতে হবে ।
Simple: Due to fog, he could not go out. Structure:Becauseof/Dueto/Owingto/onaccountof+1st
sentenceএরsubjectএরpossessiveform+mainverb+ing/
Rule3:Ifযুক্তশর্ত মূলকNegativecomplexsentenceকেsimple being/having + but এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা + sub + verb +
sentence করার নিয়মঃ extension.
Structure: If থেকে not পর্যন্ত তু লে দিয়ে without বসাতে হবে + Compound: I was ill and I could not attend the meeting.
verb + ing + কমা সহ বাকি অং শ । Simple: Because of my being ill, I could not attend the
Complex: If you do not come, you will not get the pen. meeting.
Simple: Without coming, you will not get the pen.
Rule 3: But যুক্ত compound sentence এ যদি but এর পরে
Rule4:Ifযুক্তNegativeComplexSentenceএরদু টিClauseএর subject ও verb না থাকে তবে, simple sentence পরিবর্ত ন করতে
subject ভিন্ন হলে নিম্নরুপ হবে । হলে নিচের নিয়মঃ
Structure: If এর স্থলে without +subjectএরpossessiveform Structure:Inspiteof/Despite+Subjectএরpossessiveform
বসে + Auxiliary verb ও not উঠে যায় + main verb + ing + +mainverb+ing+being/having+butএরপূর্বপর্যন্ত+কমা+
Extension. subject + verb + extension.
Complex: If he does not stay at office, I shall not meet him. Compound: He is poor but honest.
Simple: Without his staying at office, I shall not meet him. Simple: In spite of his being, he is poor.
Rule 5: So that যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ Rule 4: ‘Or’ যুক্ত compoundsentenceকেsimplesentenceএ
Structure: So that থেকেprincipalverbএরপূর্বপর্যন্তউঠেগিয়ে পরিবর্ত ন করার নিয়মঃ
সে স্থলে to বসে + বাকি অং শ বসে । Structure: Without + 1st main verb + ing + verb এর পরের
Complex: People work hard so that they may shine in life. অং শ + কমা + বাকি অং শ ।
Simple: People work hard to shine in life. Compound: Move or will die.
Simple: Without moving, you will die
Rule 6: ‘So …. that’ যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple
sentence এ পরিবর্ত ন করার নিয়মঃ Rule 5: Not only …. but also যুক্ত compound sentence কে
Structure:Sub+verb+soএরস্থলেtoo+adjective/adverb+ simple করার নিয়মঃ
that থেকে not পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + to + Extension. Structure:Besides+notonlyযুক্তব্যকেরমূলverbএরসাথেing
Complex:Theyaresonicethattheycannotbeusedjustat +notonlyউঠেযাবে+butalsoএরপূর্বপর্যন্ত+(,)+মূলsubject
present. +butalsoঅং শেverbনাথাকলেপ্রথমঅং শেরverb+butএরপরের
Simple: They are too nice to be used just at present. অং শ ।
Compound: Our teachers notonlyteachusbutalsoguide
us.
Simple: Besides teaching us, our teacher guide us.
Rule 6: Andদ্বারাযুক্তসময়নির্দে শকCompoundsentence–কে
In, On, At ইত্যাদি time word দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয় ।
Compound: It was raining and Siam came to me.
Simple: At the time of raining Siam came to me.
Rule 7: And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশ্যমুলক compound sentence কে
Infinitive দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয় ।
Compound: He reads attentively and she can do good
result.
Simple: He reads attentively to do good result.
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