In the design of a stormwater detention tank is important to guarantee a sufficient retention time for the sedimentation of suspended solids, the biological uptake of nutrients and the die-off of bacteria carried in rainwaters. Long retention times increase the capacity of pollutant removal, but also the possibility of spills in downstream receivers and the risk of environmental pollution. In this paper, an analytical probabilistic approach, to estimate the probability distribution function of the average retention time and the efficiency in pollutant removal of stormwater tanks has been proposed. The possibility of water mixing from consecutive runoff events and storage carryover due to successive rainfall events has been considered. The method has been applied to a case study in Milano, Italy.

Solar cooling applied to buildings is without a doubt an interesting alternative for reducing energy consumption in traditional mechanical steam compression air conditioning systems. The study of these systems should have a closely purely fundamental approach including the development of numerical models in order to predict the overall installation performance. The final objective is to estimate cooling capacity, power consumption, and overall installation performance with relation to outside factors (solar irradiation, outside temperature.). The first stage in this work consists of estimating the primary energy produced by the solar collector field. The estimation of this primary energy is crucial to ensure the evaluation of the cooling capacity and therefore the cooling distribution and thermal comfort in the building. Indeed, the absorption chiller performance is directly related to its heat source. This study presents dynamic models for double glazing solar collectors and compares the results of the simulation with experimental results taken from our test bench (two collectors). In the second part, we present an extensive collector field model (36 collectors) from our solar cooling installation at The University Institute of Technology in St Pierre, Reunion Island as well as our stratified tank storage model. A comparison of the simulation results with real scale solar experimental data taken from our installation enables validation of the double glazing solar collector and stratified tank dynamic models.

PT. BADAK Natural Gas Liquefaction or better known as PT. BADAK NGL is a liquefied natural gas (LNG) company in Indonesia with installed capacity 22.5 MPTA of LNG. PT BADAK NGL has LNG, LPG, condensate and diesel fuel storage tanks. There are two diesel fuel tanks available for supporting diesel equipment such as turbine diesel, marine boats and vehicles. One of the diesel fuel tank, named 20-D-2, was constructed in 1975 based on standard API 650-Welded Tanks for Oil Storage. In 1996, after being operated for 21 years, plate replacement was needed on the tank floor and has been done as well. But in 2017 during 5 years periodic inspection, severe corrosion was found again on the plate of the tank floor. In this paper, the effort to investigate the failure and plate repairment was reported. Visual observation at internal and external side on the plate of tank floor was conducted based on NDT methode (Non
Destructive Testing) testing with MFL (Magnetic Flux Leakage). Plate thickness measurement of tank floor was also conducted with UT (Ultrasonic Testing). In addition, chemical analysis of residual fuel on the tank was performed to investigate sulphur concentration that potentially corrodes the plate. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was also
performed to investigate plate surface that has been corroded. Based on the analysis above, it was known that the leakage of 20-D-2 tank floor was caused by pitting corrosion, general corrosion and crevice corrosion due to rain water that accumulated on the bottom of tank floor. Direct contact among rain water-soil-plate of tank floor was identified as the
main cause of the leakage of tank floor. After leakage mechanism was identified as well, appropriate methode could be formulated to repair the tank to avoid the leakage.

The objective of the European Green Deal is to change Europe into the world’s first climate- -neutral continent by 2050. Therefore, European countries are developing technological solutions to increase the production of energy from renewable sources of energy. In order to universally implement energy production from renewable energy sources, it is necessary to solve the problem of energy storage. The authors discussed the issue of energy storage and renewable energy sources, reviewing applied thermal and mechanical energy storage solutions. They referred to the Energy sector in Poland which is based mainly on mining activities. The method that was used in this paper is a review of thermal and mechanical energy storage solutions. In industrial practice, various solutions on energy storage are developed around the world. The authors reviewed those solutions and described the ones which currently function in practice. Hence, the authors presented the good practices of energy storage technology. Additionally, the authors conducted an analysis of statistical data on the energy sector in Poland. The authors presented data on prime energy production in Poland in 2004–2019. They described how the data has changed over time. Subsequently, they presented and interpreted data on renewable energy sources in Poland. They also showed the situation of Poland compared to other European countries in the context of the share of renewables in the final gross energy consumption.
Keywords:
energy storage, energy, renewable energy sources, energy transformation, Poland

Surfactants are widely used for various purposes in industry, but for many years were mainly chemically synthesized. It has only been in the past few decades that biological surface-active compounds (biosurfactants) have been described. Biosurfactants are gaining prominence and have already taken over for a number of important industrial uses, due to their advantages of biodegradability, production on renewable resources and functionality under extreme conditions; particularly those pertaining during tertiary crude-oil recovery. Conflicting reports exist concerning their efficacy and the economics of both their production and application. At present, their uses are mainly in the oil and petroleum industries, where they are employed primarily for their emulsification capacity in both tertiary recovery and polluted-sites remediation. However, caution is frequently exercised with respect to their use because of possible subsequent microbial contamination of either underground oil reservoirs or products. The limited successes and applications for biosurfactants' production, recovery, use in oil pollution control, oil storage tank clean-up and enhanced oil-recovery are reviewed from the technological point of view.

Two separate forces have driven growth in the usage of API storage tank standards in Brazil. The first force is an increased regulatory presence in the refining, chemical, and petrochemical industries, which creates a need to thoroughly document any actions taken to ensure worker health, environmental protection, and the integrity and availability of assets. The second force is the discovery of vast crude oil reserves in the Pre-Salt layer of the Brazilian continental shelf, which has resulted in a rapid increase in tank farms and storage units.

Shell structures are usually designed by considering their final shape and configuration, so that it is assumed that stability during the construction will be satisfied without further thought. However, evidence from recent collapses of metal tanks under moderate winds shows that this is a matter that requires special attention. This paper reports analytical studies of tanks for the oil industry that failed during their construction in the Argentinean Patagonia under moderate winds. The cylindrical part of the tanks was set up in place with point welding, but the roof was not yet in place at the time of collapse. To understand the mechanism of failure, static, geometrically nonlinear finite element modeling of the tanks was carried out, in which the shell was represented as close as possible to the actual conditions during the construction stage at which it failed. The results show that for the wind velocities prevalent at the time of collapse, an explanation of the failure mechanism can only be achieved by taking into account several special features of the structure under construction, i.e. the localized nature of welding and the influence of the incomplete junction with the bottom plate.

Liquid-filled tanks are effective storage infrastructure for water, oil, and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Many such large-scale tanks are located in regions with high seismicity. Therefore, very frequently base isolation technology has to be adopted to reduce the dynamic distress of storage tanks, preventing the structure from typical modes of failure, such as elephant-foot buckling, diamond-shaped buckling, and roof damage caused by liquid sloshing. The cost-effective seismic design of base-isolated liquid storage tanks can be achieved by adopting performance-based design (PBD) principles. In this work, the focus is given on sliding-based systems, namely, single friction pendulum bearings (SFPBs), triple friction pendulum bearings (TFPBs), and mainly on the recently developed quintuple friction pendulum bearings (QFPBs). More specifically, the study is focused on the fragility analysis of tanks isolated by sliding-bearings, emphasizing on isolators’ displacements due to near-fault ...

There are more than 8 types of storage tanks available in UAE for multiuse,
Fixed Roof Tank
External Floating Roof Tank
Internal Floating Roof Tanks
Domed External Floating Roof Tank
Horizontal Tanks
Pressure Tanks
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Tanks
Variable Vapor Space Tanks
For more information about Different Types Storage Tanks in UAE, please visit yellowpages-uae.com i.e. at http://www.yellowpages-uae.com/uae/storage-tanks

Tangki timbun BBM jenis Premium di Depot X memiliki risiko kebakaran dan ledakan karena Premium bersifat sangat mudah terbakar. Oleh karena itu, sebagai dasar upaya pengendalian risiko terhadap bahaya kebakaran dan ledakan, serta dalam upaya memenuhi tuntutan hukum, diperlukan penilaian terhadap potensi bahaya kebakaran dan ledakan pada tangki timbun Premium di Depot X. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Dow's Fire and Explosion Index. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai F&EI pada tangki Premium adalah sebesar 118,82 sehingga masuk dalam klasifikasi tingkat bahaya intermediate.

Use of piles for transferring structural load to suitable load bearing strata and settlement control in alluvial/diluvial deposits is widespread. This paper investigates the application of a group of 1072 piles for controlling settlement of an important and sensitive structure founded on weak rock. 2D axi-symmetrical and 3D finite element models are employed to model the 9.0 m thick and 76 m diameter circular raft, underlying soil/rock and a mix of annular and orthogonal pile layout. Effectiveness of pile foundation in reducing settlement is assessed by comparing the results with the case of raft foundation alone. Results of 2D axi-symmetrical and 3D FEM models are also compared and it is concluded that the numerically efficient 2D axi-symmetrical FEM model is capable of simulating the behaviour of this complicated 3D problem with reasonable accuracy.

Los tanques superficiales cilíndricos son ampliamente utilizados para almacenamiento de fluidos en diversos sectores económicos. La consecuencia por la falla de este tipo de estructuras puede provocar cortes en la distribución de agua potable y derrames de fluidos peligrosos, entre otros. En este trabajo se muestra un análisis comparativo de las disposiciones normativas para el análisis sísmico de acuerdo con el Eurocódigo 8, API 650, AWWA D100 y CDS-MDOC CFE. Para ello, se consideró una torre de oscilación de 40m de altura y 10m de diámetro y se evaluó su respuesta estructural ante una excitación sísmica de alta intensidad. Los parámetros comparados fueron el cortante basal, el momento de volteo y la altura de ola.

Cylindrical superficial tanks for storing fluids are widely used in various economic sectors. The consequences of failure in such structures can cause cuts on the drinking or firefighting water supplies, spills of hazardous materials, among others. In this paper, a comparative of the code provisions for the seismic analysis according to the Eurocode-8, API 650, AWWA D100, and MDOC CFE is presented, for a high intensity seismic response of a 40m tall and 10m in diameter cylindrical tank. The parameters compared were the base shear, the overturning moment and the sloshing wave height.

The paper attached contains a video link where detailed analysis and design of acid tank in an industry is provided using both manual calculations and using FEM software MIDAS Gen. The detailed load calculations, analysis and design is illustrated from beginning to end by me. I am  hopeful that it will be serving as a guide for practicing and student engineers as well as a guide for teaching professionals.

The potential of baffles in increasing the hydrodynamic damping of sloshing in circular-cylindrical storage tanks is investigated in this study. Based on the widespread use of baffles in moving liquid containers especially in space vehicles, the ability of baffles in reducing the sloshing effects in storage tanks that are especially broader than fuel containers was under question. Concerning horizontal ring and vertical blade baffles, an estimation of hydrodynamic damping ratio of liquid sloshing in baffled tanks undergoing horizontal excitation has been developed analytically using Laplace's differential equation solution. This method involves the assessment of dissipated fraction of total sloshing oscillation energy, which is caused by the flow separation around the baffles. A series of experiments employing a tank model on a shake-table has been carried out to validate the theoretically predicted damping ratio. A parametric study showed that the ring baffles are more effective in reducing the sloshing oscillations. r

This paper presents the failure analysis of AISI-304 stainless steel tank that was fabricated by welding and used for the storage of styrene monomers. After about 13 years of satisfactory operation, significant cracking was observed adjacent to the weld joints and in base plate near tank foundation. Weld repair was by shielded gas arc welding using AISI 308 stainless steel filler

This paper aims to develop practical design equations and charts estimating the buckling strength of the cylindrical shell and tank subjected to axially compressive loads. Both geometrically perfect and imperfect shells and tanks are studied. Numerical analysis is used to evaluate buckling strength. The modeling method, appropriate element type and necessary number of elements to use in numerical analysis are recommended. According to the results of the parametric study of the perfect shell, the buckling strength decreases significantly as the diameterto-thickness ratio increases, while it decreases slightly as the height-to-diameter ratio increases. These results are different from those in the case of columns. The buckling strength of the perfect tank placed on an extremely soft foundation and a stiff foundation increases by up to 1.6% and 5.6%, respectively, compared with that of the perfect shell. The buckling strength of the shell and tank decreases significantly as the amplitude of initial geometric imperfection increases. Convenient and sufficiently accurate design equations and charts used for estimating buckling strength are provided. 

This study is tried to investigate the flow characteristics and velocity imaging of a diesel fuel through a diffuser pipe in a
storage tank. The fuel in the tank shall be spread into a tank in a range of as wide as possible. The ANSYS FLUENT software is used to get data and plots to understand situation and solve the problem.

In this study, hydroxy gas (HHO) was produced by the electrolysis process of different electrolytes (KOH(aq), NaOH(aq), NaCl(aq)) with various electrode designs in a leak proof plexiglass reactor (hydrogen generator). Hydroxy gas was used as a supplementary fuel in a four cylinder, four stroke, compression ignition (CI) engine without any modification and without need for storage tanks. Its effects on exhaust emissions and engine performance characteristics were investigated. Experiments showed that constant HHO flow rate at low engine speeds (under the critical speed of 1750 rpm for this experimental study), turned advantages of HHO system into disadvantages for engine torque, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and specific fuel consumption (SFC). Investigations demonstrated that HHO flow rate had to be diminished in relation to engine speed below 1750 rpm due to the long opening time of intake manifolds at low speeds. This caused excessive volume occupation of hydroxy in cylinders which prevented correct air to be taken into the combustion chambers and consequently, decreased volumetric efficiency was inevitable. Decreased volumetric efficiency influenced combustion efficiency which had negative effects on engine torque and exhaust emissions. Therefore, a hydroxy electronic control unit (HECU) was designed and manufactured to decrease HHO flow rate by decreasing voltage and current automatically by programming the data logger to compensate disadvantages of HHO gas on SFC, engine torque and exhaust emissions under engine speed of 1750 rpm. The flow rate of HHO gas was measured by using various amounts of KOH, NaOH, NaCl (catalysts). These catalysts were added into the water to diminish hydrogen and oxygen bonds and NaOH was specified as the most appropriate catalyst. It was observed that if the molality of NaOH in solution exceeded 1% by mass, electrical current supplied from the battery increased dramatically due to the too much reduction of electrical resistance. HHO system addition to the engine without any modification resulted in increasing engine torque output by an average of 19.1%, reducing CO emissions by an average of 13.5%, HC emissions by an average of 5% and SFC by an average of 14%.

An experimental study was made of the pressures generated by a single hydrodynamic ram event. A generic box type fuel tank simulator was fabricated to study the phenomenon and was capable of containing 3785.4 l of liquid thereby isolating the phases of the event from tank wall reflections, and enable separation of the effects of each phase. Tungsten, steel, and aluminum spherical projectiles were fired into the tank and the result was measured using high-speed pressure transducers, which were located throughout the tank, and compared to the pressure waves and events recorded inside the tank simulator with a high-speed video. It was determined that a high-pressure initial wave is generated at impact and is followed by the more gradual drag pressure around the projectile. The angular distribution of the initial wave and the variation with distance were investigated along with the effect of projectile mass on the drag pressure. This region of pressure decreases in the projectile wake, forming a trailing cavity that remains at a low pressure until the cavity begins to collapse. This results in the largest recorded pressure inside the simulator.

In the Petrol Station Replenishment Problem with Time Windows (PSRPTW) the aim is to optimize the delivery of several petroleum products to a set of petrol stations using a limited heterogeneous fleet of tank-trucks. More specifically, one must determine the quantity of each product to deliver, the assignment of products to truck compartments, delivery routes, and schedules. The objective is

Moss plant is an interesting plant because they can live in emerged and submerged. Vesicularia Reticulata is one of an interesting moss plant. It also called Erect Moss. Many Aquascaping Hobbies planted it in his tank. It will grow maximal in high light, but it can live in low lighting too. Please visit http://aquascaper.org for more information about aquarium plant

The effect of baffles in reducing earthquake responses of seismically isolated cylindrical liquid storage tanks is investigated in this study. Seismic isolation is a well-known approach to reduce the earthquake effects on structures by lengthening their fundamental natural periods at the expense of larger displacements in the structural system. To reduce such effects in a system a higher damping ratio is required. In moving liquid containers, baffles play an important role in damping the liquid motion. Thus to study the effects of using baffles in seismically isolated tanks, in the first instance the velocity contours in a cylindrical tank are analysed to determine the most effective shape of baffle. Next, the damping coefficients are analytically determined for horizontal ring shape and vertical blade shape baffles. To estimate the sloshing height level and the damping ratio, a methodology, based on Tank Body Spectra, is developed in which the higher sloshing amplitude and the relative fluid velocity with respect to baffles in base isolated tanks are taken into consideration. A computer program is developed to put all these together and investigate the effect of baffles for different tank dimensions under the effect of four different earthquakes. The results show that the average damping ratio of sloshing mode due to ring baffle increases with a decrease in liquid height and highest damping may be achieved for height to radius ratios of between 1.0 and 1.5. In addition, for reasonable ring baffle dimensions, an average reduction of 6% in base displacement of base isolated tanks and an average reduction of more than 30% in the sloshing height of base isolated and fixed base tanks may be achieved. To study the effect of baffles on the distribution of hydrodynamic and tank body forces with height, a simple dynamic model is proposed. The results of analyses using this model indicate a constant reduction in sloshing forces and different reductions in moment and shear forces for different heights. This happens because contribution of the sloshing force to the total hydrodynamic force varies with height.

Shell plate material deformations appeared when storage tank operation. Material deformations were significant and may affect the loss of stability for the future operation. The assessment was made on the basis of performed measurements for examination the strength of existing deformations in the current wall thicknesses. Corrective actions and optimal method of operation including regular inspections was proposed. According to the measurements taken were assessed major geometry deformations. These deformations were subjected to a detailed stress analysis and assessed in terms of standards in use. Storage tank design Analysed tank is used for storage of fuel oil needed for energy industry or for storage of heavy hydrocarbons needed for petrochemical industry. The current operating level of the liquid is kept at a height of 8.5 m and the operating temperature is 90 °C. The inner diameter of the storage tank is 24 m and the height of the cylindrical shell is 12 m. The wall thicknesses of the individual shell parts are according drawings between 8 to 20 mm Values of main dimensions are illustrated at Figure 1. Figure 1: Scheme of analysed storage tank shell design

Due to the extreme necessity to diversify renewable energy sources, the search for energy recycling methods through the utilization of thermal losses from equipment has become fundamental. Thus, these losses can be used as a new source of energy for water heating and storage in domestic hot water storage tanks (DHWST). For this reason, the construction of an experimental apparatus with a cylindrical thermal storage tank is proposed, in which the objective of the study will be a survey of the coefficient of performance concerning conventional and modified refrigerators, as well as to perform an analysis of hot water, through the thermal stratification technique using a refrigerator with a modified condenser. The collected thermal loss, as per the thermosyphon principle, will be stored as thermal energy. The results showed the full operation of the modified refrigeration system, which did not reveal significant alterations in thermodynamic behavior after the modifications made on the condenser. The dynamic behavior of the thermal distribution was observed through the thermal stratification effect and temperature evolution in terms of time, showing greater variability of the modified refrigerator generating more thermal comfort to users in addition to providing domestic hot water.

There are 40 storage tanks in the Khark Island for storing crude oil. Considering the hot summers of the island, light hydrocarbons vaporise and vented to the atmosphere. This process causes environmental pollution and also affects the quality of the crude oil besides the economic detriment. Therefore, crude oil evaporation loss associated with the storage tank is an important issue which should be carefully investigated to identify the potential means of its reduction. The aim of the present work is to determine the evaporative losses from external floating storage tanks and to study the absorptivity effects of their exterior surface paint on the losses due to the solar irradiation. The API standards along with the thermal analysis of the tank have been employed to evaluate the tank temperature variations and the evaporative losses of a typical tank based on the actual ambient conditions of the Khark Island. The results show that the paints with low absorptivity can reduce the evaporative losses significantly. Furthermore, experimental data has been provided to validate the calculated tank temperature variations, and reasonable agreements have been found. [

The homogenization time of two layers of crude oils obtained from different reservoirs in 19 000 m 3 floating roof storage tank is predicted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The tank equipped with a side-entry 0.65 m marine-type mixer. An in-house CFD code using Multiple Frame of Reference (MFR) and the renormalization group version (RNG) of k -e turbulent model has been employed. The fluid region has been divided to 580 484 number of control volumes. The time variation of density at three sampling points in the tank has been compared with corresponding points in the model. The results show a good agreement. D

Because of the booming wine industry in some seismic countries such as the US, Chile and Argentina, seismic protection of wine storage systems is of practical importance. In this study, the dynamic response of thin-walled legged wine tanks with seismic isolation is investigated. Linear fluid-structure interaction has been considered in the analyses performed with SAT-LAB and ADINA and two choices for the seismic isolation system have been evaluated: (i) a traditional lateral isolation system (LAI), and (ii) a vertical-rocking isolation system (VRI). As far as the authors know, the latter has not been considered in previous studies, and results show that it is a viable alternative for legged tanks. Moreover, all isolation devices have been designed considering the space limitations that are inherent to the implementation of these systems in practice. Results obtained for a suite of records and different structures have shown that both types of isolation lead to response reductions of the tank stresses. The reduction ranges from 20% to 79% for the LAI models and 31%-91% for the VRI, relative to the case without isolation. These promising results have implications in the selection of the thickness of the wall and the overall dimensions of the tank.

Thermal energy storage systems for both heat and cold are necessary for many industrial processes. High energy density and high power capacity are desirable properties of the storage. The use of latent heat increases the energy density of the storage tank with high temperature control close to the melting point. Tube in PCM tank is a very promising system that provides high packing factor. This work presents an experimental study of a PCM tank for cold storage applications. Two different configurations and different flow rates of the heat transfer fluid were studied. The effectiveness of the PCM storage system was defined as that of a heat exchanger. The results showed that the heat exchange effectiveness of the system did not vary with time, decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing heat transfer area. The effectiveness was experimentally determined to only be a function of the ratio _ m/A. This equation was found to be adequately be used to design a PCM storage system, and a case study is presented. It was shown that the tube in tank design together with a low temperature PCM is suitable as a thermal storage facility for cold storage.

In this paper, the effectiveness of the base isolation on steel storage tanks has been investigated through numerical models and then checked by shaking table tests on a reduced scale (1:14) model of a real steel tank, typically used in petrochemical plants. In the experimental campaign the floating roof has also been taken into account. The tests have been performed on the physical model both in fixed and isolated base configurations; in particular two alternative base isolation systems have been used: high-damping rubber bearings devices and sliding isolators with elasto-plastic dampers. Finally, a comparison between experimental and numerical results has also been performed. Figure 1. Tupras refinery: (a) Tanks farm and (b) fire during Koaceli Earthquake '99 [7].

Gasoline is a volatile organic compound (VOCs) which consists of different hydrocarbons with different boiling points in the range of 30-200 o C. The light compounds that have boiling point of less than 40 o C constitute about 10%. Khartoum, Sudan is characterized with an average of 10 hrs of sunshine and solar radiation of 3.05-7.62 kWh/m 2 /day and average temperature of 32 to 40 o C. Under these conditions high evaporation rate is expected from storage tanks. The objective of this study is to evaluate the evaporation loss of gasoline from internal floating roof storage tank. The case study is based on metrological and operation data for the year 2008. The result revealed that the total evaporation loss is 0.5%. This is significantly higher than that set by the ministry of energy [i.e.0.25%]. The results should be of concern to the petroleum industries and government. The reduction of evaporation loss of gasoline will give attractive economic returns as well as reducing air pollution and hazards.

Residential CHP systems have been introduced around Japan recently, and expected to diffuse more and more. During the process of boosting the adoption of residential CHP systems, both manufacturers and customers are interested to know the optimal capacity of power generator for the unit, and once the unit has been installed, what dispatch strategy to use in order to minimize a customer's cost of meeting its electricity and heat requirements. In this paper, a mixed integer nonlinear programming model has been developed. The objective is to minimize annual cost of the energy system for a given residential customer equipped with the CHP plant, combining with a storage tank and a backup boiler. The model reports the optimal CHP system capacities that customers could employ given their electricity and thermal requirements. Using this model, an investigation was conducted of economically optimal CHP investment for a prototypical residential building. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was elaborated in order to show how the optimal solutions would vary due to changes of some key parameters. In addition, as a main component of residential CHP system, the optimal size of the storage tank was analyzed.

The quantitative risk assessment of industrial facilities is based on integrated procedures to quantify human, environmental and economical losses related to relevant accidents. Accordingly, seismic risk analysis has to be integrated in order to obtain reliable results.

In the chemical process industry and in particular in oil refining, there is an interest in optimizing the product movements throughout the tank farm. The problem is known as ªtank farm managementº. Product movement and scheduling have a big economic impact on refinery operations. In this paper two subproblems have been studied. Within the basic one, the one level structure of parallel tanks is observed. Within the more complex case, two such basic structures in a series are considered. In solving both scheduling cases, the method of mathematical programming has been used.

Crashworthiness of subfloor-integrated tank is fundamental for the survivability of an impact with the ground in emergency. In this paper, numerical models for the analysis of the water sloshing in a tank during the impact with the ground have been developed and validated using experimental data. Specific drop tests were carried out using simulacra of a tank integrated in the subfloor of a small dimension helicopter and reproduced in detail using LSTC LS-Dyna. In particular, four different models were developed for the water inside the tank-namely: Finite Element (FE), Eulerian, Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian, and Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH) model. Advantages and disadvantages of these models were evaluated and the results show that the FE model of the water is the most feasible for the analysis of the tank structure damages whereas the SPH model of the water, despite the large required CPU time, is the most feasible for the analysis of the sloshing of the water. r

Thermal energy storage systems which keep warm and cold water separated by means of gravitational stratification have been found to be attractive in low and medium temperature thermal storage applications due to their simplicity and low cost. This effect is known as thermal stratification, and has been studied experimentally thoughtfully. This system stores sensible heat in water for short term applications. Adding PCM (phase change material) modules at the top of the water tank would give the system a higher storage density and compensate heat loss in the top layer because of the latent heat of PCM. Tests were performed under real operating conditions in a complete solar heating system that was constructed at the University of Lleida, Spain. In this work, new PCM-graphite compounds with optimized thermal properties were used, such as 80:20 weight percent ratio mixtures of paraffin and stearic acid (PS), paraffin and palmitic acid (PP), and stearic acid and myristic acid (SM). The solar domestic hot water (SDHW) tank used in the experiments had a 150 L water capacity. Three modules with a cylindrical geometry with an outer diameter of 0.176 m and a height of 0.315 m were used. In the cooling experiments, the average tank water temperature dropped below the PCM melting temperature range in about 6-12 h. During reheating experiments, the PCM could increase the temperature of 14-36 L of water at the upper part of the SDHW tank by 3-4 C. This effect took place in 10-15 min. It can be concluded that PS gave the best results for thermal performance enhancement of the SDHW tank (74% efficiency).

When storing liquids at high temperature in horizontal vessels, the current design methods aim to minimise the thermal stresses by introducing a sliding surface at the base of one of the twin saddle supports. However, regular site maintenance is required to ensure that adequate sliding is achieved. This may be difficult and costly to carry out. The aim of the present work, therefore, is to dispense with the sliding support and to provide saddle designs which, although fixed to the platform or foundation, do not result in the storage/pressure vessel being overstressed when thermal loading occurs. This paper provides general recommendations for the most appropriate saddle geometries, and details the way in which design-by-analysis and fatigue-life-assessments may be carried out using the stresses that arise from these designs.