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Inheritance End

The document discusses genetic mutations, highlighting that most have no effect on phenotype, while some can have minor or significant impacts. It explains how mutations can be induced by factors like ionizing radiation and chemical mutagens, and illustrates natural selection through examples such as sickle cell anemia and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The rapid evolution of bacteria due to quick reproduction and mutations poses challenges for controlling infections.

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manyokoledick
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5 views11 pages

Inheritance End

The document discusses genetic mutations, highlighting that most have no effect on phenotype, while some can have minor or significant impacts. It explains how mutations can be induced by factors like ionizing radiation and chemical mutagens, and illustrates natural selection through examples such as sickle cell anemia and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The rapid evolution of bacteria due to quick reproduction and mutations poses challenges for controlling infections.

Uploaded by

manyokoledick
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INHERITANCE

HOW MOST GENETIC MUTATIONS HAVE NO EFFECT ON THE PHENOTYPE,


SOME HAVE A SMALL EFFECT AND RARELY DO THEY HAVE A SIGNIFICANT
EFFECT

*Mutation: rare and random change in DNA sequence coding for new alleles for gene

Diagram showing an Example of Mutation

Effects of mutations

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Sickle cell anaemia is caused by abnormal haemoglobin which changes the shape of red
blood cells

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THE INCIDENCE OF MUTATIONS CAN BE INCREASED BY EXPOSURE TO
IONISING RADIATION (FOR EXAMPLE, GAMMA RAYS, X-RAYS AND
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS) AND SOME CHEMICAL MUTAGENS (FOR EXAMPLE,
CHEMICALS IN TOBACCO)

Chances of mutations can be increased by:

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DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION

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Examples of evolution by natural selection
Natural selection illustrated by snail shell colour

Another good example of natural selection is the evolution of the peppered moths

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HOW RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS CAN INCREASE IN BACTERIAL
POPULATIONS, AND APPRECIATE HOW SUCH AN INCREASE CAN LEAD TO
INFECTIONS BEING DIFFICULT TO CONTROL

*Antibiotics: compound that kills or inhibits the growth of microbes (bacteria)


-Kills harmful micro-organisms such as bacteria and pathogens

Resistance to antibiotics in bacteria

Diagram showing the emergence of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria

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How antibiotics work

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The introduction of antibiotics has had one of the largest impacts on global health,
shown by this example in the USA

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Bacteria evolve rapidly as they reproduce quickly and acquire random mutations – some
of which confer resistance

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