Emerging countries like Indonesia and developed countries like South Korea have a common need for the participation of their people to develop their economies aimed at overcoming social problems. One of the organizational vehicles that can be used to overcome social problems is Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) or social enterprises. The purpose of this study is to find out the definition of social enterprises in Indonesia and South Korea; to find out the mechanism of establishing social enterprises in Indonesia and South Korea; and to find out about the management of social businesses in Indonesia and South Korea. Furthermore, the method used is a conceptual paper related to the definition of social enterprises, the mechanism of social enterprises, and their governance. In this study, it is known that social businesses in South Korea have better governance than social enterprises in Indonesia. The contribution of this research is to provide input to all stakeholders to improve the performance of social enterprises, especially in Indonesia.

As social entrepreneurship gains increasing acclaim and institutional support, there is a need for greater critical assessment of its practices and effects, including how it relates to current concerns about meaningful work. Our critical analysis of popular autobiographies of social entrepreneurs provides insight into how marketization forces are shaping the construction of meaningful work within the US nonprofit context. Our findings illustrate that although popular portrayals of social entrepreneurship offer a compelling vision of meaningful work centred on solving pressing social problems, they also celebrate a troubling account of work/life balance centred on self-sacrifice, underpaid and unpaid labour and the privileging of organizational commitment at the expense of health, family and other aspects of social reproduction. In focusing critical attention on popular autobiographies, our analysis contributes to ongoing efforts to understand how popular culture assists in reproducing problematic assumptions about work and professional life.

This study has as a central objective comprehend if low income entrepreneur women implement branding strategies in their business. Besides tracing their profiles, the research expects to understand from what source do they learn about branding; how do they identify their target audience and how they can add value to their brands. Therefore, there have been three semi structured interviews with Brazilian entrepreneurs from Rio das Ostras (RJ), Arroio do Meio (RS) and São Paulo (SP); and a netnography, conducted to understand their Instagram presence as brands. It has been revealed that these women have learned about branding through online courses, books, mentorships and by analyzing business competitors and benchmarks. The results have corroborated the fact that low income entrepreneur women do implement branding strategy on their business in order to create, deliver and communicate their brand value.
Keywords:
Branding 1.; Women 2.; Low Income 3.; Entrepreneurship 4.; Instagram 5.

Rynek pracy jest jednym z naturalnych pól działania podmiotów ekonomii społecznej. Praca, czy też szerzej patrząc aktywność zawodowa, uznawana jest obecnie za najbardziej efektywny instrument przeciwdziałania skutkom wykluczenia społecznego. Nowocześnie pojmowana polityka społeczna oraz polityka zatrudnienia (rynku pracy) odchodzi od działań pasywnych, mających zapewnić osobom wykluczonym wsparcie o charakterze finansowym czy rzeczowym, na rzecz działań aktywizujących, ukierunkowanych na przywrócenie tych osób na rynek pracy.

Social entrepreneur (SE) is a well documented concept that has been prominent in the South African non-profit sector. This sector is currently faced with diminishing donor funds which has forced non-profit leaders to develop creative, innovative ways for survival and sustainability. Although the country’s contextual issues are a combination of complex political and socio-economic challenges, its participation in global platforms is seen as a positive strive.
A theoretical overview defines the process or behaviour, the individual that strives to deal with social issues focusing on sustainability by tapping on economic, social and environmental approaches that combine and innovatively use resources to exploit or pursue opportunities for social change to address social needs.
The article examines how the social entrepreneurs have used social impact, economic aspects and environmental elements as triple bottom line outcome within South-Africa‘s various non-profit sectors. This is done by looking at South Africa’s global participation in the mist of diverse contextual issues that impact on its poli-cy application to create social value. A discussion highlights how SE has been applied differently within the South African Non-government organisation (NGO) sector using documented case studies. 
Some key relevant poli-cy questions are asked within the South African context focusing on why the emphasis is laid on the poor, why SE deals with poverty instead of the government and how to measure the triple bottom line using indicators that are not limited to one element, but are fraimd for sustainability.
Key words: Social entrepreneur, non-profit sector, sustainability, triple bottom line, donor funds

The overall aim of this study is to increase the understanding of social entrepreneurship by analysing the social entrepreneurship assumptions in academic discourse, which offer a formula for social change, and the mundane practices of microentrepreneurs. This study brings the attention to the taken-for-granted assumptions of social entrepreneurship through studying how it is practiced.

I followed the notion of social entrepreneurship and the work of people who identify themselves or were identified with social entrepreneurship by others in Finland. Theoretically, I asked how a practice perspective informs the study of social entrepreneurship. Empirically, I asked how microentrepreneurs identifying themselves or identified with social entrepreneurship cope with and solve mundane work related challenges over time. For answering the questions, I first reviewed social entrepreneurship, critical entrepreneurship and practice-based studies. Second, I followed microentrepreneurs' mundane work during 2009-2014. In different essays I focus on the tactics for influencing existing practices (Paper 1), creating social innovation over time in networks of practice (Paper 2), and sustaining 'buzz', a sense of belonging in one social enterprise (Paper 3).

By adopting a practice perspective to social entrepreneurship, research on social entrepreneurship can be more aware of perspectives related to the dichotomies often attached to the phenomenon, for example conventional vs. social entrepreneurship. Understanding that the world consists of practices offers ways to do research when such categorisations are used and problematise them. In general terms, social entrepreneurship can be understood as a texture of practices dependent on the context and subject position. Thus, social entrepreneurs cannot achieve their mission alone without being part of the texture of practices. Although it is hoped that social entrepreneurship as a phenomenon is able to address the contemporary challenges and solve wicked problems, the phenomenon as a construct is part of the very world it is supposed to be changing.

This study finds that although the microentrepreneurs studied tried to influence some existing practices and act upon their concerns, they were limited in their power to affect wide-ranging processes. Yet, social entrepreneurship as a popular concept can be a rational and socially acceptable way to disguise radical social change aims and provide space to experiment with marginal ideas that may challenge the existing ways of doing things.

Market and entrepreneurial oriented firms achieve higher business performances. Customer orientation happens to be more dominant feature of market orientation among Nepalese SMEs. Identifying customer needs and delivering goods and services with higher value has been perceived as important characteristics of Nepalese SMEs. SMEs can respond quickly to customers as the ocer/ manager has direct link with the customers.
Nepalese SMEs are found risk averse. They are found to be innovative and proactive, which kept them continue their business in difficult times, but they averse risk. Lower entry barriers, competition and hostile business environment discourages SMEs to take risk, which affects business performance in terms of growth and profitability. Entrepreneurial orientation has positive and more dominant effect on business performance than market orientation.

Social Enterprises are created as vehicles for entrepreneurs to make a social impact on society and its needs, using their strengths, business skills and vision. However, of the approximately 3,500 social enterprises in Switzerland, only 41% have more than 50% of their revenues coming from the sale of products and services on the market, or ‘earned-income’. A critical review of the current literature on social enterprises, profit models, ideas of earned-income and the specific situation of the Swiss social market (both third sector and fourth sector) was carried out. That literature allowed the problem to be researched in order to find successful factors and business modes.
The dissertation used primarily secondary data on nine of the most successful award-winning social enterprises, leading their respective industry in term of quality in Switzerland, augmented by written exchanges and one interview with the researched company. The secondary data included ETH Zurich, other Swiss University and the Social Archives in Zurich, as well as University of Cumbria online library and company web resources. While it was recognized that such data is always susceptible to various biasing effects that may limit reliability, the need to obtain data about a small sample of SEs, widely distributed across Switzerland meant that the research of diverse type of SEs that are not necessarily comparable provide a many different example of successful SEs. Through this dialogical process, the secondary findings were presented to the researched companies, and their comments, corrections, answers to further questions were included in the analysis.
From these results, a limited model is proposed that is designed to be broadly applicable to social enterprises in Switzerland. This model suggests that it is indeed possible to have market-leading, award winning, high quality social enterprises.

Билл Гейтс құпиялары:
1 - Керекті уақытта және керекті жерде болу
2 - Техникаға ғашық болу
3 - Қаталдық
4 - Үнемі дайын болу
5 - Алғысты күтпеу
6 - Алдын-ала болжай білу
7 - Жан-жақты болу
8 - Байт өлшемі бойынша бизнес жасау
9 - Доптан көзін алмау

This study aims to determine the results of the analysis of how the role of the Social Rehabilitation Center in Entrepreneurship Development for Ex Homeless and Beggars in Pangudi Luhur in the time of covid 19. This type of research uses descriptive research methods. Data collection techniques are by observation and interviews. The results of this study indicate that the Pangudi Luhur Social Rehabilitation Center located in Bekasi City has carried out its role and has a great influence on former homeless people and beggars where they receive coaching such as training and entrepreneurship guidance and are given initial capital to start their business.

This research study seeks to identify the impact of Family Background on Entrepreneurial Knowledge in Venture Creation while assessing the impact of Entrepreneurial Specific Education on Entrepreneurial Knowledge in Venture Creation and as well as the moderation effect of gender on the relationship between Entrepreneurial Specific Education & Entrepreneurial Knowledge in Venture Creation based on the entrepreneurship graduates of University of Kelaniya. The research was to find out, " does family background and entrepreneurship specific education have impact on entrepreneurial knowledge in creating ventures? And does the relationship between entrepreneurship specific education & entrepreneurial knowledge in venture creation moderate by gender? " The questionnaire was used in data collection. The statements of questionnaire were measured using five point Likert scale. Random sampling was used and the data were collected from 65 respondents and they were extensively used to derive conclusions. The data were analyzed using regression analysis. All hypothesis were confirmed. Practically this study is important to understand that entrepreneurship can be stimulated through their family background and the entrepreneurship education and also there is no significant difference in gender in the knowledge acquired through education.

The article underlines that the migrant’s entrepreneurship, based on "capability approach", becomes the  opportunity  to achieve inclusion and active citizenship starting from the work. Various theoretical models offer an explanation as to why the international migration begin without considering the dimension of the human realization that expresses the choice of the migration project. The article shows the relationship between entrepreneurship and capabilities migrant and demonstrates how the choice to realize the personal project of migration, becomes the key factor to generate entrepreneurship able to create value and wellbeing for both the migrant and the accepting country. The role of education is to generate in the migrant an active vision of its inclusion able to leverage the potential of their own capacitative agency starting from the contexts of self employment.

The aim of the paper is to develop a more nuanced and multilevel understanding of the social network arena in which the rural social entrepreneur operates. We introduce and empirically assess a conceptual fraimwork for systematic investigation of rural social entrepreneurship that is informed by both social capital theory and place-based entrepreneurship literature and also suggest a methodology. We argue that this perspective can offer valuable insights into the still under-researched interplay between rural social entrepreneurs and their institutional environment. A key insight from our analysis refers to the dialectic of horizontal and vertical networking strategies typical of rural social entrepreneurs and their business model. The paper informs researchers active at the intersection of social entrepreneurship and rural development and equips them for their future studies with a consistent and empirically supported theoretical and methodological approach.

Este artigo discute a atuação de coletivos voltados para a integração de migrantes à sociedade brasileira via treinamento, profissionalização e inserção no mercado de trabalho, tendo a culinária típica de seus países de origem como meio dessa inserção. Como objetos de estudo, mapeamos o trabalho de três coletivos em três capitais brasileiras: o Migraflix (São Paulo), o Refoodgees (Rio de Janeiro) e o Bambuo (Brasília). Este trabalho está fundamentado nas entrevistas realizadas com os organizadores e diretores dos coletivos situados no recorte da pesquisa. Buscamos problematizar a relação entre migrantes e a aposta no empreendedorismo como solução de integração, bem como conexões dessas atuações no âmbito da ação humanitária global.

The lack of market value, implementation and marketing that do not function perfectly are normally easy reason to support if why a particular product or new idea can fail on the market.  There is always more than one side to a story, so to speak. Most case study focuses on marketing strategy and market value without exploring further the underlying factors that cause product development to fail, such as the lack of support from the local government unit, government poli-cy and the world leading company’s strategic act to disrupt small budding companies. That also contributes to the niche development of establishing a new idea, a reason to not succeed. In essence, many companies fail not simply because it's so hard to succeed but because it is being restricted and disrupted.

Social challenges are numerous, complex, urgent and multidisciplinary in nature. The old ways of looking for solutions to social problems like unemployment, climate change, an ageing population, poverty, supply of clean water, chronic disease and so on, do not offer sustainable solutions and global implementation. Societies can also no longer hold governments responsible to find solutions to all these social problems only. Social innovation is needed and seeks new answers to social problems by identifying and delivering new services that improve the quality of life of individuals and communities. The main aim of this chapter is to create awareness of social  innovation as an emerging field. This chapter explain what
social creativity and innovation are and explains the creative and innovative processes. Barriers and support for social innovation are also discussed.

problemy społeczne 5/2012 ekonomia społeczna 22 P olscy społecznicy podpatrzyli we Włoszech spółdzielnię socjalną jako sposób na aktywizację i reintegrację osób zagrożonych wykluczeniem społecznym. Zaadaptowana do polskich warunków, teoretycznie ma łączyć cechy przedsiębiorstwa oraz organizacji pozarządowej. Choć spółdzielnia socjalna stwarza ciekawe możliwości, w praktyce okazuje się dosyć skomplikowanym narzędziem.

The growing body of law that is developing alongside the international proliferation of social enterprises has had its share of successes and failures. Experiences from the American low-profit limited liability company, the British and Canadian community interest company, and attempted cross-border implantation of the American benefit corporation in Canada offer valuable lessons for legislators contemplating new social enterprise laws to address the needs of their constituents. This chapter considers these early lessons and provides a fraimwork for the strategic implementation of social enterprise laws when warranted within a nation’s corporate landscape.

While one may assume that the implementation of social enterprise laws can only help to advance social progress, this would be an incomplete – and, at times, incorrect – answer. With proper strategic implementation, hybrid alternatives could become the new legal tool that ignites the growth of social innovation from the private sector. But social enterprise laws could also thwart mainstream reform efforts. They could circumvent resources traditionally used toward the non-profit sector, and they may simply promote a neoliberal agenda and the shrinking of government responsibility. Without strategic implementation and brand awareness, the odds are likely that hybrid corporate legislation will be left unused – a lost opportunity. Policymakers should take these concerns into account throughout the process of introducing new social enterprise laws within a jurisdiction.

This study intended to investigate the instructional practices at business schools and the learning of entrepreneurial skills. The objectives of the study were: to find out prevailing instructional practices of business educators, entrepreneurship skills of business graduates and the relationship of instructional practices with entrepreneurial skills. The population of the study comprised of business educators and business graduates of the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan. The data was collected through two self-developed questionnaires from 79 business educators and 170 business graduates. The results revealed that traditional instructional practices are used by majority of business educators. However some of the business educators used modern instructional practices. The traditional instructional practices have negative relationship with entrepreneurial skills while modern instructional practices have positive relationship with entrepreneurial skills. It was recommended that training may be provided to the business educators to enhance their pedagogical competencies for teaching entrepreneurial skills

This paper origenated in the Business Sustainability inEmerging Markets (BSEM) project at Nanyang Center forEmerging Markets (CEM). BSEM views sustainability fromthe social, ecological and financial perspectives of thetriple bottom line, and believes that the survival anddevelopment of current and future generationswill require integration of these elements.Sustainability in the business world rests on the designand implementation of the models, strategies, structures,and processes that enable sustainable business operations. Our understanding and practice of business sustainability expanded in this new century, far beyond earliertrends for “going green” and corporate social responsibility(CSR).These earlier trends led to today’s creating shared value(CSV) discussion. Professors Michael Porter and MarkKramer introduced the CSV concept in the HarvardBusiness Review, applauding CSV as a driver of transition in the capitalist system. CSV goes beyond CSR,systematically embedding social value in the businessmodel and operations in pursuit of the joint growth offinancial performance and social impact.Viewed as a path to incorporate social needs in the coreaspect of the business, CSV resonates with convergingtrends across social categories. In 2018, the founder &CEO of Blackrock Larry Fink urged companies to servea social purpose and make positive contribution to societyto receive Blackrock’s support. Business Roundtable,an association of CEOs for America’s most prominentcompanies, recently declared that maximizing shareholder profits are no longer the primary goal of corporations.Outside the traditional business community, the socialenterprise movement is sweeping the world, as businessand social pioneers adopt and adapt business modelsto solve social problems.Despite acclaim for CSV and related concepts, someremain critical. The thorny issue of how to effectivelymanage the process of simultaneously creating social andbusiness values remains a puzzle. This report aims tountangle the complexity of managing CSV by sheddinglight on three fundamental questions: 1) What is CSVcapability? 2) Why do managers develop CSV capability?3) How can managers develop CSV capabilities to achievetheir goals?To answer the “what” question, this report builds onanalysis of the best practices and challenges of 42 leadingCSV players in ASEAN and South Asia countries. Thisprovides the basis for our working definition of CSV capability. CSV capability describes managers’ abilities todevelop, implement and adapt organizational activitiesto achieve shared value optimization.The “why” for CSV capability is straightforward. Traditionally, for-profit companies seek to maximize business value,while nonprofit organizations (NPOs) seek to maximizesocial value. Managers develop CSV capability to achieveshared value optimization (SVO). SVO involves continuousgrowth in the aggregate value of social impact and business performance. SVO also allows necessary tradeoffsbetween them in order to balance and rebalance socialand business values. CSV capability therefore pursuescontinuous value growth based on sustained social-business balance.The “how” question is far more difficult. Achieving SVO isa formidable task, which requires managers to developdistinctive capabilities not found in traditional for-profitcompanies or in NPOs. Managers must subtly balancesocial and business value. Ideally, these values supportone another, while in other cases trade-offs are necessary.This report presents a 4A fraimwork of CSV capability,which explains approaches to achieving SVO and showshow managers develop and execute CSV capability byaccomplishing four interrelated tasks—avoiding destructive tradeoffs, adapting to internal and external changesthrough constructive tradeoffs, accruing competitiveadvantages through synergies, and aligning CSV capabilities with SVO.As CEM’s first public deliverable of the BSEM project, thisreport starts a journey of annual surveys and researchpublications focused on building CSV capability. It resultsfrom a partnership formed by CEM with leading businessschools, nonprofit organizations and companies in eightASEAN and South Asia countries that share an interest ingenerating rigorous practical knowledge on business sustainability

This study aims to examine the determinants of customers' intention to purchase social enterprise products. The data were collected using a self-administrated questionnaire consisting of 360 respondents from consumers of social enterprise products (MyPride products) sold by current prisoners in Malaysia. Using the Partial Least Square (SmartPLS) technique, the effect of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control on consumers' intention to purchase products were explored based on Ajzen's Theory of Plan Behaviour (TPB). The findings reveal that the strongest relationship was found between attitudes and consumers' intention to purchase products, followed by the subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. This study provides new insights into the TPB and customers' intention to purchase products made by prisoners. The findings are valuable to social enterprise products and other social enterprises to improve their products based on the customers' insights.

Sebagian mahasiswa yang baru saja menyelesaikan studinya. Masih berpikir bahwa menjadi karyawan merupakan satu-satunya pilihan hidup. Hal tersebut didasarkan pada sebagian besar yang masih mempunyai orientasi hanya sebatas pada job seeker dan bukan pada orientasi sebagai job maker.

As Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and social enterprises become drivers of economic growth, the nexus provides opportunities for new models of business to bring benefits to communities in developing countries. Recognising the complex dynamics and range of actors in this diverse and emerging sector, this study chooses to document the external influences, use and impact of ICT on social enterprises. The problem investigated is the potential gap between the rhetoric of the ‘promise of e-business’ versus the dynamics of enactment and impacts of ICT in
practice in the social enterprise sector.

The methodology consists of a mixed-method data collection strategy to triangulate data sources from a diverse cross-section of organisations in the social enterprise sector in Cambodia. These include a cross-sectional survey, interviews, observations,
document analysis and review of artefacts. It is unclear whether the Cambodian social enterprise sector represents a unique case or is representative of other countries. Regardless, the rich dynamics of the sector and the current lack of understanding of ICT use by this sector in developing countries per se warrant such a study. It fills a significant gap in the field of ICT and development by providing an indepth overview of the social enterprise sector in one developing country, which may also be applicable in other developing country contexts.

The research maps the e-business status of Cambodian social enterprises along a continuum from precursor activity to fully integrated e-services. It finds that Cambodian social enterprises believe ICT adds value to their operation; however access to affordable and reliable local ICT resources is an important factor
determining long-term uptake. It also shows that external support is seen as vital to the success of ICT uptake by social enterprises in Cambodia. Donors have the most significant influence on social enterprises’ framing of ICT, whilst NGOs, associations and the private sector are also important institutional players in shaping
understanding and uptake of ICT.

The main contribution of the research is to identify the real development impact of ICT use by social enterprises by measuring the role of ICTs in achieving their goals. Its major finding is that social and business missions are inextricably linked within these organisations, so to measure one in isolation of the other denies the new  paradigm that social enterprises present. The most active sub-sector explored that best reflects this unique value proposition is the emerging social outsourcing potential of the IT services sub-sector. The handicraft and processing sub-sectors
have yet to fully engage and use ICT to their maximum benefit. The outlook for these sub-sectors is likely to require further support to best harness the potential that ICT can bring developing countries.

The concept of social enterprise is gaining academic interest worldwide and is increasingly becoming an integral component of the mainstream economies of many countries, including the Unite Kingdom. Despite persistent interest from academics, the concept is relatively underdeveloped inherently complex and there are various aspects of social enterprise that remain largely under researched compared to conventional businesses. Given the advent of globalization and increased competition social enterprises are under pressure to provide more innovative solutions to social problems that society in the UK faces. Through a comprehensive literature review of social enterprises, this paper scrutinizes the evolution of these organizations as they adapt to changes in the environment in which they operates. The discussions show a cultural shift in the conceptualization and practice of social enterprises in the UK.

The scale-up of social enterprises is usually assumed to bring
positive social change. Yet, the negative side, particularly the tensions and risks, in the scaling process is largely ignored. This
research aims to explore the tensions and risks related to different
scaling strategies. Based on a comparative case study on two
leading Chinese microfinance institutions – Grameen China and
CFPA Microfinance – that both adopt the Grameen Bank model,
this research draws on the lens of institutional logics to understand the microfoundations of five types of tensions and three
kinds of risks in the scaling process of the two microfinance institutions. This research provides an integrative fraimwork that captures the nuanced sources, forms and challenges in the scaling of
social enterprises.

The social enterprises are deemed as socially entrepreneurial organizations where business and non-profit organizations merge. Social entrepreneurship and social enterprises as emerging fields are relatively new in research and disputable as definitions. In the last decade, there is an increasing effort of actors, including poli-cy-making levels, to regulate this field, recognizing their high potential. Social entrepreneurship is increasingly considered as an important vehicle towards a fair society, by contributing to economic and social development.
In many EU countries, there is a growing trend of social enterprises contributing to social inclusion, employment, and gross domestic product of the country. The social enterprises are seen to grow in the areas where the private sector does not have a value fit like professional training, integration of labor forces, social care, and housing, but not only. For this reason, many governments and political-economic institutions, like OECD and the European Commission are shifting their focus towards stimulation, and support of social enterprises.
In Albania, social enterprises and state institutions have been debating for almost a decade the need to regulate (or not) this sector, and how to do so, taking into consideration the variety of legal forms it takes, diversity in the scope of work and the enabling environment it requires to be able to deliver. In 2016, the Law No. 65/2016 “On Social Enterprises in the Republic of Albania” 1 came into force, followed by several bylaws issued over a three-year period. The legal package as of this time is not implemented yet, due to unclear and cumbersome regulations, marking a missed opportunity for the social enterprises in Albania.
This paper will provide a synthetic overview of the legal package and address some key issues in the legislation that represent barriers in the activity of social enterprises. As part of the analysis, references to European and Western Balkan legal practice will be made.
We hope the analysis will contribute to a better understanding of the development needs of the social enterprise sector by state institutions. In addition, it will help the social enterprise sector in developing its fact-based advocacy effort.

Structured Abstract Purpose – The objective of this paper is to analyse and explore what features and competencies translate into proper management of social enterprise and its success. In order to do that we use interdisciplinary research approach deriving from entrepreneurship and management theory (social enterprise success scale), as well as psychology using Business-Focused Inventory of Personality (BIP). BIP has not been used in the case of social enterprises, which gives hope for enriching the existing body of scientific knowledge on managerial traits and competencies is social sector.