5-32 Basic Concepts of Three

Transformers and Induction Machines

pole, star Connected
Phase Induction
Example 5.10.3 A440 V, 34 50 Hz, 4
an impedance of (0.4 +j4) &per
induction
motor has ful
1425 rpm. The roBor has phase and a
turn ofratio of 0.8. Calcualte : i) Full load torque; i) Full load copper losSs;
sped
iv) Starting current.
rotor bad
stotoy
torque and the speed at twhich it oCMrs;
Solution : N= 1425 rp.m., f= 50 Hz, P= 4,,R, =0.4 2,, = Jan.49-l3., Matks 10
120 f
N, = P = 1500 r.p.m. i.e. SyN=
N, 0.05
440
and K= Rotor tums
0.8
Stator turns
Ezph ie. Ezph =E, = 0.8x440 = 203.227V
V3
3 s;ER, = 78.88 Nm
2rn, [R +(sg X,)2]
i) 0.05x 203.227
= 22.7214 A
R +(sgX)? (0.4)? +(0.05x4)2
:Full load copper loss = 3 xI;, xR, =3 x
(22.7214) x 0.4 = 619.518 W
iü) 3 3
Tm 2 n, (203.227)2
2X 2x 1500 2x4
- 98.6 Nm
60

K204
Sm <-01
Nm = N, (1- s)= 1500 (1 -
0.1) = 1350 r.p.m.
iv) E, 203.227
R+X 0.42 +42 = 50.5544 A *.S=1 at sar

Example 5.10.4 A
Tuns on 240 V, 3-phase inductin motor having 6-poles,
50 Hz supply. is star Connecte
and 0.852 per The rotor stator winding Q
phase. The ratio resistance and stand still reactance are 012
Calcualte the developed torque at stator to rotor turns is 1.8 and full load slip is4%
of
torque. full load,
maximum torque at maximu
and the duly-13,
speed Marks 10
Solution :R, = 0.12 S = 0.85 S2, s =
0.04, K =
1.8
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 Machines 5-33
Basic Concopts of
Three Phase
Etph =
EIline 240
- 138.56 V, K=
Induction Motors
1
V3 3
138.56
Eiph
- 76.98 V, 120f
Exgh 1.8 N,== 1000 t.p.m.
P
3 sE R,
T=2nn, R}+(sX,) ..n,
60
100
16.67
60
3
X
0.04 x(76.98) x0.12
T=2 X16.67 (0.12) +[0.04 x0.85)2 =52.372 Nm
3 -X S ER,
Tm 2T n, R; +{sm X4)? where S01411
3 0.1411 x(76.98)2 x0.12
2r X16.67 (0.12)2 +l0.1411 y0 g512=99.85 Nm
N, = (1- S) N, = (1-0.1411) x 1000 =858.9 r.p.m.

jznatively Tm can be obtained by using Tm = 3 E

2Tn, 2X,
e Questions

Derine the condition for the maximum torque in a three phase induction motor. Also obtain the
corssion for the maximum torque. July-06, 13, Jan.-09, Marks 6
.A3phase induction motor has a 4-pole, star connected stator winding. The motor uns on a 50 Hz
Ty wnth 200 Vbetween lines. The rotor resistance and standstill rotor reucance per phase are
end 09 Qrespectively. The ratio of rotor to stator turns in 0.67. Calculate :
iToal torgue at 4 %
slip i) Maximum torque developed
Spoed at maximum torque io) Maximum mechanical power
Selet stator impedance. [Ans. :40.4786 Nm, 63.5065 Nm, 1333.333 r.p.m, 8367.1801 WI
A3chase induction motor has a 4pole, star connected stator winding. The motor runs on a50 Hz
Nly with 200 Vbetween lines. The rotor resistance and standstill rotor reactance per phase me
The ratio of rotor to stator furns in 0.67. Calculale
Tdal torque at 4respectively.
Speed at %slip Maximum torque developed
Nelect statormaxiimpedance.
mum torque iv) Maximum mechanical power
kW]
T, xa, -8867
Athree phase, (Ans.
50 Hz,: i) 400
40.47 VNm, i) 63.50motor
induction lil) 41333.33
Nm, has poles star iv)P, stalor winding. Rotor
.p.m.connected

Tes4Tottanceal torqueand developed perb) phase

Maximum torque c) Speed at maximum Full load slip
torgue. is 5%statorCaleulate
Assume to roBo
:

Ttio 2:1. reactance are 0.15 2and 1 a respectively.

July-01|

127.323 N-m, 1275rp.m.

[Ans. : 76.39 N-m.

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Transformers and Induction Machines 5-34 Basic Concep!s of
Three Phase
5.11 Torque-Slip Characteristics
As the induction motor is loaded
July-08.
from no load to full load,
09, 10,
Jan.-06 09, 1
12,
13, Inducn
increased load, motor has to its speed
slip increases. Due to the
load demand. The torque ultimately depends on slip as explained more toderqcuereasetos
produce
of motor can be easily judged by sketching a curve obtainedeatber. The
produced against slip of induction motor. The curve obtained by by behay
slip from s = 1 (at start) to s =0 (at synchronous speed) plot ing ploting
characteristics of the induction motor. It is very
torque-slip characteristics.
interesting to study cal edhetoronqueatun
We have seen that for a constant supply voltage, E, is also
torque equation as,
Constant. So we can

T
sR,

Now to judge the nature of torque-slip characteristics let us divide the slip ran
(s=0 to s = 1) into two parts and analyze them independently.
i) Low slip region :
In low slip region, 's' is very very small. Due to this, the term
(s X,)} is so sml
compared to R; that it can be neglected.

T«
R3 ..As Ra is consan

Hence in low slip region torque is directly

proportional to slip. So as load incness
speed decreases, increasing the slip. This increases
demand.
the torque which satisfies the l
Hence the graph is straight line in nature.
At N = N,, S= 0 hence T =0. As no
torque is generated at N = N, motot SUp
it tries to achieve the
slip values.
synchronous speed. Torque increases linearly in this region,
i) High slip region :
In this region, slip is high ie. slip value is approaching to 1. Here iit can be asuns
that the term R, is very very small as compared to (s y Hence neglecting R h
the denominator, we get
sR, consta
Where R and X are

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 ndtnduction Machines 5-35 Basic Concepts of Three Phase Induction Motors

region torque is inversely proportional to the slip. Hence its nature is

slip
e ntangular
hyperbola
load demand increases but speed decreases. As speed
when load increases,
Now increases. In high slip region as T « 1/s, torque decreases as slip
RUSS,slip
must increase to satisfy the load demand. As torque decreases, due
But torque
loading
effeot speed decreases and further increases. Again
further slip torque
Mextra 1/s hence same load acts as an extra load due to reduction in torque
as T
daTISES speed further drops. Eventually motor comes to standstill condition.
nduced.
Hence
continue to
cannot rotate at any point in this high slip region. Hence this
motor
The
called unstable region of operation.
yionis
has two parts,
So torque- slip characteristics
operation.
1Straight line called stable region of
Rectangular hyperbola called unstable region of operation.
Now the obvious question is upto which value of slip, torqueslip characteristic
noresents stable operation ?
n low slip region, as load increases, slip increases and torque also increases linearly.
Ceary motor has its own limit to produce a torque. The maximum torque, the motor can
nroduce as load increases is T which occurs at s = Sm So linear behaviour continues till

If load is increased beyond this limit, motor slip acts dominantly pushing motor into
high slip region. Due to unstable conditions, motor comes to standstill condition at such
load. Hence Tm ie. maximum torque which motor can produce is also called
breakdown torque or pul out torque. So range s =0 to s = is called low slip region,
Inown as stable region of operation. Motor always operales at a point in this region.
And range s = S to s =1 is called high slip region which is rectangular hyperbola,
called unstable region of operation. Motor cannot continue to rotate at any point in this
region.
At s =1,N=0 ie. at start, motor produces a torque called starting torque denoted
5
The entire torque-slip characteristics is shown in the Fig. 5.11.1, (See Fig. 5.11.1 on
next page).
5.11.1 Full Load Torque
When the load on the motor increases, the torque produced increases as speed
aSes and slip increases. The increased torque demand is satisfied by drawing more
Current from the supply.
netheloadcurrent
whichdrawn
motoriscanalsodrivewithinsafely while operating continuously and due to such
safe limits is called full load condition of motor.

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Transtormers and Induction
Machines 5-36 Basic Concepts of
Three Phase
Torque

Maximum torque
induchcn
Slable region
OA=Sable region
AB =Unstable region
Point BA=
Point C==SlFullMaxi
Point artnloadmgumtorque
Unstable region tor
toroue
T

Slip
S=Sm S=1
s=0 (N=0)
(N=N,)
Fig. 5.11.1 Torque-slip characteristics
When current increases, due to heat produced the temperature rises. The
current is that which when drawn for continuous operation of
safe lim
temperature rise well within the limits. Such a full load point is
motor, producs :
shown n
torque-slip characteristics as point C in the Fig 5.11.1 and corresponding torque as 1.
The interesting thing is that the load on the motor can be increased beyond mi
till maximum torque condition. But due to high current and hence high temperahm
there is possibility of damage of winding insulation, if motor is operated for bo
time duration in this region i.e. from point C to B. But motor can be used to dnve ba:
more than full load, producing torque upto maximum torque for short duration af n
Generaly full load torque is less than the maximum torque.
So region OC upto full load condition allow motor operation continuouslyandst
from the temperature point of view. While region CB is possible to achieve in pati
but only for short duration of time and not for continuous operation of motor. 1i31
the difference between full load torque and the maximum or breakdown torue
breakdowm torque is also called stalling torque.

TFull load <Tm

The torque developed by the motor at start i.e. at s = 1 is called its starting
and ineti
At start, if a motor is on no load then it has to
overcome frictional losses itisba
the rotor. It has to start against the load along with the friction and inertiaif vaz
the
at start. Hence the analysis of important. Moretorque
starting torque of a motor is an
starting torque, the maximum torque occurs at lower speeds. The starting eachpha
increased in case of slip ring induction motor by inserting a resistancein
the rotor winding at start.

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 sesavMA 5-3

Generating and Braking Region

in bs in the g n ant 1 ie when 0sssL the mhine runs as a
wat is the nrmal qrat The natan of n r s in the tin of ntatng
deveky by tatr curents n ths ngn it tas
ectrial owr frm
ins and suyes meharal ner cutput The n rs t and
ae in ame
diton megting
A
whthe sip is gur than , te mahine wurts in braking me The mor is
dirtin o that f natng he n rathe hro f he stahr
ina are interhangi Wheh chas the hae quene whih in hum
eveses the
n of ngan m hekk. he mor ames quk shy under the
o unter hque which pus braking tin Ths metho br. whh the
Y s to tis wn s Fugng hh care s taen that the statr must e
unnNt fm the surpr oavv the t r to rotate in other dirvon
To run the induxtin mchine as a geneate, its slip must be
ks than eo ie
aive The negative slip indcates that the oor is runnin at a spd
abowe the
shrUS spe. When runig s a gneratr it takes mehanical
energv and
sps eletrical energy froan the statr.
Thus the negative sip, geerating atin takes pe and
haracteristics revers in this generating region. nature of oqu sip
The Fig. 5112 shows the compkte
generating and the braling regin.
borquesp characteristis shoning moìng

orque

T, (Saing lorue) Seed

(S>1)
Moloning Geerno

Fig. 5.11.2 Regions of torque-slip characteristlcs

TRNCL CANONSAR tr dge