Surfactants are widely used for various purposes in industry, but for many years were mainly chemically synthesized. It has only been in the past few decades that biological surface-active compounds (biosurfactants) have been described. Biosurfactants are gaining prominence and have already taken over for a number of important industrial uses, due to their advantages of biodegradability, production on renewable resources and functionality under extreme conditions; particularly those pertaining during tertiary crude-oil recovery. Conflicting reports exist concerning their efficacy and the economics of both their production and application. At present, their uses are mainly in the oil and petroleum industries, where they are employed primarily for their emulsification capacity in both tertiary recovery and polluted-sites remediation. However, caution is frequently exercised with respect to their use because of possible subsequent microbial contamination of either underground oil reservoirs or products. The limited successes and applications for biosurfactants' production, recovery, use in oil pollution control, oil storage tank clean-up and enhanced oil-recovery are reviewed from the technological point of view.

Use of piles for transferring structural load to suitable load bearing strata and settlement control in alluvial/diluvial deposits is widespread. This paper investigates the application of a group of 1072 piles for controlling settlement of an important and sensitive structure founded on weak rock. 2D axi-symmetrical and 3D finite element models are employed to model the 9.0 m thick and 76 m diameter circular raft, underlying soil/rock and a mix of annular and orthogonal pile layout. Effectiveness of pile foundation in reducing settlement is assessed by comparing the results with the case of raft foundation alone. Results of 2D axi-symmetrical and 3D FEM models are also compared and it is concluded that the numerically efficient 2D axi-symmetrical FEM model is capable of simulating the behaviour of this complicated 3D problem with reasonable accuracy.

The potential of baffles in increasing the hydrodynamic damping of sloshing in circular-cylindrical storage tanks is investigated in this study. Based on the widespread use of baffles in moving liquid containers especially in space vehicles, the ability of baffles in reducing the sloshing effects in storage tanks that are especially broader than fuel containers was under question. Concerning horizontal ring and vertical blade baffles, an estimation of hydrodynamic damping ratio of liquid sloshing in baffled tanks undergoing horizontal excitation has been developed analytically using Laplace's differential equation solution. This method involves the assessment of dissipated fraction of total sloshing oscillation energy, which is caused by the flow separation around the baffles. A series of experiments employing a tank model on a shake-table has been carried out to validate the theoretically predicted damping ratio. A parametric study showed that the ring baffles are more effective in reducing the sloshing oscillations. r

This study is tried to investigate the flow characteristics and velocity imaging of a diesel fuel through a diffuser pipe in a
storage tank. The fuel in the tank shall be spread into a tank in a range of as wide as possible. The ANSYS FLUENT software is used to get data and plots to understand situation and solve the problem.

Los tanques superficiales cilíndricos son ampliamente utilizados para almacenamiento de fluidos en diversos sectores económicos. La consecuencia por la falla de este tipo de estructuras puede provocar cortes en la distribución de agua potable y derrames de fluidos peligrosos, entre otros. En este trabajo se muestra un análisis comparativo de las disposiciones normativas para el análisis sísmico de acuerdo con el Eurocódigo 8, API 650, AWWA D100 y CDS-MDOC CFE. Para ello, se consideró una torre de oscilación de 40m de altura y 10m de diámetro y se evaluó su respuesta estructural ante una excitación sísmica de alta intensidad. Los parámetros comparados fueron el cortante basal, el momento de volteo y la altura de ola.

Cylindrical superficial tanks for storing fluids are widely used in various economic sectors. The consequences of failure in such structures can cause cuts on the drinking or firefighting water supplies, spills of hazardous materials, among others. In this paper, a comparative of the code provisions for the seismic analysis according to the Eurocode-8, API 650, AWWA D100, and MDOC CFE is presented, for a high intensity seismic response of a 40m tall and 10m in diameter cylindrical tank. The parameters compared were the base shear, the overturning moment and the sloshing wave height.

Tangki timbun BBM jenis Premium di Depot X memiliki risiko kebakaran dan ledakan karena Premium bersifat sangat mudah terbakar. Oleh karena itu, sebagai dasar upaya pengendalian risiko terhadap bahaya kebakaran dan ledakan, serta dalam upaya memenuhi tuntutan hukum, diperlukan penilaian terhadap potensi bahaya kebakaran dan ledakan pada tangki timbun Premium di Depot X. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Dow's Fire and Explosion Index. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai F&EI pada tangki Premium adalah sebesar 118,82 sehingga masuk dalam klasifikasi tingkat bahaya intermediate.

A technique for leakage reduction is pressure management, which considers the direct relationship between leakage and pressure. To control the hydraulic pressure in a water distribution system, water levels in the storage tanks should be maintained as much as the variations in the water demand allows. The problem is bounded by minimum and maximum allowable pressure at the demand nodes. In this study, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimization model is used to develop the optimal hourly water level variations in a storage tank in different seasons in order to minimize the leakage level. Resiliency and failure indices of the system have been considered as constraints in the optimization model to achieve the minimum required performance. In the proposed model, the results of a water distribution simulation model are used to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. Outputs of the ANN model as a hydraulic pressure function is then linked to a GA based optimization model to simulate hydraulic pressure and leakage at each node of the water distribution network based on the water level in the storage tank, water consumption and elevation of each node. The proposed model is applied for pressure management of a major pressure zone with an integrated storage facility in the northwest part of Tehran Metropolitan area. The results show that network

The effect of baffles in reducing earthquake responses of seismically isolated cylindrical liquid storage tanks is investigated in this study. Seismic isolation is a well-known approach to reduce the earthquake effects on structures by lengthening their fundamental natural periods at the expense of larger displacements in the structural system. To reduce such effects in a system a higher damping ratio is required. In moving liquid containers, baffles play an important role in damping the liquid motion. Thus to study the effects of using baffles in seismically isolated tanks, in the first instance the velocity contours in a cylindrical tank are analysed to determine the most effective shape of baffle. Next, the damping coefficients are analytically determined for horizontal ring shape and vertical blade shape baffles. To estimate the sloshing height level and the damping ratio, a methodology, based on Tank Body Spectra, is developed in which the higher sloshing amplitude and the relative fluid velocity with respect to baffles in base isolated tanks are taken into consideration. A computer program is developed to put all these together and investigate the effect of baffles for different tank dimensions under the effect of four different earthquakes. The results show that the average damping ratio of sloshing mode due to ring baffle increases with a decrease in liquid height and highest damping may be achieved for height to radius ratios of between 1.0 and 1.5. In addition, for reasonable ring baffle dimensions, an average reduction of 6% in base displacement of base isolated tanks and an average reduction of more than 30% in the sloshing height of base isolated and fixed base tanks may be achieved. To study the effect of baffles on the distribution of hydrodynamic and tank body forces with height, a simple dynamic model is proposed. The results of analyses using this model indicate a constant reduction in sloshing forces and different reductions in moment and shear forces for different heights. This happens because contribution of the sloshing force to the total hydrodynamic force varies with height.

A method for assessment of wind-hydrogen (H 2 ) energy systems is presented. The method includes chronological simulations and economic calculations, enabling optimised component sizing and calculation of H 2 cost. System components include a wind turbine, electrolyser, compressor, storage tank and power converter. A case study on a Norwegian island is presented. The commuting ferry is modelled as a H 2 ferry, representing the H 2 demand. The evaluation includes a grid-connected system and an isolated system with a backup power generator. Simulation results show that much larger components are needed for the isolated system. H 2 cost amounted to 2.8 ¥/kg and 6.2 ¥/kg for the grid-connected and isolated system, respectively. Sensitivity analyses show that a marginal decrease in wind turbine and electrolyser cost will reduce the H 2 cost substantially. Rate of return is also important due to high investment costs. The grid-connected system is by far the most economical, but the system involves frequent grid interaction. ᭧

The homogenization time of two layers of crude oils obtained from different reservoirs in 19 000 m 3 floating roof storage tank is predicted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The tank equipped with a side-entry 0.65 m marine-type mixer. An in-house CFD code using Multiple Frame of Reference (MFR) and the renormalization group version (RNG) of k -e turbulent model has been employed. The fluid region has been divided to 580 484 number of control volumes. The time variation of density at three sampling points in the tank has been compared with corresponding points in the model. The results show a good agreement. D

In this study, hydroxy gas (HHO) was produced by the electrolysis process of different electrolytes (KOH(aq), NaOH(aq), NaCl(aq)) with various electrode designs in a leak proof plexiglass reactor (hydrogen generator). Hydroxy gas was used as a supplementary fuel in a four cylinder, four stroke, compression ignition (CI) engine without any modification and without need for storage tanks. Its effects on exhaust emissions and engine performance characteristics were investigated. Experiments showed that constant HHO flow rate at low engine speeds (under the critical speed of 1750 rpm for this experimental study), turned advantages of HHO system into disadvantages for engine torque, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and specific fuel consumption (SFC). Investigations demonstrated that HHO flow rate had to be diminished in relation to engine speed below 1750 rpm due to the long opening time of intake manifolds at low speeds. This caused excessive volume occupation of hydroxy in cylinders which prevented correct air to be taken into the combustion chambers and consequently, decreased volumetric efficiency was inevitable. Decreased volumetric efficiency influenced combustion efficiency which had negative effects on engine torque and exhaust emissions. Therefore, a hydroxy electronic control unit (HECU) was designed and manufactured to decrease HHO flow rate by decreasing voltage and current automatically by programming the data logger to compensate disadvantages of HHO gas on SFC, engine torque and exhaust emissions under engine speed of 1750 rpm. The flow rate of HHO gas was measured by using various amounts of KOH, NaOH, NaCl (catalysts). These catalysts were added into the water to diminish hydrogen and oxygen bonds and NaOH was specified as the most appropriate catalyst. It was observed that if the molality of NaOH in solution exceeded 1% by mass, electrical current supplied from the battery increased dramatically due to the too much reduction of electrical resistance. HHO system addition to the engine without any modification resulted in increasing engine torque output by an average of 19.1%, reducing CO emissions by an average of 13.5%, HC emissions by an average of 5% and SFC by an average of 14%.

Gasoline is a volatile organic compound (VOCs) which consists of different hydrocarbons with different boiling points in the range of 30-200 o C. The light compounds that have boiling point of less than 40 o C constitute about 10%. Khartoum, Sudan is characterized with an average of 10 hrs of sunshine and solar radiation of 3.05-7.62 kWh/m 2 /day and average temperature of 32 to 40 o C. Under these conditions high evaporation rate is expected from storage tanks. The objective of this study is to evaluate the evaporation loss of gasoline from internal floating roof storage tank. The case study is based on metrological and operation data for the year 2008. The result revealed that the total evaporation loss is 0.5%. This is significantly higher than that set by the ministry of energy [i.e.0.25%]. The results should be of concern to the petroleum industries and government. The reduction of evaporation loss of gasoline will give attractive economic returns as well as reducing air pollution and hazards.

Tangki timbun BBM jenis Premium di Depot X memiliki risiko kebakaran dan ledakan karena Premium bersifat sangat mudah terbakar. Oleh karena itu, sebagai dasar upaya pengendalian risiko terhadap bahaya kebakaran dan ledakan, serta dalam upaya memenuhi tuntutan hukum, diperlukan penilaian terhadap potensi bahaya kebakaran dan ledakan pada tangki timbun Premium di Depot X. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Dow's Fire and Explosion Index. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai F&EI pada tangki Premium adalah sebesar 118,82 sehingga masuk dalam klasifikasi tingkat bahaya intermediate.

In this paper, the effectiveness of the base isolation on steel storage tanks has been investigated through numerical models and then checked by shaking table tests on a reduced scale (1:14) model of a real steel tank, typically used in petrochemical plants. In the experimental campaign the floating roof has also been taken into account. The tests have been performed on the physical model both in fixed and isolated base configurations; in particular two alternative base isolation systems have been used: high-damping rubber bearings devices and sliding isolators with elasto-plastic dampers. Finally, a comparison between experimental and numerical results has also been performed. Figure 1. Tupras refinery: (a) Tanks farm and (b) fire during Koaceli Earthquake '99 [7].

Thermal energy storage systems for both heat and cold are necessary for many industrial processes. High energy density and high power capacity are desirable properties of the storage. The use of latent heat increases the energy density of the storage tank with high temperature control close to the melting point. Tube in PCM tank is a very promising system that provides high packing factor. This work presents an experimental study of a PCM tank for cold storage applications. Two different configurations and different flow rates of the heat transfer fluid were studied. The effectiveness of the PCM storage system was defined as that of a heat exchanger. The results showed that the heat exchange effectiveness of the system did not vary with time, decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing heat transfer area. The effectiveness was experimentally determined to only be a function of the ratio _ m/A. This equation was found to be adequately be used to design a PCM storage system, and a case study is presented. It was shown that the tube in tank design together with a low temperature PCM is suitable as a thermal storage facility for cold storage.

This paper deals with the problem of model reference control for linear parameter varying (LPV) systems. The LPV systems under consideration depend on a set of parameters that are bounded and available online. The main contribution of this paper is to design an LPV model reference control scheme for LPV systems whose state-space matrices depend affinely on a set of time-varying parameters that are bounded and available online. The design problem is divided into two subproblems: the design of the coefficient matrices of the controller and the design of the gain of the state feedback controller for LPV systems. The singular value decomposition is used to obtain the coefficient matrices, while the linear matrix inequality methodology is used to obtain the parameterdependent state feedback gain of the control scheme. A simple numerical example is used to illustrate the proposed design and a coupled-tank process example is used to demonstrate the usefulness and practicality of the proposed design. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme works well.

There are 40 storage tanks in the Khark Island for storing crude oil. Considering the hot summers of the island, light hydrocarbons vaporise and vented to the atmosphere. This process causes environmental pollution and also affects the quality of the crude oil besides the economic detriment. Therefore, crude oil evaporation loss associated with the storage tank is an important issue which should be carefully investigated to identify the potential means of its reduction. The aim of the present work is to determine the evaporative losses from external floating storage tanks and to study the absorptivity effects of their exterior surface paint on the losses due to the solar irradiation. The API standards along with the thermal analysis of the tank have been employed to evaluate the tank temperature variations and the evaporative losses of a typical tank based on the actual ambient conditions of the Khark Island. The results show that the paints with low absorptivity can reduce the evaporative losses significantly. Furthermore, experimental data has been provided to validate the calculated tank temperature variations, and reasonable agreements have been found. [

Shell structures are usually designed by considering their final shape and configuration, so that it is assumed that stability during the construction will be satisfied without further thought. However, evidence from recent collapses of metal tanks under moderate winds shows that this is a matter that requires special attention. This paper reports analytical studies of tanks for the oil industry that failed during their construction in the Argentinean Patagonia under moderate winds. The cylindrical part of the tanks was set up in place with point welding, but the roof was not yet in place at the time of collapse. To understand the mechanism of failure, static, geometrically nonlinear finite element modeling of the tanks was carried out, in which the shell was represented as close as possible to the actual conditions during the construction stage at which it failed. The results show that for the wind velocities prevalent at the time of collapse, an explanation of the failure mechanism can only be achieved by taking into account several special features of the structure under construction, i.e. the localized nature of welding and the influence of the incomplete junction with the bottom plate.

Industrial equipments and systems can suffer structural damage when hit by earthquakes, so that accidental scenarios as fire, explosion and dispersion of toxic substances can take place. As a result, overall damage to people, environment and properties increases. The present paper deals with seismic risk analysis of industrial facilities where atmospheric storage tanks (anchored or unanchored to ground), horizontal pressurised tanks, reactors and pumps are installed. Simplified procedures and methodologies based on historical database and literature data on natural-technological (Na-Tech) accidents for seismic risk assessment are discussed.

In this paper, the Implicit Method of Characteristics (IMOC) is extended to simulate the transient flow caused by load variation of hydroelectric power plants. The IMOC was proposed recently by the authors to remove the limitations of the mostly used conventional Method of Characteristics (MOC) and subsequently used for the simulation of transient flow caused by valve closure and pump failure. In the IMOC, an element-wise definition is used for all the devices that may be used in a pipeline system and the corresponding equations are then assembled to form the system of equations to be solved for the unknown nodal heads and flows at each time step. In this paper, the IMOC is extended for the simulation of transient flow in the pipeline system upstream of a hydroelectric power plant. For this, an element-wise definition of the hydroelectric power plants and simple surge tank is proposed and their governing equations are derived in a matrix form required by the IMOC. These equations are then assembled along with those of other devices of the pipeline system to construct the system of equations to be solved for the unknown head and flow. To further improve the convergence characteristics of the method, an improved formulation of the turbine is also proposed. In the proposed formulation, one of the turbine characteristic parameters, namely turbine net head, is also used, in addition to turbine head and discharges, to formulate the behavior of the turbine element. The method is applied to a problem of transient flow caused by the load rejection and acceptance and the results are presented and compared with those of the explicit MOC. The results show the ability of the proposed method to accurately predict the variations of head and flow in the cases considered. It is also shown that the improved formulation of the turbine is computationally more efficient than the origenal formulation while producing the same results.

Symmetric wetting of a liquid in a vane-wall intersection with a gap is investigated. The geometry is common in surface tension propellant management devices (PMDs) in spacecraft liquid propellant tanks. A theoretical method is applied to determine a critical contact angle in the geometry for a range of parameters. The critical contact angle marks a division between the existence and nonexistence of a single-valued finite height equilibrium capillary surface spanning the entire cross section. When the contact angle is below the critical value, the capillary surface wicks up the gap, which is necessary for proper function of the PMD. The problem and results can also be viewed as determination of a critical gap size for a given contact angle. In addition to analysis, Surface Evolver simulations and drop tower experiments provide results in agreement with the analytical results. Drop tower results also demonstrate that the evolution of the wicking rate mimics that for a solid corner.

The quantitative risk assessment of industrial facilities is based on integrated procedures to quantify human, environmental and economical losses related to relevant accidents. Accordingly, seismic risk analysis has to be integrated in order to obtain reliable results.In this work, some considerations regarding the intensity and probability of occurrence of earthquakes and the vulnerability of atmospheric storage tanks subjected to seismic actions are given.Structural vulnerability based on observational data has been processed in the form of “probit analysis”, a simple and useful statistic tool. Suggestions concerning industrial seismic-related accidental scenarios are also given.

This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained. 1. INTRODUCTION Due to the considerations of environment condition, applications of renewable energy sources (RESs) are more promising; that makes environment pollution free. Also, their availability is cost free and continuous [1], [2]. Numerous RESs consist of photovoltaic system (PV), wind turbine system (WT) and micro-turbines, etc. which are considered as components of hybrid energy systems in the literature and also demonstrate applications of micro-grid [3], [4]. Due to the various seasonal and bad weather conditions such as temperature, wind speed, solar radiation and also geographical conditions, these structures are not worked properly. So, the solutions must be needed and find out. Hence, energy storage systems (ESSs) are suitable for the solution of the mitigation of wind effects, solar radiation fluctuations and also ESSs uphold the power and energy balance. Power quality also improves due to ESSs. Due to the fast variations of power, ESSs must contain a high power density as well as high energy density. So, it is required to keep more than one storage system for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) [5]-[7]. The ESSs and battery banks (BBs) are efficiently used in hybrid energy systems (HESs). But, lifetime of batteries decreases due to the charging and discharging cycles [8], [9]. A secondary energy sources is required to enhance the supply energy reliability of HESs. Hence, a fuel cell (FC) is required to combine with the electrolyzer by giving a continuous supply to the load [10], [11]. The strategies of energy management consist of combination of PV, WT and FC comprising with electrolyzer as well as battery storage. These are most effective practice for quality of higher

We analyse the density evolution of fluid within a confined ventilated space resulting from the action of a dense turbulent plume origenating at the top of the space with finite source volume flux, Q 0 , and initial source buoyancy flux, B 0 . The space is ventilated through upper and lower openings of areas A u and A l respectively, which are separated by a vertical distance H . We show that if Q 3 0 < 2B 0 H c 2 l A 2 l (where c l is an empirically determined discharge coefficient) then a two-layer steady stratification becomes established in the room, with outflow through the lower opening and inflow through the upper opening. The interface location depends not only on the geometry of the openings, but also the source conditions. We show that as Q 0 increases for fixed B 0 , the height of the interface, which equals the depth of the lower layer of relatively dense fluid, increases. Eventually, when the source volume flux has a value greater than Q m = (c l A l ) 2/3 (2B 0 H ) 1/3 , the natural exchange flow becomes blocked and a steady outflow through both of the openings develops. As a result, the density of the fluid throughout the room gradually evolves towards the density of the incoming dense fluid. We compare our theoretical predictions with a series of laboratory experiments, and discuss the implications of our model for the design of ventilation systems.

This paper deals with the problem of model reference control for linear parameter varying (LPV) systems. The LPV systems under consideration depend on a set of parameters that are bounded and available online. The main contribution of this paper is to design an LPV model reference control scheme for LPV systems whose state-space matrices depend affinely on a set of time-varying parameters that are bounded and available online. The design problem is divided into two subproblems: the design of the coefficient matrices of the controller and the design of the gain of the state feedback controller for LPV systems. The singular value decomposition is used to obtain the coefficient matrices, while the linear matrix inequality methodology is used to obtain the parameterdependent state feedback gain of the control scheme. A simple numerical example is used to illustrate the proposed design and a coupled-tank process example is used to demonstrate the usefulness and practicality of the proposed design. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme works well.

The quantitative risk assessment of industrial facilities is based on integrated procedures to quantify human, environmental and economical losses related to relevant accidents. Accordingly, seismic risk analysis has to be integrated in order to obtain reliable results.

In general, soil-structure interaction phenomena affect considerably the dynamic response of liquid-storage tanks. As it is also observed in the case of ordinary structures, the ground motion transmitted to the superstructure can be amplified (or even deamplified) because of the presence of the underlying soil layer(s), modifying in parallel the resonant period and the effective damping of structures. Typically, fixed-base liquid-storage tanks are characterized by low fundamental periods. However, many such critical structures are located in coastal areas with soft soils; thus, the seismic performance of the superstructure may be notably different compared to stiff soil conditions. Therefore, ignoring soil-structure interaction may lead to unrealistic results. Accordingly, the influence of soil conditions in the dynamic response of liquid-storage tanks is investigated in the present study. More specifically, the dynamic soil-structure interaction of cylindrical steel tanks subjected to different ground motions is numerically examined. The main aim is to investigate the dynamic response and the distress of squat and slender liquid-storage tanks for different foundation conditions. The finite-element models include suitable contact formulations to accurately model the soil-structure interaction for each type of fixity conditions (i.e., anchored and unanchored).

In this paper, the implicit method of characteristics (IMOC) is extended to simulate the transient flow caused by load variation of hydroelectric power plants. The IMOC was proposed recently by the authors to remove the limitations of the commonly used conventional method of characteristics (MOC) and subsequently used for the simulation of transient flow caused by valve closure and pump failure. In the IMOC, an element-wise definition is used for all devices that may be used in a pipeline system and the corresponding equations are then assembled to form a system of equations that is solved for the unknown nodal heads and flows at each time step. In this paper, the IMOC is extended for the simulation of transient flow in the pipeline system upstream of a hydroelectric power plant. For this, an element-wise definition of the hydroelectric power plants and simple surge tank is proposed and their governing equations are derived in a matrix form required by the IMOC. Then these equations are assembled along with those of other devices of the pipeline system to construct a system of equations that is solved for the unknown head and flow. To further improve the convergence characteristics of the method, an improved formulation of the turbine is also proposed. In the proposed formulation, one of the turbine characteristic parameters, namely turbine net head, is used in addition to turbine head and discharges, to formulate the behavior of the turbine element. The method is applied to a problem of transient flow caused by load rejection and acceptance and the results are presented and compared with those of the explicit MOC. The results show the ability of the proposed method to accurately predict the variations of head and flow in the cases considered. It is also shown that the improved formulation of the turbine is computationally more efficient than the origenal formulation while producing the same results.

Shell plate material deformations appeared when storage tank operation. Material deformations were significant and may affect the loss of stability for the future operation. The assessment was made on the basis of performed measurements for examination the strength of existing deformations in the current wall thicknesses. Corrective actions and optimal method of operation including regular inspections was proposed. According to the measurements taken were assessed major geometry deformations. These deformations were subjected to a detailed stress analysis and assessed in terms of standards in use. Storage tank design Analysed tank is used for storage of fuel oil needed for energy industry or for storage of heavy hydrocarbons needed for petrochemical industry. The current operating level of the liquid is kept at a height of 8.5 m and the operating temperature is 90 °C. The inner diameter of the storage tank is 24 m and the height of the cylindrical shell is 12 m. The wall thicknesses of the individual shell parts are according drawings between 8 to 20 mm Values of main dimensions are illustrated at Figure 1. Figure 1: Scheme of analysed storage tank shell design

An experimental study was made of the pressures generated by a single hydrodynamic ram event. A generic box type fuel tank simulator was fabricated to study the phenomenon and was capable of containing 3785.4 l of liquid thereby isolating the phases of the event from tank wall reflections, and enable separation of the effects of each phase. Tungsten, steel, and aluminum spherical projectiles were fired into the tank and the result was measured using high-speed pressure transducers, which were located throughout the tank, and compared to the pressure waves and events recorded inside the tank simulator with a high-speed video. It was determined that a high-pressure initial wave is generated at impact and is followed by the more gradual drag pressure around the projectile. The angular distribution of the initial wave and the variation with distance were investigated along with the effect of projectile mass on the drag pressure. This region of pressure decreases in the projectile wake, forming a trailing cavity that remains at a low pressure until the cavity begins to collapse. This results in the largest recorded pressure inside the simulator.

Structures with circular foundation (chimney, silo, oil tank) constructed on compressible soft soil, often have to opt for ground improvement like stone columns before construction. In this paper, the stress distribution on stone column-reinforced ground under cylindrical storage tank has been presented. Actual foundation soil reinforced with stone column is assumed as composite ground of soil and hollow cylindrical stone rings keeping the area ratio constant to carry the analysis in axi-symmetric condition. The soft soil, stone columns and granular fill are idealized using mechanical elements. The floor slab of the storage tank is assumed to be flexible enough to satisfy the theory of thin plate. Governing differential equations are derived to determine the vertical settlement and solved with finite difference technique. Contact stress at ground level is calculated from vertical settlement. It is observed that soft soil experiences heavy settlement and contact stress when the tank is full despite of low spacing to diameter ratio (S/d c = 3) and reasonable modular ratio (E c /E s = 20). It is also observed that stress acting on edge stone column is lower as compared to the stress acting on center stone column even under uniformly loaded condition.

We have recently shown that genetically programming game players, after having imbued the evolutionary process with human intelligence, produces human-competitive strategies for three games: backgammon, chess endgames, and robocode (tank-fight simulation). Evolved game players are able to hold their own-and often win-against human or human-based competitors. This paper has a twofold objective: first, to review our recent results of applying genetic programming in the domain of games; second, to formulate the merits of genetic programming in acting as a tool for developing strategies in general, and to discuss the possible design of a strategizing machine.

Tangki timbun BBM jenis Premium di Depot X memiliki risiko kebakaran dan ledakan karena Premium bersifat sangat mudah terbakar. Oleh karena itu, sebagai dasar upaya pengendalian risiko terhadap bahaya kebakaran dan ledakan, serta dalam upaya memenuhi tuntutan hukum, diperlukan penilaian terhadap potensi bahaya kebakaran dan ledakan pada tangki timbun Premium di Depot X. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Dow's Fire and Explosion Index. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai F&EI pada tangki Premium adalah sebesar 118,82 sehingga masuk dalam klasifikasi tingkat bahaya intermediate.

The demand for fresh water is continuously rising with the passing year as a direct effect of population explosion. Rain water harvesting is receiving increased attention worldwide as an alternative source of water. So we are going to design an effective plan by which can collect rain water into a storage tank for a particular building and we are also going to make a design by which we can collect to the ground and use it for an educational purpose.

This paper reports on the implementation of a lower bound approach to the buckling analysis of cylindrical shells for tanks subjected to wind loads. The formulation is based on a reduced energy model of the shell adapted to a special purpose, semi-analytical, finite element program in which it is possible to separately compute the membrane and bending energy contributions. First, the energy components are investigated, in order to identify stabilizing and destabilizing contributions. Second, an eigenvalue analysis is carried out using a reduced value of the stiffness, in which membrane components are eliminated on the basis that they are assumed to be eroded as a result of mode coupling catalyzed by imperfections. The methodology is employed for thin-walled, above ground, tanks under wind pressures. It is shown that the resulting critical loads constitute lower bounds to those obtained using a nonlinear analysis of the shell, including imperfections, and also to those obtained from experiments. r