5-32 Basic Concepts of Three

Transformers and Induction Machines

pole, star Connected
Phase Induction
Example 5.10.3 A440 V, 34 50 Hz, 4
an impedance of (0.4 +j4) &per
induction
motor has ful
1425 rpm. The roBor has phase and a
turn ofratio of 0.8. Calcualte : i) Full load torque; i) Full load copper losSs;
sped
iv) Starting current.
rotor bad
stotoy
torque and the speed at twhich it oCMrs;
Solution : N= 1425 rp.m., f= 50 Hz, P= 4,,R, =0.4 2,, = Jan.49-l3., Matks 10
120 f
N, = P = 1500 r.p.m. i.e. SyN=
N, 0.05
440
and K= Rotor tums
0.8
Stator turns
Ezph ie. Ezph =E, = 0.8x440 = 203.227V
V3
3 s;ER, = 78.88 Nm
2rn, [R +(sg X,)2]
i) 0.05x 203.227
= 22.7214 A
R +(sgX)? (0.4)? +(0.05x4)2
:Full load copper loss = 3 xI;, xR, =3 x
(22.7214) x 0.4 = 619.518 W
iü) 3 3
Tm 2 n, (203.227)2
2X 2x 1500 2x4
- 98.6 Nm
60

K204
Sm <-01
Nm = N, (1- s)= 1500 (1 -
0.1) = 1350 r.p.m.
iv) E, 203.227
R+X 0.42 +42 = 50.5544 A *.S=1 at sar

Example 5.10.4 A
Tuns on 240 V, 3-phase inductin motor having 6-poles,
50 Hz supply. is star Connecte
and 0.852 per The rotor stator winding Q
phase. The ratio resistance and stand still reactance are 012
Calcualte the developed torque at stator to rotor turns is 1.8 and full load slip is4%
of
torque. full load,
maximum torque at maximu
and the duly-13,
speed Marks 10
Solution :R, = 0.12 S = 0.85 S2, s =
0.04, K =
1.8
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 Machines 5-33
Basic Concopts of
Three Phase
Etph =
EIline 240
- 138.56 V, K=
Induction Motors
1
V3 3
138.56
Eiph
- 76.98 V, 120f
Exgh 1.8 N,== 1000 t.p.m.
P
3 sE R,
T=2nn, R}+(sX,) ..n,
60
100
16.67
60
3
X
0.04 x(76.98) x0.12
T=2 X16.67 (0.12) +[0.04 x0.85)2 =52.372 Nm
3 -X S ER,
Tm 2T n, R; +{sm X4)? where S01411
3 0.1411 x(76.98)2 x0.12
2r X16.67 (0.12)2 +l0.1411 y0 g512=99.85 Nm
N, = (1- S) N, = (1-0.1411) x 1000 =858.9 r.p.m.

jznatively Tm can be obtained by using Tm = 3 E

2Tn, 2X,
e Questions

Derine the condition for the maximum torque in a three phase induction motor. Also obtain the
corssion for the maximum torque. July-06, 13, Jan.-09, Marks 6
.A3phase induction motor has a 4-pole, star connected stator winding. The motor uns on a 50 Hz
Ty wnth 200 Vbetween lines. The rotor resistance and standstill rotor reucance per phase are
end 09 Qrespectively. The ratio of rotor to stator turns in 0.67. Calculate :
iToal torgue at 4 %
slip i) Maximum torque developed
Spoed at maximum torque io) Maximum mechanical power
Selet stator impedance. [Ans. :40.4786 Nm, 63.5065 Nm, 1333.333 r.p.m, 8367.1801 WI
A3chase induction motor has a 4pole, star connected stator winding. The motor runs on a50 Hz
Nly with 200 Vbetween lines. The rotor resistance and standstill rotor reactance per phase me
The ratio of rotor to stator furns in 0.67. Calculale
Tdal torque at 4respectively.
Speed at %slip Maximum torque developed
Nelect statormaxiimpedance.
mum torque iv) Maximum mechanical power
kW]
T, xa, -8867
Athree phase, (Ans.
50 Hz,: i) 400
40.47 VNm, i) 63.50motor
induction lil) 41333.33
Nm, has poles star iv)P, stalor winding. Rotor
.p.m.connected

Tes4Tottanceal torqueand developed perb) phase

Maximum torque c) Speed at maximum Full load slip
torgue. is 5%statorCaleulate
Assume to roBo
:

Ttio 2:1. reactance are 0.15 2and 1 a respectively.

July-01|

127.323 N-m, 1275rp.m.

[Ans. : 76.39 N-m.

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Transformers and Induction Machines 5-34 Basic Concep!s of
Three Phase
5.11 Torque-Slip Characteristics
As the induction motor is loaded
July-08.
from no load to full load,
09, 10,
Jan.-06 09, 1
12,
13, Inducn
increased load, motor has to its speed
slip increases. Due to the
load demand. The torque ultimately depends on slip as explained more toderqcuereasetos
produce
of motor can be easily judged by sketching a curve obtainedeatber. The
produced against slip of induction motor. The curve obtained by by behay
slip from s = 1 (at start) to s =0 (at synchronous speed) plot ing ploting
characteristics of the induction motor. It is very
torque-slip characteristics.
interesting to study cal edhetoronqueatun
We have seen that for a constant supply voltage, E, is also
torque equation as,
Constant. So we can

T
sR,

Now to judge the nature of torque-slip characteristics let us divide the slip ran
(s=0 to s = 1) into two parts and analyze them independently.
i) Low slip region :
In low slip region, 's' is very very small. Due to this, the term
(s X,)} is so sml
compared to R; that it can be neglected.

T«
R3 ..As Ra is consan

Hence in low slip region torque is directly

proportional to slip. So as load incness
speed decreases, increasing the slip. This increases
demand.
the torque which satisfies the l
Hence the graph is straight line in nature.
At N = N,, S= 0 hence T =0. As no
torque is generated at N = N, motot SUp
it tries to achieve the
slip values.
synchronous speed. Torque increases linearly in this region,
i) High slip region :
In this region, slip is high ie. slip value is approaching to 1. Here iit can be asuns
that the term R, is very very small as compared to (s y Hence neglecting R h
the denominator, we get
sR, consta
Where R and X are

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 ndtnduction Machines 5-35 Basic Concepts of Three Phase Induction Motors

region torque is inversely proportional to the slip. Hence its nature is

slip
e ntangular
hyperbola
load demand increases but speed decreases. As speed
when load increases,
Now increases. In high slip region as T « 1/s, torque decreases as slip
RUSS,slip
must increase to satisfy the load demand. As torque decreases, due
But torque
loading
effeot speed decreases and further increases. Again
further slip torque
Mextra 1/s hence same load acts as an extra load due to reduction in torque
as T
daTISES speed further drops. Eventually motor comes to standstill condition.
nduced.
Hence
continue to
cannot rotate at any point in this high slip region. Hence this
motor
The
called unstable region of operation.
yionis
has two parts,
So torque- slip characteristics
operation.
1Straight line called stable region of
Rectangular hyperbola called unstable region of operation.
Now the obvious question is upto which value of slip, torqueslip characteristic
noresents stable operation ?
n low slip region, as load increases, slip increases and torque also increases linearly.
Ceary motor has its own limit to produce a torque. The maximum torque, the motor can
nroduce as load increases is T which occurs at s = Sm So linear behaviour continues till

If load is increased beyond this limit, motor slip acts dominantly pushing motor into
high slip region. Due to unstable conditions, motor comes to standstill condition at such
load. Hence Tm ie. maximum torque which motor can produce is also called
breakdown torque or pul out torque. So range s =0 to s = is called low slip region,
Inown as stable region of operation. Motor always operales at a point in this region.
And range s = S to s =1 is called high slip region which is rectangular hyperbola,
called unstable region of operation. Motor cannot continue to rotate at any point in this
region.
At s =1,N=0 ie. at start, motor produces a torque called starting torque denoted
5
The entire torque-slip characteristics is shown in the Fig. 5.11.1, (See Fig. 5.11.1 on
next page).
5.11.1 Full Load Torque
When the load on the motor increases, the torque produced increases as speed
aSes and slip increases. The increased torque demand is satisfied by drawing more
Current from the supply.
netheloadcurrent
whichdrawn
motoriscanalsodrivewithinsafely while operating continuously and due to such
safe limits is called full load condition of motor.

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Transtormers and Induction
Machines 5-36 Basic Concepts of
Three Phase
Torque

Maximum torque
induchcn
Slable region
OA=Sable region
AB =Unstable region
Point BA=
Point C==SlFullMaxi
Point artnloadmgumtorque
Unstable region tor
toroue
T

Slip
S=Sm S=1
s=0 (N=0)
(N=N,)
Fig. 5.11.1 Torque-slip characteristics
When current increases, due to heat produced the temperature rises. The
current is that which when drawn for continuous operation of
safe lim
temperature rise well within the limits. Such a full load point is
motor, producs :
shown n
torque-slip characteristics as point C in the Fig 5.11.1 and corresponding torque as 1.
The interesting thing is that the load on the motor can be increased beyond mi
till maximum torque condition. But due to high current and hence high temperahm
there is possibility of damage of winding insulation, if motor is operated for bo
time duration in this region i.e. from point C to B. But motor can be used to dnve ba:
more than full load, producing torque upto maximum torque for short duration af n
Generaly full load torque is less than the maximum torque.
So region OC upto full load condition allow motor operation continuouslyandst
from the temperature point of view. While region CB is possible to achieve in pati
but only for short duration of time and not for continuous operation of motor. 1i31
the difference between full load torque and the maximum or breakdown torue
breakdowm torque is also called stalling torque.

TFull load <Tm

The torque developed by the motor at start i.e. at s = 1 is called its starting
and ineti
At start, if a motor is on no load then it has to
overcome frictional losses itisba
the rotor. It has to start against the load along with the friction and inertiaif vaz
the
at start. Hence the analysis of important. Moretorque
starting torque of a motor is an
starting torque, the maximum torque occurs at lower speeds. The starting eachpha
increased in case of slip ring induction motor by inserting a resistancein
the rotor winding at start.

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 sesavMA 5-3

Generating and Braking Region

in bs in the g n ant 1 ie when 0sssL the mhine runs as a
wat is the nrmal qrat The natan of n r s in the tin of ntatng
deveky by tatr curents n ths ngn it tas
ectrial owr frm
ins and suyes meharal ner cutput The n rs t and
ae in ame
diton megting
A
whthe sip is gur than , te mahine wurts in braking me The mor is
dirtin o that f natng he n rathe hro f he stahr
ina are interhangi Wheh chas the hae quene whih in hum
eveses the
n of ngan m hekk. he mor ames quk shy under the
o unter hque which pus braking tin Ths metho br. whh the
Y s to tis wn s Fugng hh care s taen that the statr must e
unnNt fm the surpr oavv the t r to rotate in other dirvon
To run the induxtin mchine as a geneate, its slip must be
ks than eo ie
aive The negative slip indcates that the oor is runnin at a spd
abowe the
shrUS spe. When runig s a gneratr it takes mehanical
energv and
sps eletrical energy froan the statr.
Thus the negative sip, geerating atin takes pe and
haracteristics revers in this generating region. nature of oqu sip
The Fig. 5112 shows the compkte
generating and the braling regin.
borquesp characteristis shoning moìng

orque

T, (Saing lorue) Seed

(S>1)
Moloning Geerno

Fig. 5.11.2 Regions of torque-slip characteristlcs

TRNCL CANONSAR tr dge

Transformers and Induction Machines 5-38 Basic Concepts of Three
Review Questions Phase
Discuss the complete torque-slip characteristics of a three phose
1.
generating and braking regions.
July-08, 09, 10, 12,
induction motor
13, Jan.-06, 09
2. Exrlain what is meant by starting torque. What is its effect on the performance12, 13, M
motor

5.12 Torque Ratios Dec.-10, March-01, July-3. as

The performance of the motor is sometimes expressed interms
,July-12., Jat
o
various torques such as full load torque, starting torque and
comparison is obtained by finding out ratios of these torques.
maximum comtopraqiten
5.12.1 Full Load and Maximum Torque Ratio
In general, T « sE R,
R+(sX,)?
Let Sp Full load slip

R{ +($;X,)?
and S = Slip for maximum torque m
S E R,

TEL

Sm R+(s;X4)'1
Dividing both numerator and denominator by X; we get,

+s
R2

But

Sf X2s
Im
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 Machines 5-39 Basic Concepts of Three Phase Induction Motors
Inductio
and
ws
2 S Bm

StartingTorque and Maximum Torque Ratio

K28
witth torque equation as,
Again
sttaarting
T
sE} R,
RË +(sX,)
Nowfor , s = 1

E R,
R+X,?
While for Tmt S= Sm
Sm E R,

S E} R,
(R, +(Sm Xa)?1
SmR +X,F
Dividing both numerator and denominator by Xwe get,

Substituting
2s 2 Sm
n(1+s) 1+sa
using the same method, ratio of any two torques at two ifferent slip values
can be ctobtained.

SometiamnESas,
Conslant using8 the relation, Rg =aX, the torque ratios are expressed interms of
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Transformers and Induction Machines 5-40
Basic
Concepts of Three F
EL = 2as Phase Inucior
a?+s
2a
and

where a =
-= Sm

Example 5.12.1 A 24 pole, 50 Hz, star connected induction motor has

0.016 2 per phase and rotor reactance of 0.265 2 per phase at TOtor Tesislace &
full load torque at a speed of 247 r.p.m. Calculate the ratio of standstill. is achieo
It
) Ful! load torgue to maximum torque it)
Starting torque to maximum oraue
Solution: Given values are,
P = 24, f= 50 Hz, R, = 0.016 2, X, = 0.265 2, N= 247
r.p.m.
120f_ 120×50 =250 r.p.m.
N, =P 24

N,-N_250-24
N, 250
-0.012 =Full load slip
0.016
Sm = 0.06037
0.265

i) 2 Sm S 2x0.06037 x0.012
= 0.3824
s +s (0.06037) +(0.012)2
2 Sm 2x0.06037
= 0.1203
m 1+s 1+(0.06037)
Example 5.12.2 A 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor runs on full-load wrth asp 4
4percent. The rotor standstill impedancephase is (0.01 +i 0.05) Q, calculate the eni
maximum torque interms of full-load torgue. Also determine the speed
maximum torque occurs. at
March-01, July-12, Mrals 2
Solution : The given values are,
P=6, f= 50 Hz, S = 4 % ie. 0.04
Z = R& + j X,= 0.01 +j 0.05 2
Now
with E, constant

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 Machines 5-41 Basic Concepts of Three Phase Induction Molors
trmersand
Inductior

s R where s is full load slip.

TL RË +{s, X,)
S Rz where s., is slip at maximum torque.
R} +(sm X,)?
0.01
= 0.2
S
X,0.05
and T
Taking ratio of TL
TFL = s R, RË +(sm X,)?
Tm R +(s, X,)?
s, (RË +(s,n X)']_ 0.04 [(0.01)2 +(0.2x0.05)² 1 = 0.3846
S (R{ +(s, X,)?] 02 (0.01)² +(0.04 x0.05)1
Tm = 2.6 TrL ie. Maximum torque is 2.6 times full load torque.
Sm = .2 = Slip at which T, occurs.
N, =
0120x50 1000 r.p.m.
and 6

N=N, (1-s)= 1000 (1 - 0.2) = 800 r.p.m. .. Speed at Tmax

ELample 5.12.3 Rotor resistance and standstill reactance per phase ofa phase induction motor
aTe 0.04 2 and 0.2 Q respectively. What should be external resistace required at start in
rotor circuit to obtain i) maximum torque at start ii) 50 % of
maximum torque at start ?
Solution : R, = 0.04 Q and X = 0.2 2
i) To get maximum torque at start, s l.

Sm ==1 ie. R, = X,= 0.22

X

R = 0.2-0.04 = 0.16 2 ... External resistance required

T¡ = 0.5 Tm
Now E; R, E
and T
2X,
Where R is new rotor resistance due to R

ER,
E} R}+x]
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Transfomers and Induction Machines 5-42
Basic Concepts of
2R, (0.2) Thres Phase lod
0.5 =
(R,)2+ (0.2)2
(R + (0.04) = 0.8 R, ie. (R,-0.8 R, +0.04 =0
0.8±J(0.8)² -4x0.04 =
R 2 0.0535 S2, 0.7464 Q
Now R, cannot be greater than
R, = 0.0535 = R, + R ie. R = 0.0535 - 0.4 =0.0MaE
This is the external resistance required.
Example 5.12.4 A3-phase, 50 Hz, induction motor has a starting torque which i i
full-load torque and a maximum torque which is 2.5 times
full-oadresistance
stator resistance and rotational losses and assuming constant rotor torque. GNejes
slip at full-load ii) The slip at maximum torque and i) The rotor current atd
per unit of full-Boad rotor current.
Solution: I =1.25 T, Tm =2.5T.
Ta.25m ie. 25m -125x5
Im 1+stn 1+82
s -4 sm t+1 = 0 ie. Sm =3.73, 0.2679 .. Neglect higher uè
i) Sm = Sip at maximum torque = 0.2679 i.e. 26.79 %
i) FL - 25n Sm
m s +s

1 2s, 0.2679
=
ie. s - 1.3395 s + 0.07177 =0
25 (0.2679)² +s
hiãhrt
SA = 1.28, 0.055 ... Neglect
ii) Sq = Full load slip = 0.055 Le. 5.5 %
iii)
where I =Input current
. .g=/dC
.

TL
125 - X0.055 ie. 47673
I, = 4.7673 Im
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 Inducttion Machines 5-21 Basic Concapts of Three Phase Induction Motors
Tarstrm9s and

R+(6X,)2
angle between E, and L, which decides p.f. in running condition.
A isthe
KoyPoint
Putting s =1 in the expressions obtained in running condition, the values at
obtained
can
rastill be

ReviewQuestions

Errlainthe efect of slip on the following rotor parameters :

1.
abeauency ) induced e.mf iü) current io) power factor v) reactance vi) impedance
A50 H2, 4pole induction motor has an induced emf in the rotor with afrequency of 2 Hz.
Calculate i) synchronous speed i) slip ii) speed of the motor.
(Ans. : i) 1500 r.p.m. ii) 0.04 or 4% iii) 1440 r.p.m.)

58 Induction Motor as a Transformer Jan.-03, Juty-09, 2000

We know that, transformer is a device in which two windings are magnetically
unled and when one winding is excited by a.c. supply of certain frequency, the e.m.f.
oeks induced in the second winding having same frequency as that of
supply given to
he first winding, The winding to which supply is given is called primary winding while
winding in which e.m.f. gets induced is called secondary winding. The induction motor
can be regarded as the transformer.
The difference is that the normal transformer is an
alternating flux transformer while
induction motor is rotating flux transformer. The normal
transformer has no air gap as
against this an induction motor has distinct air gap between its stator and rotor.
In an alternating flux
transformer the frequency of induced e.m.f. and current in
primary and secondary is always same. However in the
em.f. and current on the stator side remains induction motor frequency of
same but frequency of rotor e.m.f. and
CUrrent depends on the slip and slip depends on load on the
Vanable frequency on the rotor side. But it is important to motor. So we have a
N=0 the value of slip is unity (s = 1), then frequency ofremember that at start when
uCed e.m.f. in the rotor is same. The effect of slip on the
supply to the stator and of
rotor parameters is already
discussed in the previous section.
And last difference is that in case of the
alternating flux transformer the entire ener8Y
n ts secondary circuit, is in the electrical fom. As against this, in an
induction

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 5-22 Basic Concepts of Three
Transfomers and
Induction Machines
Phase Induction
RO
energy in
motor part of its
circuit is in
the rotor
Yo
electrical form and the
remaining part
a
converted into mechanical
form.
induction Stator Wound rotor
In general, an
as a
motor can be treated Transformer action
generalized transformer as
Fig. 5.8.1 Induction motor as a
shown in the Fig. 5.8.1. In
arnd rotor is showm
transformer
this, the slip ring induction motor with star connected stator

So if E, = Stator e.m.f. per phase in volts.

E, = Rotor induced e.m.f. per phase in volts at start when
motor is at standstill.
Then according to general transformer there exists a fixed relation between E, and E
called transformation ratio.

At start when N=0, s =1

Rotor turns/ phase

and we get, E, Stator turns/ phase

Key Point So if stator supply voltage is known and ratio of stator to rotor turns per phase is
known then the rotor induced e.mf. on standstill can be obtained.
Example 5.8.1 For a 4 pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz induction motor ratio of stator to rotor turnss
2. On a certain load, its speed is observed to be 1455 r.p.m. when Connected to 415 V
supply. Calculate,
) Frequency of rotor e.mf. in running condition
ii) Magnitude of induced e.m.f. in the rotor at standstill
i) Magnitude of induced e.mf. in the rotor under running condition.
Assume star connected stator.

Solution : The given values are, K= rotor turns/stator turns =1/2 =0.5 and
P=4, f= 50 Hz, N= 1455 r.p.m., Eline =415 V
120f 120x50
N, = P - 1500 r.p.m.

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 Induction Machines 5-23
s and
Dansfoes Basic Concepts of Three Phase Induction Motors
given load,
N= 1455 r.p.m.
For a
N,-N 1500-1455 = 0.03 i.e,
N, 1500 3%

f = sf = 0.03 x 50 15 Hz
standstill. induction motor acts as a transformer so.
i) At
Ezph Rotor turns
K
E1ph Stator turns

But ratio of stator to rotor turns is given as 2, i.e.

N, = 2 N
N,
and E line = 415 V
The given values are always line values
unless and until specifically stated as per
phase.

Esph= =415 As star connection Eine = V3 Eph

Eiph = 239.6 V

Ezph
E1ph
1

Ezph X239.6 = 119.8 V ... Rotor induced e.m.f. on standstill

i) In running condition,
Ezr = s E, = 0.03 x 119.8 = 3.594 V
The value of rotor induced e.m.f. in the
running condition is also very very small.
Etample 5.8.2 A 3-phase induction motor with star connected rotor has in
electromotive force of 60 V between slip rings at standstill on open circuit with induced
boitage applied to the stator. The resistance and standstill leakage reactance of eachnormal
Pase are 0.6Q and 4 Q respectively. Calculate the current per phase in the rotor
rotor :
3When it is at standstill and connected to a resistance of 5 SQ and reactance of 2Q per
phase and
) When running with a slip of 4 % with its rotor terminals short circuited.

'July-2000, Jan.-03, Marks 8

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 5-24 Basc Concepts sof
Transtommersand
InductonMachines Three
between theslip rings = E ie =60 V
Solution : The e.m.f.
X =4Q added
R = 0.6S2 = 5 2 X =2Q
and R
i) Rotor standstill
externally. shown in the Fig. 5.82.
cincuit is
The equivalent
60 ... Star connection
NSFig 512
=34.641 V
standstill is,
Total impedance on
+2
Z = R +j X, +R +j X =0.6 +jA +5
= 5.6 + j62
34.641
E2
Z 5.6)2 +(6)? R
=42207A W

This is rotor current per phase.

ii) s = 4 % ie. 0.04 and rotor terminals
shorted.
Rotor terminals shorted means external
Fig. 58.3
resistance and reactance completely removed.
R= X = 02
This is shown in the Fig. 5.8.3.
Za = R, + s X,2 and e.m.f. = sE
sE 0.04 x34.641 =22314 A
(0.6) +(0.04x4)?
Example 5.8.3 A1000 V, 50 Hz, 3-phse induction motor has star connected stalor. I
of stator to rotor turns is 3.6. The standstill impedance of rotor per
0.01 +j0.22. Calculate, i) Rotor current at start i) Rotor p.f. at star
current at slip of 3 %, i) External rsistance per phase in the rotor
July.-09, Marks l
starting rotor current to 200 A.
Solution : V,= 1000 V, 50 Hz Stator turns
Rotor tums = 3.6
L2 = 0.01 + j0.2Q ie. R. = 0.01 9 and X = 0.24
Now (E,) line= 1000 V supply voltage
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 and Induction Machines 5-25
Basic Concepts of Three
eefymrs

1000
Phase Induction Motors
E = 577.35 V per phase 5413

E, perph =K=
Stator turns
E, per ph Rotor turns =3.6
577.35 3.6 ie. E, =577.35
36 = 160.37 V per phase
start,s = 1
) At
E E.
160.37
= 800.85 A
R+X} (001)? +(02)2
0.01
i) At start, = 0.045 lagging
(0.01) +(0.2)?
ii) Ats= 0.03,
E sE 0.03 x 160.37
R} +($X4)? (0.01)? +(0.03 x 0.2)²
= 412.54 A

iv) I at start is to be limited to 200 A. Let Re is the external resistance per phase
added in the rotor.

R; = R +Rex
160.37
E Le. 200 =
Ih = R)² +(0.2)?
/(R)2 +0X,)?
JR)2 +(0.2)2 = 0.8018 ie. (R)' +0.04 = 0.6429

R = 0.7765 2
= 0.01 + Rer ie Ry = 0.7665 2
0.7765 = R, + Rey

Review Questions
transformer." Justifythe statement. connected
1.
Induction motor is generalised winding is star
slip rotor. The rotor
ring
2 nduction motor has reactance of by a
A3 phase, 4 pole, 50 Hz, standstill V, uhen staBor is ercited
and is 120
with 0.2 2 of resistance per phasee.m.f. betuween the slip rings current pouer fuctor.
and rotor 13.586AJ
12 per phase. Iis open circuit is 1440 rp.m. Find the rotor [Ans. :67.93Aperphase,
rated voltage. Its full load speed condition.
i) At start and ii) Onfull load
Aoledge
hrstlor
PUBLICATIONS- An up
7ECHNCAL
-
Transformers and Induction Machines 6- 2 Analysis Of T""9

DI Losses in Induction Motor

,
. . ~~~~~
The vano us powe r losses in an 1nduction motor can be classifi...a
"" as,
i) Constant losses ii) Variable losses.

I) Constant losses :

These can be further classified as core losses and mechanical lna.....

--- .
Core losses occur in stator core and rotor core. Thes
These losses include eddy current losses an_d hyst~res
are minimized by using laminated constructi~n while
e are also
is losses. The ~
hysteresis lOl&es
i-.,
.! ~ ,
selecting high grade silicon steel as the matenal for stato
r and rotor. ~.
The iron losses depends on the frequency . The stato
r ttequency la ·
frequency hence stator iron losses are dominant. As
against this in ~ - -
frequency is very very small which is slip times the
supply frequency, Haw:,-._\
losses are very small and hence generally neglected,
in the running t'CXlditioa. llllat11
The mechanical l~ include fric tio~ losses at the ~g s and "ildaae
.
The friction changes with speed but practically the i..
drop 11\ speed is very '-a
these losses are assumed to be the part of constant losse 111111
s. •
ii) Variable losses :

This include the copper losses in stator and rotor

winding due to CU!IIIII &.is•
the winding. As current changes as load changes,
these losses are Nid ID 1le 11ii
losses.
Generally stator iron losses are combined with stato
r copper lc>Nel It a pti
load to specify total stator losses at particular load cond
ition.
Rotor copper loss = 3 q, ~ ... Art,liplJ.,..
where, ~ = Rotor current per phase at a particular load
Ri = Rotor resistance per phase
Review Que stion s

1. Writt II note on losses in induction motor.

2. Sllltt tht Ullrious IOSSts •L-, . ._., . r:-1. :.. 1 . - .a...
voltagt and bid. IRII occur m an '"""' '""' motor
. ....,,_... ,_ -,

Il l Power Flow In an Induction Motor

Induction motor converts an electrical power supp
lied ID ii illlD
The various stages in this conversion is called power
flow iJ\ Ill
 ::o:,:c1~11n_e_s _ _ __e_-_
,.o,::n;M 3_ _ _ _ _AnaJytJ
___ ,_ot_111_,.._P__ _,_nductlon
t1a.. ___Mofora
__
,d ''"'"'"!!
1-~"
,r
,~1y alvcn to the stator Is \he net electrical Input to the motor. If
-.t.' Sllr' D
hn"' 1•h•1 • cosq, nnJ VL , IL are line values of 1upply voltage and current
I -wr •" .•
,,. ""''•r .,~_ ,ut ch.-ctricnl powl•r supp Iit.'u
...
.v ,,.
lo the motor can be calculated as,
,,.""' ' "' ' ,,~t L'~--=.J3
~•' I 1111 - -- - - - -~

VL IL cos~
I
[ pin = Net input electrical power\
,111:ff
Kng but the stator input.
IS ISnol l . . • .
1ll f this p0wer is utilized to supply the losses U\ the stator which are slator
r,irt 0
11't \\·ell as copper losses.
~ ,s m,1ining power is delivered to the rotor magnetically through the air gap with
n-,r ~ f rotating magnetic field. This is called rotor Input denoted as Pi-
tt t,tlp o
\ P2 = Pin - Sta!or loeaes (Core + Capper) \
!°C .
The rotor is not able to convert its entire input to the mechanic al as it has to supply
nilO( losses. The rotor losses are dominant ly copper losees as rotor iron
losees are very
.,...n and hence generally neglected . So rotor IONeS ue rotor copper losees denoted as
Pr
So

wtm I2r = Rotor current per phase in running condition

R2 = Rotor resistance per phase
After supplying these losses, the remaining part of P is converted into snech.lnica1
•iuch . l 2
is ca led gross mechanical power developed by the motor denoted as P• ·

\ PIil= P2-Pc \
Now this
~ . power, motor tries to deliver to the load connected to the shaft. But during
tlctiori
mechanic~ transmission, part of p - is utili:red to provide mecbanial ¼ 11 II like
and wmdage.
~ fina
ii Ille rn Uy the power is available to the load at the shaft. Thl9 is called aet Olltpul
. otor denoted as Pour This ls also called shaft power.

.. [ Poua•P ••M+a lllcll•1 11)

L.,~ rating f
O
'"II load the motor 11 1recified interme of value of P11111 when load condition ia
·Condition
tel~ abov ·
llction e stages can be ..hown diagrammatically called pots• ftow di.agnm of an
ll\otor.
 - ~~ ~~ ~n d~l~nd~uci~ion~M~ach~ 6• 4
aia al Thrt. Jiil......
~n s(o (rn 6rs a in~e: :s :- -- - - -- -- -- -.An:.aly.: .: :. : :...:~....__
This is sh ow n in the Fig. 6.2.1. ~
~
Net electrical input P in

Stator output
= Input to rotor
Rotor
copper
losses
Gross mechanical p
power developed m Mechanical
losses

Useful power or
Sh alt power Pout

Fig. 6.2.1 Power flo w

diagram
From th e po wer flow di

I .
. _
ag ra m w e ca n de fin e,

Rotor
. ~t or efficiency - Rotoroutput = Gross
in pu t
mechanical~:•
Rotor mput _ _

. _ Ne t ou
tp ut at sh af t
Net mo to r efficiency -
Ne t electrical in pu t to m
• ! .,
ot or Pa

Review Qu es tio n

\ I . Dn a, • - fu,w d;,g,,,,, .... - • .,_, ,.. .,. fla

ws ffl • Ihm,.__..;:.
lilJ Relallonshlp between P , P
E Th e ro to r in pu t P , rot
2 0
and P,. ~
2 or, co pp er lo ss Pc and
grG 88 mechank:11 ,,
ar e re lat ed th ro ug h th e
slip s. Let us de riv e this _. .
relatioOlbip-
Let T = Gross torque deve
W e kn ow th at th e torqu
loped by mo&or in N oa
e and po we r ar e related
by the NlatfcW',,
P = T xu ,
wh er e P = Power
Transfotme~ and Induction Machines 6-18
Analysis of Th,..

111 Equivalent Circuit of lnducti~~ ~ot~~

We have aIready seen that the inductio. n . motor can be treat....a ·~ as
T former works on the prmc1ple of electrornagnel.l- . ~
transformer. rans · · l Th " ~~
induction motor also works on the same ~nnap ~- e energy transfer & ~ \
f h .
rotor o t e m td iction motor takes place entirely
.
w1th the help of a n....
Oil\ lb&..
""" lllutu.lL _~ ~
the two. Thus stator acts as a primary while the rotor acts as a rotating _ --1 ~
induction motor is treated as a transformer. ~'
lf £ 1 = Induced voltage in stator per phase ,
E2 = Rotor induced e.m.f. per phase on standstill
K = Rotor turns
Stator turns

then K= ~
E1

Thus if V1 is the supply voltage per ~hase ~o stato~, it P~uce s the flwc whidi-.
with both stator and rotor. Due to self induction, E IS the induced e.m.f. in-.
1
phase while £i is the induced e.m.f. in rotor due to mutual induction, at .....':
running condition the induced e.m.f. in rotor becomes Eir which is s~.
Now &ii = ~otor induced e.m.f. in running condition per plllN
R2 = Rotor resistance per phase
X2r = Rotor reactance per phase in running condition
R1 = Stator ,·esistance per phase_....-
X1 = Stator reactance per phase
So induction motor can be represented as a transformer as shown in die Jiff 651

R1 X1

t
v,
l --.... ._::_ --l
v-:PTimary=-
·

Rotor

Fig. 8.S.1 Induction motor • • 1ra.il L•'

 attd /i,duCIIO(I Machines
,,,,.JA~:.:~------ -- - -4-;__
• 19 Analysis Thl'ff Phue lndUCIIOfl
____:..::.:.::~.::..:.:.:.:.:.:....:....:.:.:::...::.:.::::::.::~.=:..:.
of Alotofl

~ uction motor is on no load, its draws a current from the supply to produce
1,llL-.,,
n a,r gilp and to supp Iy 1ron
. losses.
ii" 0U' I
Thl5 current 10 has two components.
I. k = Active componeni which supplies no load losses
2. l,.. = Magnetizing component which sets up flux in core and air gap
n,e,e i-wo currents give us the elements of an exciting branch as,
R0 = Representing no load losses = V1
le

il'd ~ = Representing Hux set up = ~

1.
Thus, lo = le + lm
The equivalent circuit of induction motor thus an be represented as shown in the
fig. 6.5.2.

\I ~
Stator t
Mgap
AalDr ,,. . . , . per

Fig. &.5.2 Basic equivalent circuit

The stator and rotor sides are shown separated by an air PP·
l2r = Rotor current in nJ111iing axdition
E:zr - sE1
= Z2z - J'Ri +(sX2 )2
It is importmt to note that as load on the motor dYnges. the mohlr speed _dYnge.
Thus slip changes. As slip c:hange5 1M wtante X3r ch,inpS. ~ ~ = sX: • !bcM-n.
vuiable.
Represen~tion of aotor unpedanee : E
sE, :
lt is known that, l2r =rl~)!♦ '-!
[Ri +(~2)J •
\ s •

So it can
. --c:il\-ual••-~"--..
be as.sumecl thal ~
.... ..-
ftt."S. - ~-- • ., ....
Wll,lt I(( l l '«
111
teactance Xi, fixed voltage E: but • "
equation.

SI
,en,-.• r
-..........
·
. •
Now

·abl tor resistance R2/s has two parts,

So the van e ro
. ~-..•ce R itself which represents copper loss.
1. Rotor resisu•u 2
2. R (l-s)/s which represents load resistance RL. So it is electricat
2
echanical load on the motor.
m
~~ I
@ii\• l'h1ts mechanical load on the motor is represented by the 'f'Urt ·; ~ if-,.,:
R2 (l - s) /s. .
So rotor equivalent circuit can be shown as,
X2 X2

(1) (b) (C)

Fig. 6.5.3 Rotor equivalent circuit
Now let us obtain equivalent circuit referred to stator side.
Equivalent circuit referred to stator :
Transfer all the rotor parameters to stator,
E
K = E~ = Transformation ratio

E,2 -- -E2
K
The rotor current ½r has ils reflected component on the stator side which ii 1~·
1;r = K ½r = Ks E2
✓ Ri +(sX2)l
X' X2
2 = K2 = Reflected rotor reactance

R'2 = ~
f<2 -- Reflected rotor restStance
·

·
Ri. = ~
K K2 (!:.!) -_R' (1-s)
=R2 2
s 2 -
5
Thus R1. is reflected mechanical load on stator.
r.M
., ," '
~
.,,,s ,n
d ln du
~o'.'.:'. 8-21 _d.,,_ _ _ _
1 :::.:.::.~ -- - - - -_ _ ____;,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

ircuit referred to stator can be shown as in the

ulli•'lrlll c
,, t-1
1 6,5.4. Z1
ff· ~ X'z R'2

lo

Fig. 6.5.4 Equlvaltnt circuit rer.fld to stator

The resistance R2(1 - s) / s = Ri. is fictitious resistance representing the mechanical
1o,1d on the motor.

Ill Approximate Equivalent Circuit

Similar to the transformer the equivalent circuit can be modified by shifting the
l.lriling circuit (Ri, and XJ purely &0'0!18 the lltlJ>Ply, to the left of R and X • Due to
1 1
thls, we are neglecting the
drop across R1 and X1 1, R'2
due to ~ , which is very 1--...--VWv-..laGIIIG1......JIIOff1~M11,----,
small. Hence the circuit is lo
called approximate le 1m ~
tqulvalent circuit. The v, r2r ~
circuit is shown in the 1 Xv
Fig.6.5.S (a). o-,:._...,.___________ -J

Now the resistances R

an R,2 while reactance Xt
d Fig. U.5 (1) Approxlmata equivalent circuit
and Xi can be combined. So we get,
R1e = Equiva]ent resistance refened lo stator • R1 + Ri
Xie = Equivalent Ja'lll\Ct refemd to stator • X1 + Xi

R1e = R1 + !!
IC2
ind
X1. • x, + !I.
K1
11'1\ite
... Phuo,IWft
~
 Transfonners and Induction Machines 6 - 22

V1
I Ro
lo

~ I'

i~ 1,
- 2r ___,
Fig, 6.5.5 (b)
IJfj Power Equations from Equivalent Circuit
'
With reference to approximate equivalent circuit shown in the Fig. 6.5.5 (b
write various power equations as, l, -~
Pin = Input -power= 3 V 1 11 cos q,
where V1 = Stator voltage per phase
11 = CW'.rent drawn by stator per phase
cos q, = Power factor of stator
Stator core loss = l~ Ro
Stater copper loss = 3 Ir R 1
where R1 = Stator resistance per phase

P2 = Rotor input = 3 (I'2r ) 2 R'2

s
P~ = Rotor copper loss = 3(1 2r>2 · Ri
Thus pc = s P2
..---- - - -- - - -- - - - - -- -- -,
P"' ... '-.'.ross mechanical power developed= P1- Pc
...
~ = 3 (I2r )2
8
R2 - 3(1'2rl-2 R'2 = 3(1'2r )2 R'2 (1-•)
-.....' 8
-...
~ T = Torque developed
:"\
...
p 3{12r)2 Ri(l- s)
... T == -!!t..- s
(I)

-
21t N
60

where N = Speed of motor

1EeHNleAt PUIIUolno,,,s•. An"".,_ ..
 ll ll t~ .. ._
6 -2 3 ~ d 7 1 1 tt e P l'
st?d triducliOfl Machines
ove
so substituting in ab
~ N = N, (1 -s
),

Ri 3(1~)2 Ri
P J (I ;) 2
= 9.55 )( I N-m
T= S N•
2 1t N.•
60

, Y1
)
I2 r = (R le +RL') +J. (Xle
R (1 -s )
R1. = _.;;.2._ _
s

u t
mJ Maximum Power Outp in lhe Fig. 6.5.6.
ox im ate eq uivalent circuit as shown
Ccmider the appr R,. "1.
ui t, the exciting current I., is
In this ci rc
anch is
neglE cted hence th e ex citing no load br t
not shown.

11 = li r
given by,
J' Fig. 1.5.1
The total impedance is
Zi- = (RI~ + Rl.) + j Xie
R (1-s)
Ri_ = ~ 2;_s_...;.

llie wer supplied to the load ie. Pou1 per phalt

is ,
Po
Ri, watts p « ,. ._
Per Phase Pout = If
TotaJ p11111 = 3 If R
i.

v•(It}
- ~ • --\,-,
• ·-
ffT" -
n
pout • 3
'