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Lecture 3

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10 views

Lecture 3

Uploaded by

Sayed Ali Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GASES

CONTENTS

• Gas and its characteristics


• Gas laws (Boyles law, Charles law and general gas equation)
• Value and units of R
• Kinetic molecular theory (KMT)
• Imp definitions
• Vrms
KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Students must completely understand KMT


• Students must be enabled to calculate value of R on the basis the units of
variables
• Students must be able to comprehend what is collision frequency, mean
free path and Vrms
What are gases?
• All matters exist in three states: gas, liquid and solid.
• Gases have highest energy as compared to solids and liquids.
• In a gaseous state, molecules remain separated wide apart in empty space
and are free to move about throughout the container in which they are
placed.
General characteristics of gases include
• Expansibility : Gases have limitless expansibility because of little intermolecular
attraction among the gas molecules. They expand to fill the entire vessel they are
placed in.
• Compressibility : Due to large intermolecular space, gases can be easily
compressed by the application of pressure to a movable piston fitted in the
container.
• Diffusibility : Gases can diffuse rapidly through each other to form a
homogeneous mixture.
• Pressure Gases exert pressure on the walls of the container in all directions.
• Effect of Heat When a gas, confined in a vessel is heated, its pressure increases.
Gas Laws
• Effect of external parameters on behavior of a gas is explained by gas laws
• There are four external parameters that effect gases including
• Volume (V)
• Pressure (P)
• Temperature (T)
• Number of moles (n)
Boyles law
• At constant temperature, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure.
• If the pressure is doubled, the volume is halved.
• The Boyle’s Law may be expressed mathematically as-
V ∝ 1/P (T, n are constant) Or V = k × 1/P
Where, k is proportionality constant.
So, PV = k
If P1, V1 are the initial pressure and volume of a given sample of gas and P2, V2
the changed pressure and volume,
P1V1 = k = P2V2
• This relationship is useful for the determination of the volume of a gas at any
pressure, if its volume at any other pressure is known.
Charles law
• At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to the temperature of the gas.
V = kT
• If the absolute temperature is doubled, the volume is doubled.
• If V1, T1 are the initial volume and temperature of a given mass of gas at
constant pressure and V2, T2 are the final volume and temperature than
V1/T1= V1/T1
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
• Describes the ideal behavior of gases:
• The volume of the molecule is negligible compared to the large distances between
the molecules.
• Gas molecules are so far apart, that they do NOT have intermolecular interaction.
• Gas molecules do NOT interact, but they move around fast and they constantly
collide with one another.
• Kinetic Energy:
• Same temperature, same average kinetic energy (KEavg).
• The higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic energy (KEavg).
Ideal Gas/Ideal Gas Law/Ideal Gas Equation

• Ideal Gas: behaves in accordance to combined gas law and follows postulates of
KMT
Combined Gas Law:
𝑃𝑉 /𝑛𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = R
This rearranges to Ideal Gas Equation
PV= nRT
R = universal gas constant
• Units and Values of R is according to the units of the variables used. T should be in
Kelvins (K) always.
Derivation of value of R
Some important definitions
• The mean free path is the distance that a molecule travels between two
successive collisions.
• Collisional Frequency is the average rate in which two reactant
molecules collide for a given system and is used to express the average
number of collisions per unit of time in a defined system.
• The distance between the centers of two molecules taking part in
a collision at the time of their closest approach is called collision diameter
Root-Mean-Square Velocities of Gaseous Particles

Measuring the velocities of particles at a given time results in a large distribution


of values; some particles may move very slowly, others very quickly, and because
they are constantly moving in different directions, the velocity could equal zero.
(Velocity is a vector quantity, equal to the speed and direction of a particle) To
properly assess the average velocity, average the squares of the velocities and
take the square root of that value. This is known as the root-mean-square (RMS)
velocity, and it is represented as follows:
V=Vrms=√3RT/M
(The end)
Vander Waal’s Equation

PV=nRT
PV/RT (Compressibility Factor) =1 (when n=1)
Causes of deviation
• Actual Volume Negligible
• No Intermolecular Forces
Vander Waal’s Correction
P+an2​/V2)(V−nb)=nRT
Critical Phenomenon of gases
⮚Boyle’s Law P versus V
⮚Isotherm
⮚High Temperature (More Ideality)
⮚Low Temperature (Deviation)
⮚Critical Phenomenon was stated by Andrew
(1969)
⮚Studies Isotherms of CO2 at various Temperatures
⮚50°C, 40°C, 31.1°C, 21.1°C and 13.1°C
⮚CT Minimum Temp to liquefy a gas
⮚VC Volume Occupies by 1 mole at TC
⮚PC Pressure of 1 mole at TC
Conclusions of Critical Phenomenon
❑TC > 31.1°C, Smooth hyperbolic curve
❑Isotherm between 32. °C and 35.5°C don’t Obey Boyle’s Law (No smooth isotherms)
❑Temp 31.1°C, small horizontal portion is developed
❑Temp > 31.1°C, No such curve
❑Isotherm at 21.1°C has a horizontal Part,
❑Here vapours and liquid CO2 exist in equilibrium
❑Isotherm at 13.1°C
❑Closer the Temp to TC, shorter the horizontal part
❑Isotherm below TC has 3 parts
❑Right-----gas
❑Horizontal ------equilibrium of both phases (liquid and gas)
❑Left----- Liquid

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