MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION, MUMBAI

A
MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON

" Estimation And Costing Of Building"

SUBMITTED BY

Sherkar Sanika Ram (23212310030)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs. Patole D.P.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

S. R. E. I’s
SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC, BELHE
TAL-JUNNER, DIST-PUNE 412410

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

S. R. E. I’s
SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC, BELHE
TAL-JUNNER, DIST-PUNE 412410

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Sherkar Sanika Ram
Have satisfactorily completed Micro Project on

" Estimation And Costing Of Building "

As a part of Syllabus of EAC (22503)
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai For
the partial fulfillment of

Diploma in Civil Engineering

In the academic year 2024-25

SUBJECT TEACHER H.O.D.

(Mrs. Patole D.P.) (Mr.Vighe S.T.)

PRINCIPAL
(Prof. Kapile A.S)

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This project is done as a semester project, as a part course titled “Estimation And Costing
Of Building”. We are really thankful to our course the Principal Prof. Kapile A.S and The HOD
Prof. Vighe S.T. Civil Department, Samarth Polytechnic, Belhe for his invaluable guidance and
assistance, without which the accomplishment of the task would have never been possible.We
also thanks Mr. Patole Miss For giving this opportunity to explore into the real world and realize
the interrelation without which a Project can never progress.
In my present project I have chosen the topic “Estimation And Costing Of Building”.
I also thankful to parents, friend and all staff of Civil engineering department, for providing me
relevant information and Necessary clarifications and great support.

Name of student- Sherkar Sanika Ram.

Enrollment No - 2321231003

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 Chapter No 1
INTRODUCTION

traffic signs in India is to provide road instructions. This is especially important in

highly congested areas where multiple lanes and complex intersections can confuse drivers.
Signs that indicate the direction of traffic flow, lane markings, and road signs that indicate speed
limits help drivers navigate safely.

traffic problem due to increased number of vehicles. People are unable to reach their
destination on time due to huge traffic. It happens that although there is no traffic on the other side
but people have to wait till timer runs and signal turns green. With the help of Fuzzy Logic, we
are going to set some rules that depend upon 2 factors i.e. number of vehicles and rate of vehicles
approaching towards the traffic signal poles. According to the rules based on above two factors
the timer will be set. Simulation is done in the Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System.

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 Chapter 2

Methodology

Types of Traffic Signs:-

Traffic signs in India can be classified into three categories: mandatory signs, cautionary
signs, and informatory signs. Mandatory signs are those that convey an obligatory instruction or
a prohibition. Cautionary signs, on the other hand, indicate potential hazards or dangers that road
users may encounter. Informatory signs, as the name suggests, provide information about the
location, distance, and directions to specific destinations. Understanding the different types of
traffic signs is critical to ensuring the safety of all road users. Now, we’ll go through each type of
traffic sign in detail, so that you’ll know exactly what each sign means and how to act when you
encounter them on the road.

1. Mandatory Signs :-

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Mandatory traffic signs in India are essential to keep the roads safe for all users. Let’s delve into
each of the mandatory signs and their meaning:

• Stop: This red octagonal sign is a driver’s cue to immediately halt the vehicle. It is crucial
to follow this sign to avoid accidents.
• Give Way: This sign instructs drivers to yield to the traffic approaching from the right. It
is necessary to obey this sign to avoid collisions.
• Straight Prohibitor: The ‘No Entry’ sign indicates a restricted area that drivers should
not enter. Violating this sign may lead to legal consequences.
• Pedestrian Prohibited: The pedestrian prohibited sign indicates that it is illegal to walk
in that area and pedestrians must use alternative routes.
• Horn Prohibited: This sign prohibits honking in designated areas, ensuring a peaceful
environment for residents and pedestrians.
• No Parking: The ‘No Parking’ sign restricts the parking of vehicles in designated areas,
making way for smooth traffic flow.
• No Stopping or Standing: This sign instructs drivers not to park or stop their vehicles at
the marked location. Following this sign will ensure smooth traffic flow and avoid
congestion.
• Speed Limited – This sign indicates the maximum speed limit for a specific area, and
drivers should obey it to avoid accidents.
• Right/Left Hand Curve – These signs warn drivers of a right/left-hand curve ahead, and
they must drive carefully, reducing speed and ensuring safety.
• Right/Left Hair Pin Bend – These signs warn drivers of sharp turns and require them to
slow down.
• Narrow Road Ahead – The narrow road ahead sign alerts drivers about the upcoming
narrow road and encourages them to drive cautiously.
• Narrow Bridge – This sign indicates the presence of a narrow bridge on the road ahead,
and drivers must be careful while driving.
• Pedestrian Crossing – This sign alerts drivers to a pedestrian crossing, and they should
slow down to let the pedestrians cross safely.
• School Ahead – The ‘School Ahead’ sign informs drivers of a school nearby, and they
must reduce speed to avoid accidents.
• Roundabout – This sign warns drivers of a circular intersection and the requirement to
follow the roundabout rules while driving.
• Dangerous Dip – This sign indicates a sharp dip ahead, and drivers must slow down to
avoid accidents.
• Hump or Rough – The ‘Hump or Rough’ sign warns drivers of speed breakers or bumps
ahead, and they should reduce speed to avoid accidents.
• Barrier Ahead – This sign warns drivers of a barrier or toll ahead, and they must prepare
accordingly.

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2. Cautionary Signs :-

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While driving on the road, safety should be the utmost priority of any driver. Cautionary signs
play a crucial role in guiding drivers and alerting them about potential hazards ahead. Cautionary
signs come in different shapes and colours and often feature images or words that quickly
convey their meaning. Here are some common cautionary traffic signs and their meaning:
• Right-Hand Curve – This sign warns the driver about an upcoming right-hand curve on
the road. It is essential to slow down the vehicle and approach the curve with caution.
• Left-Hand Curve – Similar to the right-hand curve sign, the left-hand curve sign warns
drivers about an upcoming left-hand curve on the road.
• Right Hair Pin Bend – This sign indicates a sharp right turn ahead. The driver should
approach such turns slowly to avoid any accidents.
• Left Hair Pin Bend – This sign indicates a sharp left turn ahead. It is essential to slow
down the vehicle and approach such turns with caution.
• Right, Reverse Bend – This sign warns drivers about an upcoming zigzag turn to the
right. Drivers should proceed with caution and maintain a safe distance from other
vehicles.
• Left Reverse Bend – Similar to the right reverse bend sign, the left reverse bend sign
warns drivers about an upcoming zigzag turn to the left.
• Steep Ascent – This sign warns drivers that there is a steep upward slope ahead. It is
essential to slow down the vehicle and gear to avoid engine overload and brake failure.
• Steep Descent – This sign warns drivers that there is a steep downward slope ahead.
Drivers should use the engine brake and avoid speeding down the slope.
• Narrow Road Ahead – This sign warns drivers that the road ahead merges into a narrow
lane. Drivers should slow down and give way to oncoming traffic.
• Road Wideness Ahead – This sign indicates that the road ahead will widen. Drivers can
carefully speed up and overtake other vehicles if it is safe to do so.
• Narrow Bridge – This sign warns drivers about a narrow bridge ahead. Drivers should
slow down and cross the bridge cautiously.
• Slippery Road – This sign indicates that gravel or loose earth keeps falling on the road,
making it slippery. Drivers should slow down and drive with caution to avoid skidding.
• Cycle Crossing – This sign indicates that the road is meant for riding bicycles. Drivers
should slow down and give way to cyclists.
• Pedestrian Crossing – This sign indicates that pedestrians should cross the road. Drivers
should slow down and give way to pedestrians.
• School Ahead – This sign warns drivers about a school nearby. Drivers should slow
down and drive cautiously in such areas.
• Men At Work – This sign indicates that labourers are working on the road ahead. Drivers
should slow down and follow the instructions of the traffic personnel.
• Cattle – This sign warns drivers about the possibility of cattle on the road. Drivers should
slow down and drive with care, giving way to cattle.
• Falling Rocks – This sign warns drivers that the road ahead is prone to falling rocks.
Drivers should slow down and drive cautiously to avoid accidents.

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3. Informatory Signs :-

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Informatory traffic signs may not be mandatory, but they are certainly useful in making our
journeys smooth and stress-free. Here’s what some of them mean:
• Public Telephone: If you need to make a phone call urgently and do not have a mobile
phone, this sign indicates the presence of a public telephone nearby.
• Petrol Pump: If your fuel gauge is running low, this sign will guide you to the nearest
petrol pump.
• Hospital: This sign indicates the presence of a hospital nearby, in case of a medical
emergency.
• First Aid Post: If you require basic medical attention, this sign indicates the presence of a
first aid facility nearby.
• Eating Place: Feeling hungry? This sign will guide you to the nearest eating place like
restaurants, cafes, etc.
• Light Refreshment: This sign indicates the presence of a light refreshment facility
nearby where you can grab a quick bite or drink.
• Resting Place: If you need a break from driving, this sign indicates the presence of a
resting place where you can relax. • No Thorough Road: This sign indicates that there
is no exit on this road, so it’s best to turn back or take a different route.
• No Thorough Side Road: This sign indicates that there is no through road on the side
road, so it’s best to avoid taking this route.
• Park This Side: This sign indicates where to park your vehicle, so you don’t have to
worry about finding a suitable spot.
• Parking Lot Scooter and Motorcycle: If you’re on a two-wheeler, this sign indicates the
parking lot for scooters and motorcycles.
• Parking Lot Cycle: This sign indicates the parking lot for bicycles. • Parking Lot
Cars: If you’re driving a car, this sign indicates the parking lot for cars.
• Move to the Left: The right arm is extended and points towards the left, signalling
drivers to move to the left lane.
• Move to the Right: The left arm is extended and points towards the right, signalling
drivers to move to the right lane.
• Straighten Up: The arm moves up and down with the palm facing down, indicating the
need for drivers to move their vehicles in a straight line.
• Turn Left: The left arm is extended out to the side, pointing to the left, indicating that
drivers should turn left.
• Turn Right: The right arm is extended out to the side, pointing to the right, indicating
that drivers should turn right.
• U-Turn: The arm moves up and down in a circular motion, indicating that drivers should
make a U-turn.
• Follow Me: The traffic police officer moves their arm in a circular motion, indicating that
drivers should follow them.

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 CONCLUSION

traffic signs are an integral part of road safety in India. They help communicate important
information to drivers, pedestrians, and other road users, thus reducing the risk of accidents and
fatalities. From stop signs to speed limit signs, from hand signals to road markings, these signs
act as a visual language that we all need to understand and follow to ensure our safety on the
roads.

Like the notes of a symphony, traffic signs guide us through our journey on the roads, and
it’s up to us to listen and follow their lead. Ignoring them would be like trying to play a song
without knowing the right notes – it simply won’t work! Let’s be responsible road users and do
our part in making our roads safer for everyone. Together, we can make a difference, one sign at
a time.

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 REFERENCES

1) https://www.google.com/search?q=conclusion+of+test+on+aggrigate&rlz=1C1CHBF_en
IN1035IN1035&ei=rdehY-
rbD93yz7sP5qSgqA8&ved=0ahUKEwiq5t2pxIj8AhVdXMBHWYSCPUQ4dUDCA8&ua
ct=5&oq=conclusion+of+test+on+aggrigate&gs_lcp

2) https://www.studocu.com/my/document/politeknik-port-dickson/civil-
engineering/aivlabreport/13006315
3) https://civilplanets.com/aggregate-impact-value-test/

14
 TEACHER EVALUATION SHEET

Name of Student :- Sherkar Sanika Ram

Enrollment No: 23212310030

Name of Program :- EAC Semester: V

Course Title: Diploma in Civil Engineering

Course Code: 22503

Title of Microproject : Estimation And Costing Of Building

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 Planned Planned Name of Responsible
S. Details of activity Start
No.
Date Finish date Team Members
1 Search micro project topics related
To subject.
Awari Mayuri Rajendra

2
Selection of micro project title
3 Search & collect information
related to selected topic
4 Completion of micro project topic

Proposal
5 Analyze & finalize collected data
For micro-Project report.
6 Finalize Design

7 Implementation of micro project

8 Report preparation, finalization,

Submission

Resourced Required :

S. No. Name of Resource /Material Specifications Qty. Remarks

1 Window10 EDIT
1 PC
2 Details of types of test on NOTES
aggrigate 1 Book

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 Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project
(Please tick in appropriate cell for each characteristic)
Charact Poor ( Average Goo d ( Excellent (
e ristic Marks 1-3 ) Marks 6 - 8 ) Marks 9-
No ( Marks 4 - 5 )
to
be 10 )
assessed

1 Relevanc Relate to very few Related to some Take care of at Take care
e to the LOs Los least one CO of more
course than one
CO

2 Not more than two At-least 5 relevant At –least 7 About 10

Literatur sources (primary sources, at least 2 relevant sources, relevant
e and secondary), latest most latest sources,
Survey very old reference most latest
/informat
ion
collectio n

3 Complet Completed less than Completed 50 to Completed 60 to Completed

i on of the 50% 60% 80% more than
Target 80 %
asper
project
proposal

4 Analysis Sample Size small, Sufficient and Sufficient and Enough

of Data data neither appropriate appropriate Data
and organized nor sample, enough data sample, collected by
represent presented well generated but not enough data sufficient
ation organized generated and
which is
and not presented organized and appropriate
well. No or poor presented well but Sample

17
 inferences drawn poor inferences size. Proper
drawn inferences
drawn by
organising
And
presenting
Data through

S Charact Poor Average Goo d Excellent

e
r. ristic to ( Marks 1-3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9-
No be 10 )
. assesse d

tables, charts
and graphs.

5 Quality Incomplete Just Well Well

of fabrication/asse mbly. Assembled assembled/fabric assembled
Protot /fabricated and ated with proper /fabricated
y pe/ parts are not functioning with proper
Model functioning well. parts.In proper functioning
Not in proper shape, within
shape, dimensions parts. In
tolerance
beyond tolerance dimensions and proper
limit. good shape,
Appearance/finis h finish/appearanc within
is shabby. e. But no creativity tolerance
in design and use dimension s
of material and good
finish/appea
r ance.
Creativity in
design and
use of
material

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6 Report Very short, poor Nearly sufficient Detailed, correct Very
Preparat quality sketches, and correct details and clear detailed,
ion Details about about methods, description of correct, clear
methods, material, material, methods, description
precaution and precautions and materials, of methods,
conclusions omitted, conclusion, but precautions and materials,
some details are clarity is not there Conclusions. precautions
wrong in presentation. Sufficient Graphic and
But not enough Description. conclusion s.
graphic Enough
description. tables, charts
and sketches

7 Present Major information is Includes major Includes major Well

ation not included, information but not information and organized,
information is not well well organized and well organized but includes
organized. notpresented well not presentedwell major
informatio n
,well
presented
8 Any other
(depending upon
nature of project:
please indicators by
indien)

Defense Could not reply to Replied to Replied properly Replied

9 considerablenumber considerable to considerable mos
of question. number of number of t of the
questions but not question. questio
very properly ns
properl
y

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 Microproject Evaluation Sheet

Sr. Name of students (A) Process and Product (B) Individual Total
Assessment (6 Marks ) Marks (10)
No. Presentation/
Viva (4 Marks)

1) Sherkar Sanika Ram

Comment/Suggestion about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication

(if any)

……………………….……………………….……………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………….……………………………………………………………………

Name and Signature Dated

(Mrs.Patole D.P.)

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