CHAPTER 3

STOICHIOMETRY:
CALCULATIONS OF CHEMICAL
FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS
CONTENTS
3.1 Chemical Equations
3.2 Chemical Reactivity
3.3 Atomic and Molecular Weights
3.4 The Mole
3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses
3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equation
3.7 Limiting Reactants
Learning Outcomes
Able to calculate the molecular weight of any
given compound
Able to calculate the amount of reactants or
products in mass or mole with information
given.
To be able to identify the limiting reactant in
a given reaction
Able to determine the empirical & molecular
formula of a compound from an analysis
Introduction
Stoichiometry study of quantitative
relationship between chemical formulas
and chemical equations.
The law of conservation of mass is
observed: total mass of all substances
present before the reaction (reactants) is
the same as the total mass after the
reaction (products).
3.1 Chemical Equations
Describe chemical reactions.
Eg: 2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
This chemical equation shows that hydrogen
react with oxygen to form water.
H
2
and O
2
(written to the left of the arrow) are
the reactants.
H
2
O (written to the right of the arrow) is the
product.
Cont: 3.1 Chemical Equations
There are 2 types of number in a chemical
equation:

i. Stoichiometric coefficient - number in
front of a chemical formula.
ii. Subscripts number of atoms of each
element present in the chemical formula.

Cont: 3.1 Chemical Equations
E.g:
2H
2
O:
2 water molecules present.
H
2
O - there are 2H atoms in one
molecule of water.
3.1.1 Balancing Chemical
Equations
Formulas of the substances must be
correctly written.
The number of atoms of each type of
element must be the same on both sides
of the arrow.
Only stoichiometric coefficients may be
adjusted. Subscripts in chemical formulas
must not be changed.
Cont: 3.1.1 Balancing Chemical
Equations
The sum of charges of ions on the left
hand side of the arrow must be the same
as on the right side.

Balancing chemical equation requires
some trial and error.
Cont: 3.1.1 Balancing Chemical
Equations
Eg. methane reacting with oxygen.
CH
4
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O : this is unbalanced.
o Firstly, balance the carbon and hydrogen
atom without considering oxygen.
CH
4
+ O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
o Secondly, balance the oxygen atom.
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Cont: 3.1.1 Balancing Chemical
Equations
Finally, the physical state of each chemical in
chemical equation should be written down.
Use the symbols:
(g) for gas
(l) for liquid
(s) for solid
(aq) for aqueous (water) solution
Eg: CH
4
(g) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(l)
Exercise 3.1
Balance the following equations:

a) HNO
3
(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(s) NaNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
+ CO
2
(g)

b) HCl (aq) + Al(OH)
3
(aq) H
2
O(l) + AlCl
3
(aq)

c) ZnS(s) + O
2
(g) ZnO(s) + SO
2
(g)
3.2 Chemical Reactivity
3.2.1 Using the Periodic Table
The pattern of chemical reactivity of elements
varies systematically, using the Periodic Table.
Eg. All alkali metal react with water as follows:
2M(s) + 2H
2
O(l) 2MOH(s) + H
2
(g)
M= alkali metal
The reaction becomes more vigorous as we
move down the Periodic Table, i.e. from Li to
Cs.
jhgjh
jhgj
3.2.2 Combustion Reaction in Air
Combustion reactions produce a flame.
Most of the combustion reactions
involve oxygen as a reactant.
Complete combustion of hydrocarbon
compounds and compounds containing C,
H and O atoms produces CO
2
and H
2
O.
Eg: C
3
H
8
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 3CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
Cont: 3.2.2 Combustion Reaction in Air
Incomplete combustion occurs when there is
insufficient amount of O
2
present.

+ In this case, CO is produced instead of CO
2
.

+ Eg: C
3
H
8
(g) + 7/2 O
2
(g) 3CO (g) + 4H
2
O (l)

3.2.3 Combination and
Decomposition Reactions
i. Combination reaction
Combination reaction: reaction in which
two or more substances combine to form
one product.

Represented by: A + B C
Eg. 2 Mg(s) + O
2
(g) 4 2 MgO (s)
Cont: 3.2.3 Combination and
Decomposition Reactions
ii. Decomposition reaction

Breakdown of a compound into two or
more components.

May be represented by: C A + B
Eg. CaCO
3
(s) 4CaO (s) + CO
2
(g)
3.3 Atomic Weight and Molecular
Weight
3.3.1 Relative Masses and Atomic Mass Unit

Atoms are too small to be weighed.
Atomic mass unit (amu) is used in dealing with
these extremely small masses:
1 amu = 1.66054 10
-24
g
1 g = 6.02214 10
23
amu
The atomic mass of any isotope is then
determined relative to
12
C nuclide.
3.3.2 Average Atomic Masses
Most elements occur in nature as a
mixture of isotopes.
For example, naturally occurring chlorine
is 75.53 %
35
Cl (atomic mass of 34.969
amu) and 24.47 %
37
Cl (atomic mass
36.966 amu).
The average of the masses of isotopes will
give the relative atomic masses.
Cont: 3.3.2 Average Atomic
Masses
Average Atomic Mass ( atomic weight)
= E[(isotope mass) (fractional isotope abundance)]
for all isotopes of the element.
Eg:
Average atomic mass of chlorine:
= (34.969 amu)(0.7553) + (36.966amu)(0.2447)
= 26.41 amu + 9.05 amu
= 35.46 amu
3.3.3 Formula and Molecular
Weight
Formula weights (FW) are the sum of atomic
weights for the atoms in the formula.

Eg Sulfuric Acid H
2
SO
4

FW (H
2
SO
4
)
= 2AW (H) + AW (S) + 4AW (O)
= [2(1.0)+ (32.0) + 4(16.0)] amu
= 98.0 amu
Cont: 3.3.3 Formula and Molecular
Weight
Molecular weight (MW) is used in place of formula
weight if the chemical formula of a substance is its
molecular formula.
E.g. MW of glucose (C
6
H
12
O
6
):
= 6AW (12.0 amu) + 12AW (1.0 amu) + 6AW (16.0
amu)
= 72.0 amu + 12.0 amu + 96.0 amu
= 180.0 amu
Cont: 3.3.3 Formula and Molecular
Weight
For ionic substances like NaCl which
exists as 3D array of ions, it is not a
molecule. Therefore we cannot write it as
molecular formula or molecular weight
(MW).

The formula weight of NaCl:
FW (NaCl) = 23.0 amu + 35.5 amu
= 58.5 amu
3.3.4 Percentage Composition
from Formulas
The percent composition of a substance is
the percent by mass of each element in the
substance.
The sum of all percentage of elements in a
substance must be 100 %.

% mass of an element:
= mass of an element in substance 100

formula weight of substance
Example 1
Calculate the percentage composition of
C
12
H
22
O
11
(FW 342).

The percentage of a given element in a
compound:
= (atom of element) (AW) 100

FW of compound

Cont: Example 1
% C = 12 (12.0 amu) 100 = 42.1 %
342 amu

% H = 22 (1.0 amu) 100 = 6.4 %
342 amu

% O = 11 (16.0 amu) 100 = 51.5 %
342 amu

Total % = (42.1 + 6.4 + 51.5)% = 100 %
3.4 The Mole
The unit for dealing with atoms, ions, and molecules is the
mole (mol).
A mole is defined as the amount of matter that contains the
same amount of particles (molecules, atoms, ions) as the
number of atoms in exactly 12 g of
12
C.
In 12 g of
12
C, there are 6.022 10
23
atoms which is called
the Avogadros number.
1 mole = 6.022 10
23
atoms


Thus a mole of water contains 6.022 10
23
molecules of
water.
A mole of NaCl contains 6.022 10
23
sodium ions (Na
+
)
and 6.022 10
23
chloride ions (Cl
-
).
Example 2
How many oxygen atoms in 0.25 mol of Ca(NO
3
)
2
?

_ There are 6 O atoms in 1 molecule of Ca(NO
3
)
2
.
_ 0.25 mol Ca(NO
3
)
2
6.022 10
23
molecule Ca(NO
3
)
2


1 mol

Ca(NO
3
)
2



6 Oxygen atom
1 molecule Ca(NO
3
)
2


= 9.0

10
23
Oxygen atoms in 0.25 mole of Ca(NO
3
)
2
3.4.1 Molar Mass
Molar mass (MM) of a substances is the
mass (in grams) of 1 mole of that substance.
Unit g/mol (g mol
-1
).
The mass of a single atom of an element (in
amu) is numerically equal to the mass (in
grams) of 1 mol of atoms of that element.
E.g:
One
12
C atom weighs 12.0 amu
One mol
12
C weighs 12.0 g
Cont: 3.4.1 Molar Mass
E.g:
One
24
Mg atom weighs 24.0 amu
One mol
24
Mg weighs 24.0 g

The molar mass (in grams) of any substance
is always numerically equal to its formula
weight, FW (in amu).

Cont: 3.4.1 Molar Mass
One H
2
O molecule weighs 18.0 amu
One H
2
O mol weighs 18.0 g
One NO
3
-
ion weighs 62.0 amu
One mol NO
3
-
ion weighs 62.0 g
One Cl
2
molecule weighs 70.90 amu (35.45 amu 2)
One mol Cl
2
weighs 70.90 g
One BaCl
2
formula weighs 208 amu
One mol BaCl
2
weighs 208 g
Formula Formula
weight
(amu)
Mass of 1
mol of
formula
units (g)
Number and kind of
particles in 1 mol
N 14.0 14.0
6.022 10
23
atoms
N
2
28.0 28.0
6.022 10
23
molecules
2 (6.022 10
23
)

atoms
BaCl
2
208.2 208.2
6.022 10
23
BaCl
2
unit
6.022 10
23
Ba
+
ions
2 (6.022 10
23
) Cl
-
ions


3.4.2 Interconverting Masses,
Moles, and Numbers of Particles
Use dimensional analysis
Units involve are:

mass : g
moles : mol
molar mass : g/mol
number of particles: 6.022 10
23
mol
-1

(Avogadros number)
Cont: 3.4.2 Interconverting Masses,
Moles, and Numbers of Particles
a) To convert between grams and moles,
use molar mass.
mol g: mol x g / mol = g
g mol: g g/mol = mol

b) To convert between moles and
molecules, use Avogadros number.
moles Avogadros number = molecules

Cont: 3.4.2 Interconverting Masses,
Moles, and Numbers of Particles

use use Ions/
Grams Moles Molecules/
Molar Avogadros Atoms
Mass Number
Example 3
1. How many atoms in 1 mole N
2
and O
3

2. How many molecules in 1 mole N
2
and O
3


Answers
_1. Atoms : 2(6.022 10
23
atoms) N.
: 3(6.022 10
23
atoms) O.
_2. Molecules: 6.022 10
23
molecules N
2
.
: 6.022 10
23
molecules O
3

Example 4
Ethanol C
2
H
6
O (C:12.01, H:1.01, O:16.00)

a) What is its molecular weight?
b) What is the mass of 1 mol of ethanol molecules?
c) Calculate the number of moles of ethanol in 1.00 g.
d) Calculate the number of molecules in 1.00 g of
ethanol.
e) Calculate the percentage of carbon in one molecule
of ethanol.
Example 4 (Answer)
a) Molecular Weight (MW) of ethanol, C
2
H
6
O:










b) Therefore 1 mol of C
2
H
6
O = 46.08 g
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
H atom
amu
H atoms
C atom
amu
C atoms
1
01 . 1
6
1
01 . 12
2
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
O atom
amu
O atom
1
00 . 16
1
amu 08 . 46 =
Example 4 (Answer)
c) You need a conversion factor that will change
1.00g of ethanol to moles.

Conversion factor is 1 mol ethanol
46.08 g ethanol

Moles ethanol = 1.00 g ethanol 1 mol ethanol
46.08 g ethanol
= 0.0217 mol ethanol
Example 4 (Answer)
or use simple direct proportionality

46.08 g ethanol equals to 1 mol ethanol
1.00 g ethanol equals to 1.00 g 1 mol ethanol
46.08 g
= 0.0217 mol ethanol

Example 4 (Answer)
d) The conversion from:
grams moles molecules
46.08 g ethanol = 1 mol ethanol
= 6.022 10
23
molecules of ethanol

Molecule of ethanol in 1.00 g
= 1.00 g ethanol 6.022 10
23
molecules ethanol
46.08 g ethanol
= 1.31 10
22
molecules ethanol
Example 4 (Answer)
e) The percentage of element carbon, % C :

= (no of C atoms per molecule) (AW of C) 100
MW of one C
2
H
6
O molecule

= (2 atom C/1 molecule C
2
H
6
O)(12.01 amu/1 atom C) 100
46.08 amu/1 molecule

= 52.13 %
3.5 Empirical Formulas From
Analyses
Empirical formula is the relative number
of atom in the molecule. Empirical formula
gives the ratio of atoms of each type of
compound.
E.g: the empirical formula of C
2
H
4
is CH
2
.
An empirical formula is determined from
experimental percent composition data.
Cont: 3.5 Empirical Formulas
From Analyses
a) If we have the mass % of the elements, it is
easier if we assume that we start with 100 g
of sample.
b) Translate the mass % as the no. of grams of
each element in 100 g of sample.
c) From these masses, the number of moles
can be calculated.
The subscripts in an empirical formula are
calculated as follows:

Cont: 3.5 Empirical Formulas
From Analyses
d) Determine the simplest whole-number ratio of
atoms by dividing the number of moles of each
element by the smallest number of moles.
e) If the ratios are not whole numbers, multiply the
ratios by an integer that clears the denominators
of the fractions
e.g: 0.5 and 1.75 are expressed as fractions: 1/2
and 7/4
Multiply by 4 1/2 4 and 7/4 4, the ratios are converted to whole
numbers 2 and 7, respectively.
Example 5
Ascorbic acid contains 40.92 % C, 4.58 % H
and 54.50% O by mass. What is the empirical
formula of the ascorbic acid?
Example 5 (Answer)
_i. Assume we have 100 g of ascorbic acid. We
have 40.92 g of C, 4.58 g H and 54.50 g of O.
_ii. Calculate the number of moles:
Moles C
= (40.92 g C) 1 mol C = 3.407 mol
12.01 g C
Moles H
= (4.58 g H) 1 mol H = 4.544 mol
1.008 g H
Example 5 (Answer)
Moles O
= (54.50 g O) 1 mol O = 3.406 mol
16.0 g O
_iii. Determine the simplest whole-number.
The smallest number of moles = 3.406
C = 3.407 = 1 H = 4.544 = 1.33
3.406 3.406
O = 3.406 = 1
3.406
Example 5 (Answer)
_The ratio of H is 1.33 which is equal to 4/3.
_Multiply the simplest whole number by 3.
C : H : O = 3(1 : 1.33 : 1)
= 3 : 4 : 3
_The whole-number ratio gives us the subscripts
for the empirical formula.
_Therefore, the empirical of ascorbic acid
is C
3
H
4
O
3
.
3.5.1 Molecular Formula from
Empirical Formula
Molecular formula is the actual ratio of
elements in the molecule.
The empirical formula may not be the molecular
formula.
Eg The empirical formula of ascorbic acid is
C
3
H
4
O
3
and its molecular formula is C
6
H
8
O
6
.
To obtain the molecular formula from the
empirical formula, we need to know the
molecular weight, MW.
The ratio of the molecular weight (MW) to
formula weight (FW) must be a whole number.
Example 6
A compound contains only aluminium
and oxygen elements. Its elemental
composition is determined to be 53.0 %
aluminium and 47.0 % oxygen. The mass
of one mole of the compound is 102 g.
What is the molecular formula?
Example 6 (Answer)
_First determine the empirical formula.
_Assume 100 g of compound:
+Al = 53.0 g ; O = 47.0 g

_Moles Al = (53.0 g Al) 1 mol Al = 1.96 mol Al
27.0 g Al
_Moles O = (47.0 g O) 1 mol O = 2.94 mol O
16.0 g O
Example 6 (Answer)
_Divide by 1.96:

Al = 1.96 = 1.00 O = 2.94 = 1.50
1.96 1.96
Al
1.00
O
1.50


_Multiply by 2 to convert 1.50 into an integer.
_ The empirical formula is Al
2
O
3

Example 6 (Answer)
_Calculate the mass of Al
2
O
3
to be 102 g.
_ Thus the empirical and molecular formula
are identical, Al
2
O
3
.

MW = 1
FW

Example 7
Given the empirical formula is C
3
H
4
. From
experiment, the molecular weight is 121 amu.
What is the molecular formula?
Solution:
_The formula weight of C
3
H
4
= 40.0 amu
Thus MW = 121 = 3
FW 40.0
The molecular formula is C
9
H
12
.
3.5.2 Combustion Analysis
i. Empirical formulas are routinely
determined by combustion analysis.

ii. Hydrocarbon compounds and compounds
containing C, H and O are combusted in
excess oxygen to produce CO
2
and H
2
O.

+All the carbon is converted to CO
2

+All the hydrogen is converted to H
2
O
Cont: 3.5.2 Combustion Analysis
O
2
sample CuO H
2
O CO
2

furnace absorber absorber
(Mg(ClO
4
)
2
) NaOH

iii. The amount of CO
2
produced can be
measured by determining the mass
increase in the CO
2
absorber. This gives
the amount of C originally present in the
sample.(1 mol CO
2
contains 1 mol C).
Cont: 3.5.2 Combustion Analysis
iv. The amount of H
2
O produced can be
measured by determining the mass
increase in the H
2
O absorber. This gives
the amount of H originally present in the
sample. (1mol H
2
O contains 2 mol H).
v. The amount of O originally present in the
sample is given by the difference in the
amount of sample and the amount of C
and H accounted for.
Example 8
Isopropyl alcohol contains C, H and O.
Combustion of 0.255 g of isopropyl alcohol
produces 0.561 g CO
2
and 0.306 g H
2
O.

1. Calculate the quantities of C, H and O in the
sample.

2. The empirical formula of isopropyl alcohol.
Example 8 (Answer)
_a) No of grams of C and H in 0.561 g of CO
2
and
0.306 g of H
2
O.

C g
C mol
C g
CO mol
C mol
CO g
CO mol
CO g 153 . 0
1
0 . 12
1
1
0 . 44
1
561 . 0
2 2
2
2
=
H g
H mol
H g
O H mol
H mol
O H g
O H mol
O H g 034 . 0
1
0 . 1
1
2
0 . 18
1
306 . 0
2 2
2
2
=
Example 8 (Answer)
_ oxygen amount = 0.255 g - (0.153 g + 0.034 g
= 0.068 g O

Empirical Formula:

_Calculate the moles of each element first:

moles C = 0.153 g C 1 mol C = 0.01275 moles C
12.0 g C
Example 8 (Answer)
moles H = 0.034 g H 1 mol H = 0.034 moles H
1.0 g H
moles O = 0.068 g O 1 mol O = 0.00425 moles O
16.0 g O
_Divide each no by the smallest no. ie 0.00425
The ratio of H : O : C
= 8 : 1 : 3

_Therefore the empirical formula is C
3
H
8
O
3.6 Quantitative Information from
Balanced Equations
Objective: To calculate the mass of a
particular substance produced or used in a
chemical reaction.

A balance chemical equation gives the
number of molecules which react to form
product(s).
Cont: 3.6 Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
This can be interpreted as the ratio of number
of moles of reactant required to give the ratio
of number of moles of product.

e.g. consider the following balanced equation:

CH
4(g)
+ 2O
2(g)
CO
2(g)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)

Cont: 3.6 Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
On the atomic-molecular level, the equation
states:
1 molecule CH
4
+ 2 molecules O
2
give 1
molecule CO
2
+ 2 molecules H
2
O.
The numerical coefficients in a balanced
chemical equation can be interpreted both as
the relative numbers of molecules and as the
relative numbers of moles.
Cont: 3.6 Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
Thus:
1 mol CH
4
+ 2 mol O
2
1 mol CO
2
+ 2 mol H
2
O

From the equation, we know that 2 mol of O
2
is
required to react with 1 mol of CH
4
.
This can be represented as
1 mol CH
4
2 mol O
2

means stoichiometrically equivalent to.
Cont: 3.6 Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
CH
4(g)
+ 2O
2(g)
CO
2(g)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)


Therefore, the stoichiometrically equivalent
ratio for the products are as follows:
1 mol CH
4

2 mol H
2
O
1 mol CH
4
1 mol CO
2

2 mol O
2
1 mol CO
2

1 mol CH
4
2 mol H
2
O
2 mol O
2
2 mol H
2
O
Cont: 3.6 Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
CH
4(g)
+ 2O
2(g)
CO
2(g)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)


These stoichiometric relations can be
converted to mass equivalences by
converting the mole of a substance to its
mass using molar mass.


HOW?

Example 9
Combustion of butane C
4
H
10
is given by
the equation:

2C
4
H
10(l)
+ 13O
2

(g)
8CO
2

(g)
+ 10H
2
O
(l)


Calculate the mass of CO
2
that is produced
in burning 1.00 g of C
4
H
10
.
Example 9 (Answer)
_Ensure that the equation is balanced!!!

2C
4
H
10(l)
+ 13O
2

(g)
8CO
2

(g)
+ 10H
2
O
(l)


Write the stoichiometrically equivalent ratio
between C
4
H
10
and CO
2
.

2 mol C
4
H
10
8 mol CO
2
Example 9 (Answer)




10 4
10 4
10 4 10 4
0 . 58
1
00 . 1
H gC
H C mol
H C g H C moles =
10 4
2
10 72 . 1 H C mol

=
10 4
2
10 4
2
2
2
8
10 72 . 1
H C mol
CO mol
H C mol CO moles =

2
2
10 88 . 6 CO mol

=
Example 9 (Answer)
_Mass of CO
2
in grams:




Thus the conversion sequence is:
gram moles moles gram
reactant reactant product product

produced CO g
CO mol
CO g
CO mol
2
2
2
2
2
03 . 3
1
0 . 44
10 88 . 6
=
=

Exercise 3.2
Determine how many grams of HI are required
to form 1.20 moles of H
2
when HI reacts
according to the equation:
HI
(g)
H
2(g)
+ I
2(g)

(1 mol HI = 127.91 g HI)

g 984 . 306
HI mol 1
HI g 91 . 127
x
H mol 1
HI mol 2
x ) H mol 20 . 1 (
2
2
=
Answer: Balance the equation first
= 307 g
3.7 Limiting Reactants
Limiting Reactant - The reactant in a chemical
reaction that limits the amount of product(s)
that can be formed. The reaction will stop
when all of the limiting reactant is consumed.

Excess Reactant - The reactant in a chemical
reaction that remains when a reaction stops
when the limiting reactant is completely
consumed. The excess reactant remains
because there is nothing with which it can
react.
Cont: 3.7 Limiting Reactants




No matter how many tires there are, if there are
only 8 car bodies, then only 8 cars can be made.
Likewise with chemistry, if there is only a certain
amount of one reactant available for a reaction,
the reaction must stop when that reactant is
consumed whether or not the other reactant has
been used up.
Example 10

A 2.00 g sample of ammonia is mixed with
4.00 g of oxygen. Which is the limiting
reactant and how much excess reactant
remains after the reaction has stopped?
Example 10 (Answer)
First, we need to create a balanced equation for
the reaction:
4 NH
3(g)
+ 5 O
2(g)
4 NO
(g)
+ 6 H
2
O
(g)

Next we can use stoichiometry to calculate how
much product is produced by each reactant.
NOTE: It does not matter which product is
chosen, but the same product must be used for
both reactants so that the amounts can be
compared.
Example 10 (Answer)





The reactant that produces the lesser
amount of product: in this case the
oxygen.
Example 10 (Answer)
Next, to find the amount of excess
reactant, we must calculate how much of
the non-limiting reactant (ammonia)
actually did react with the limiting
reactant (oxygen).
Example 10 (Answer)
We're not finished yet though. 1.70 g is the
amount of ammonia that reacted, not what is
left over. To find the amount of excess
reactant remaining, subtract the amount that
reacted from the amount in the original
sample.

2.00g NH
3
(original sample) - 1.70g (reacted)
= 0.30g NH
3
remaining
3.7.1 Theoretical Yield
The quantity of product that is calculated to
form when all the limiting reactant reacts is
called the theoretical yield.
The amount of product actually obtained in a
reaction is called the actual yield.
The percent yield of a reaction:
Percent yield = actual yield 100
theoretical yield
Exercise 3.3
Calculate the % yield of Al
2
(SO
4
) from the reaction:

2Al(OH)
3(s)
+ 3H
2
SO
4(aq)
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3(s)
+ 6H
2
O
(l)


given that 205 g of Al(OH)
3
react with 751 g of
H
2
SO
4
to yield 252 g Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
Answer: % yield Al
2
(SO
4
) =56.0%


END of CHAPTER 3


END of CHAPTER 3