Arrangement of Stars: Lesson 14.2

Lesson 14.
Arrangement of Stars
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For thousands of years, people have
watched the night skies. People have
done this for a lot of reasons. But one
thing that people have observed is
that there was a pattern in the way
stars were situated in the heavens.
What are these patterns and how

are they affected by the motion of
Earth?
Learning Competency
At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning

competency should be met by the students.
Infer that the arrangement of stars in a group

(constellation) does not change (S9ES-IIIh-33).
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

do the following:
● Recognize star patterns.
● Determine what constellations are.
● Differentiate constellations and asterisms.
● Recognize and name different constellations in the night
sky.
● Identify how the Celestial Sphere is used.
● Describe how constellations are viewed considering how
Earth moves.
Try it!
Warm-Up
Exploring Stellarium
Stellarium is a planetarium program that allows one to explore the
sky from any location on Earth at any time of the year. It shows
what the sky will look like depending on your place (or location)
and time.
In this activity, you will explore a free planetarium software called

Stellarium to let them appreciate the patterns of stars.
Learn about It
● There is an estimated one
hundred billion stars in the
Milky Way Galaxy.
● About 3 000 stars are visible to

the unaided eye.
● About 100 000 stars can be A portion of the Milky Way Galaxy
seen using a small telescope. observed from Earth
Learn about It
● Constellations are groups of
stars which form patterns
when seen from Earth’s night
sky.
● There are officially 88

constellations recognized by Examples of constellations
the International
Astronomical Union (IAU).
Learn about It
● The constellations that are
known today cover the
celestial sphere.
○ Celestial sphere is an
imaginary sphere
surrounding Earth. The celestial sphere and the
constellations
Learn about It
● The constellations that are
known today cover the
celestial sphere.
○ Ecliptic is the apparent

path of objects in the sky.
The celestial sphere and the
constellations
Learn about It
● Stars are imaginatively linked to
symbolize an object in the sky.
○ Constellations aid in organizing

the skies into recognizable
forms.
Merak and Dubhe in the
constellation Ursa Major are
○ They help locate stars and other called “Pointers to Polaris.”
celestial bodies easier.
Learn about It
● Within constellations,
there are smaller groups
of stars.
○ Asterisms are smaller

patterns of stars within Big Dipper and Hercules are asterisms in
a constellation. the constellations Ursa Major (left) and
The Keystone (right).
○ Asterisms are not
constellations.
Learn about It
● The grouping of stars into
constellations are not physical
groupings.
○ Stars in constellations and

asterisms are at different
distances from Earth. Pleiades (The Seven Sisters), the
closest star cluster, contains 3 000
stars about 400 light years away.
Learn about It
● The grouping of stars into
constellations are not physical
groupings.
○ They only appear as groups

because of their directions.
Pleiades (The Seven Sisters), the
closest star cluster, contains 3 000
stars about 400 light years away.
Learn about It
Arrangement of Stars Examples of Constellation Families
● Star patterns are grouped into Constellation Families

constellation families based on Zodiac Orion Family
two factors:
Andromeda Heavenly
Group Waters
○ They depict figures from a
Perseus Family Ursa Major
certain ancient myth.
Hercules Family La Caille
○ Their distances are close to one
another when viewed from Bayer Family Ursa Minor
Earth.
Learn about It
Constellation Families
● Zodiac is a band of
thirteen constellations
along the ecliptic ring. It
is the largest
constellation family.
● It is a Greek word which

means “pertaining to The Zodiac family in the ecliptic ring
animals”.
Learn about It
● Zodiac constellations
are grouped together
because they all pass
along the path in the
celestial sphere
through which the
sun passes as well.
The Zodiac family in the ecliptic ring
Learn about It
● Zodiac constellations help in
locating other celestial bodies.
○ Scorpius contains the red

supergiant star Antares and
home to a number of bright
clusters such as NGC 6321 Antares and the Rho
and Messier 7. Ophiuchus Region
Learn about It
● Zodiac constellations help in
locating other celestial bodies.
○ Virgo, the largest zodiac

constellation and the second
largest among the 88
constellations, contains Spica is the brightest star in the
constellation Virgo (The virgin).
Spica and the planetary
system 61 Virginis.
Learn about It
● Andromeda group is part of the
northern hemisphere constellation.
Notable stars:
○ Alpha Andromedae (Alpheratz) is

also part of Pegasus.
○ Beta Andromedae (Mirach) is a
The Andromeda
red giant which is 200 light-years constellation
away from Earth.
Learn about It
● Orion is one of the best-known
constellations since it can be
observed in both hemispheres.
Notable stars:
○ Alpha Orionis (Betelgeuse)

○ Beta Orionis (Rigel)
○ Bellatrix (Gamma Orionis)
○ Saiph (Kappa Orionis) Orion, The Great Hunter
Learn about It
● Constellations will look the

same after several years even
if the stars move at different
speed and direction.
Sun from Barnard’s Star

Learn about It
● Stars move at kilometers per

second, but because they are
located several light years
away from Earth, their motion
is hardly observed.
Sun from Barnard’s Star

Key Points
● Constellations are groups of stars, which form a pattern

when seen from Earth. There are 88 constellations
recognized by the International Astronomical Union.
● Asterisms are smaller patterns of stars within a constellation.

Check Your Understanding
Answer each of the following questions.

1. What are constellations?
2. What are asterisms? Give examples.
3. What is the ecliptic ring?
4. What groups of constellations are found along the
ecliptic ring?
5. Why do constellations look the same even after
several years have passed?
Bibliography
Bagnall, Phillip M. 2012. The Star Atlas Companion: What You Need to Know About the Constellations. New York: Springer.
Cornell University. “Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.” Accessed September 19, 2017.

https://web.archive.org/web/20190604212411/http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/hr_d
iagram.htm
.
Cornell University Astronomy Department. “What are constellations used for?” Accessed September 22, 2017.
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/117-the-universe/stars-and-star-clusters/constellations/375-what-are-c
onstellations-used-for-intermediate
.
Eastern Illinois University. “Connecting the Dots: Understanding the Constellations.” Accessed September 22, 2017.
http://www.eiu.edu/eiutps/Constellations.pdf.
Institute for Astronomy University of Hawaii. “Constellations.” Accessed September 22, 2017.
https://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~barnes/ASTR110L_F03/constellations.html.
NASA Space Place. “Do constellations ever break apart or change?” Accessed September 21, 2017.
Bibliography
PennState College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. “Colors, Temperatures, and Spectral Types of Stars.” Accessed
September 20, 2017. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l4_p2.html.
Swinburne University of Technology. “Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.” Accessed September 18, 2017.

http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/H/Hertzsprung-Russell+Diagram.
University of Michigan. “Introduction to the Constellations.” Accessed September 22, 2017.

http://umich.edu/~lowbrows/guide/constellations.html.

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What are constellations and asterisms?

What are constellations and asterisms?

What is the celestial sphere and how is it used?

What is the celestial sphere and how is it used?

Lesson 14.

Make a copy and edit Download an offline

What are these patterns and how

At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning

Infer that the arrangement of stars in a group

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

In this activity, you will explore a free planetarium software called

● About 3 000 stars are visible to

● There are officially 88

○ Ecliptic is the apparent

○ Constellations aid in organizing

○ Asterisms are smaller

○ Stars in constellations and

○ They only appear as groups

Arrangement of Stars Examples of Constellation Families

● Star patterns are grouped into Constellation Families

● It is a Greek word which

○ Scorpius contains the red

○ Virgo, the largest zodiac

○ Alpha Andromedae (Alpheratz) is

○ Alpha Orionis (Betelgeuse)

● Constellations will look the

Sun from Barnard’s Star

● Stars move at kilometers per

Sun from Barnard’s Star

● Constellations are groups of stars, which form a pattern

● Asterisms are smaller patterns of stars within a constellation.

Answer each of the following questions.

Cornell University. “Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.” Accessed September 19, 2017.

Swinburne University of Technology. “Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.” Accessed September 18, 2017.

University of Michigan. “Introduction to the Constellations.” Accessed September 22, 2017.

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