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DC Machines Lecture 1

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4 views

DC Machines Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Winston Libanga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DC MACHINES

C.CHIMONO
ELECTROMAGNETIC CONVERSION
• Three electrical machines (dc, induction, and synchronous) are used
extensively for electro-mechanical energy conversion.
• In these machines, conversion of energy from electrical to mechanical
form or vice versa results from the following two electromagnetic
phenomena:
When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in the
conductor.
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor
experiences a mechanical force.
ELECTROMAGNETIC CONVERSION
• Note that in both motoring and generating actions, the coupling
magnetic field is involved in producing a torque and an induced
voltage.
• voltage induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field is given by

• For the current-carrying conductor, the force (known as Lorentz force)


produced on the conductor is
CONSTRUCTION
• In a dc machine, the armature winding is placed on the rotor and the
field windings are placed on the stator.
• The essential features of a two-pole dc machine are shown
CONSTRUCTION
• The stator has salient poles that are excited by one or more field
windings, called shunt field windings and series field windings
• The field windings produce an air gap flux distribution that is
symmetrical about the pole axis
• The voltage induced in the turns of the armature winding is
alternating.
• A commutator–brush combination is used as a mechanical rectifier to
make the armature terminal voltage unidirectional
CONSTRUCTION
• The brushes are so placed that when the sides of an armature turn (or
coil) pass through the middle of the region between field poles, the
current through it changes direction
• This makes all the conductors under one pole carry current in one
direction.
• As a consequence, the mmf due to the armature current is along the
axis midway between the two adjacent poles, called the quadrature (or
q) axis.
CONSTRUCTION
• In the figure,brushes are shown placed on the q-axis to indicate that
when a turn (or coil) undergoes commutation, its sides are in the q-
axis.
CONSTRUCTION
• Considering a two pole dc machine

• The air gap flux density distribution of the field poles is as shown
CONSTRUCTION
• Consider a turn a–b placed on diametrically opposite slots of the rotor.
• The two terminals a and b of the turn are connected to two slip rings.
• Two stationary brushes pressing against the slip rings provide access
to the revolving turn a-b
CONSTRUCTION
• The voltage induced in the turn is due primarily to the voltage induced
in the two sides of the turn under the poles.
• Using the concept of “conductor cutting flux” , these two voltages are
in series and aid each other
• The voltage induced in the turn, eab is alternating in nature, and its
waveform is the same as that of the flux density distribution wave in
space
CONSTRUCTION
• Slip rings can be replaced by two commutator segments(copper
segments separated by insulating materials)

• Segment Ca is connected to terminal a of the turn and segment C b to


terminal b of the turn
• For counterclockwise motion of the rotor the terminal under the N
pole is positive with respect to the terminal under the S pole.
CONSTRUCTION
• Therefore, brush terminal B1 is always connected to the positive end of
the turn (or coil) and brush terminal B2 to the negative end of the turn.
• although the voltage induced in the turn, eab, is alternating, the voltage at
the brush terminals, e12 is unidirectional
• This voltage contains a significant amount of ripple.
• In actual machines, a large number of turns are placed in several slots
around the periphery of the rotor.
• By connecting these in series through the commutator segments, a good
dc voltage can be obtained
CONSTRUCTION
ARMATURE WINDINGS(related terms)
• A turn consists of two conductors connected to one end by an end
connector.

• A coil is formed by connecting several turns in series


ARMATURE WINDINGS(related terms)
• A winding is formed by connecting several coils in series.
ARMATURE WINDINGS(related terms)
• Most dc machines, have more than two poles, so most of the armature
conductors can be in the region of high air gap flux density
ARMATURE WINDINGS(related terms)
• Note that for the four-pole machine, in going around the air gap once
(i.e., one mechanical cycle), two cycles of variation of the flux density
distribution are encountered
ARMATURE WINDINGS(related terms)
• The distance between the centers of two adjacent poles is known as
pole pitch or pole span

• The two sides of a coil are placed in two slots on the rotor surface. The
distance between the two sides of a coil is called the coil pitch
• If the coil pitch is one pole pitch, it is called a full-pitch coil
ARMATURE WINDINGS(related terms)
• If the coil pitch is less than one pole pitch, the coil is known as a short-
pitch (or fractional-pitch)
• There are a number of ways in which the coils of the armature
windings of a dc machine can be interconnected.
• Two kinds of interconnection are lap and wave
Lap Winding
• In lap windings the two ends of any one coil are taken to adjacent
segments
• A lap winding has as many paths in parallel between the negative and
positive brushes as there are of poles
• , with an eight-pole lap winding, the armature conductors form eight
parallel paths between the negative and positive brushes.
Lap Winding
Wave Winding
• wave windings the two ends of each coil are bent in opposite
directions and taken to segments some distance apart
• A wave winding has only two paths in parallel, irrespective of the
number of poles.
ARMATURE VOLTAGE
• As the armature rotates in the magnetic field produced by the stator
poles, voltage is induced in the armature winding
• Since a turn is made of two conductors, induced emf in a turn
ARMATURE VOLTAGE
• The voltages induced in all the turns connected in series for one
parallel path across the positive and negative brushes will contribute to
the average terminal voltage Ea
• Let N = total number of turns in the armature winding
a = number of parallel paths
• Then
ARMATURE VOLTAGE

• Ka is known as the machine(or armature) constant and is given by

• where Z is the total number of conductors in the armature winding


ARMATURE VOLTAGE
• This expression for induced voltage in the armature winding is
independent of whether the machine operates as a generator or a
motor.
• In the case of generator operation, it is known as a generated voltage,
• and in motor operation it is known as back emf
DEVELOPED (OR ELECTROMAGNETIC)
TORQUE
• Consider the turn aa ’b’b, whose two conductors aa’ and bb’ are placed
under two adjacent poles.
• The force on a conductor is
DEVELOPED (OR ELECTROMAGNETIC)
TORQUE
•
DEVELOPED (OR ELECTROMAGNETIC)
TORQUE
• All the conductors in the armature winding develop torque in the same
direction and thus contribute to the average torque developed by the
armature.
• The total torque developed is
DEVELOPED (OR ELECTROMAGNETIC)
TORQUE
• In the case of motor action, the electrical power input (EaIa) to the
magnetic field by the electrical system must be equal to the
mechanical power (Tωm) developed and withdrawn from the field by
the mechanical system
Example 1
• A four-pole dc machine has an armature of radius 12.5 cm and an effective length of 25 cm. The
poles cover 75% of the armature periphery. The armature winding consists of 33 coils, each coil
having seven turns. The coils are accommodated in 33 slots. The average flux density under each
pole is 0:75T.

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