Heat Exchanger Inspection
Heat Exchanger Inspection
Heat Exchanger Inspection
The Heat Exchanger Inspection article provides you information about inspection
of heat exchanger and heat exchanger testing during construction phase as well
as in operational phase.
This article provides you lots of invaluable information about following items:
Coming Soon!
This article alongside other linked articles are useful for Manufactures Quality
Control personnel, Second and Third Party Inspectors, Purchasers, Sellers, Plant
Inspectors, HSE Engineers, Integrity Engineers, Operation and Maintenance
Engineers and any Other Interested Individuals.
We need to heat or to cool process fluids in industrial plants to facilitate process
reactions.
So we need to use heat exchangers either reduce the temperature or increase
the temperature.
For more detail review Heat Exchanger Theory article.
This article provides informationan only about shell and tube heat exchanger
inspection for fin tube heat exchanger inspection review following articles:
Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Inspection
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger
Inspection and Test Plan for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger
The content covers the shop inspection requirements during manufacturing
process and In-service Inspection requirements in the operational plants.
1. Two heads, one rear head and the other one stationary head
2. Shell
3. Tube
One fluid is in tube side and the other one in the shell side. The heat transfer is
done through tube wall.
So your heat exchanger with more tubes will have more heat transfer surfaces
and in the same time with higher heat exchanger diameter.
There are different kinds of shell and tube heat exchangers with different
applications.
The reason for high amount of application of this kind is the easy maintenance
method.
In addition shell and tube heat exchanger is the only type which can be designed
and operate in the temperature of higher than 360 degree centigrade as well as
in pressure higher than 30 bar.
What are Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Inspection Requirements in
Construction Shop?
The construction code for shell and tube heat exchangers is ASME Code Section
VIII and it covers the minimum requirements for design, materials, fabrication,
inspection, testing, and preparation for initial delivery.
You may know after 2003 addenda of ASME Code Section VIII Div. 1, the design
of shell and tube need to be done based Subsection C in UHX part and design
base TEMA or any similar code and standards is not allowed.
So this is when you require your shell and tube heat exchanger meet ASME
Code requirement or when you need your heat exchanger to be U stamped.
As you may know heat exchangers are also pressure vessels based ASME Code
requirement and all requirements for other type of pressure vessels also apply for
heat exchangers.
For more detail about Stamped pressure vessels and requirements, review the
Pressure Vessel Certification article.
With above explanation your inspection and test plan (ITP) for shell and tube
heat exchanger need to meet the requirements of ASME Code Section VIII.
for more detail about heat exchanger inspection in construction process review
follwing articles:
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Inspection and Test Plan for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
What are In-Service Inspection Requirements for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Inspection?
The In-Service Inspection code for your shell and tube Heat exchangers similar
to other pressure vessel is API STD 510.
The other API recommendation practices and codes are also necessary to be
used in conjunction of this Code.
Some of these Recommend Practices are API RP 572, API RP 577, and API RP
571 and also construction code sections might be used such as ASME Code
Section VIII, ASME Code Section IX.
For Repair the requirement of API STD 510, or ASME-PCC-2 need to be met.
The title of ASME-PCC-2 which first edition published in 2006 is: Repair of
Pressure Equipment and Piping
Please note if your shell and tube Heat exchanger is U stamped and you need
to do repair, so you have to use Repair Organization holding R Stamp from
National Board Inspection Code.
The API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspectors are qualified persons to do shell and
tube Heat Exchanger Inspection.
You may also review Industrial Plant Inspection article.
What are Important Items in the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Inspection
in Overhaul ?
Shell and Tube Heat exchanger Inspection are categorized to following items:
Shell and Structure in Heat Exchanger Inspection:
Neutralization also require for shell material with admiralty brass to reduce
the risk of SCC.
Neutralization of thermocouples if necessary and doing dye penetration
test
Sampling from shell fouling and corrosion products and making lab
analysis and making interpretation by corrosion engineer (if necessary)
Cutting small area of insulation sheet and removing the insulation and
doing visual inspection for any sign of corrosion under insulation
Inspection of Shell flange gasket seating area for any erosion, damage and
cracking
Hydrogen blistering
procedure)
inspection
in
hydrogen
services
(hand
lamp
Taking care in the pulling out of tube bundle to avoid any mechanical
damage
Sampling from tube side fouling and corrosion products and making lab
analysis and making interpretation by corrosion engineer (if necessary)
Controlling wire brushing process of inner tube edge and rolling area
(preparation for ID measurement)
Rate off and accordingly Plugging the tubes which their OD reaches to the
ID plus one thickness
Inspection from tube bundle components such as tubesheet, tube, tie rods
and spacers, transfer baffles or support plate, impingement baffle, floating
head flange and floating head backing device
Visual inspection and dye penetration test from tube to tubesheet seal or
strength weld
Diaphragm and division box visual inspection and dye penetration test of
diaphragm for any possible cracks (for high pressure exchangers)
Inspection for internal surface for fouling, liner, cladding and coating
soundness
Girth flange weld joint inspection for any possible crack and corrosion
Air test
The tube and shell hydrostatic test need to be done after above stated inspection
activities.
Refer to above definition we are using saturated steam in heat exchangers, the
saturated steam converted to liquid phase and released heat will heat our
process fluid.
Indirect heat transfers are done in different heat exchangers such as coolers,
heaters, reboilers and condensers.
We are naming it indirect because two fluids during the heat transfer process are
not mixing together, the heat transfer are done through a metallic surface.
In above; the heat exchanger which we are using to eliminate latent heat is
named condenser and;
the one is used to supply steam and heat to distillation tower is named reboiler.
We will discuss about them in detail in coming paragraphs.
In all of them we are using an intermediate fluid for heat transferring; for
condenser it is cooling water and in the reboiler it is steam.
For cooler heat exchanger cooling water, refrigerants such as R-11, Propylene
and propane are used.
For heater heat exchangers steam with different pressure are used. In heat
exchanger theory for reducing energy consumption sometimes process fluid are
used for heat transfer themselves.
For example outlet of a reactor need to be cooled in the same time inlet of
reactor feed need to be heated so in this case a heat exchanger can be designed
to transfer the heats between two process streams and save energy
consumption.
In above example the steam will not be used for reactor feed and also cooling
water not be used for reactor product. So energy remarkably will be saved.
The heat exchangers are built in way which cold and hot fluid separated by
metallic surface to avoid the mixing.
The mechanism is similar when you heating water in tea pot, cycling of cold and
hot water and finally reaching to boiling temperature.
The same mechanism happens in process fluid in heat exchangers theory.
What is conduction mechanism?
In this mechanism the heat will be transferred by atoms and ions, assume you
put a metallic bar on the torch, the heat will be absorbed and atoms start moving
and colliding to each other;
and this movement will continue to the neighborhood atoms and collision will
continue till the heat reaches to other side of the bar and you feel burning of your
hand.
The same happen in the heat exchanger tube wall, the torch in the above
example is hot fluid, one side of tube wall will be heated and then with conduction
mechanism the heat will be transferred to other side of tube wall which is in
contact with cold fluid.
Condenser Heat Exchanger
The vapors in the shell side gradually are changed to the liquid drops on the
external surface of tubes and are collected and discharge from shell side to the
column top.
Condenser can be placed in top of distillation tower and application of pump is
not necessary.
But in this case maintenance and cleaning of the heat exchanger will be difficult
so actually condensers are placed in the ground level and pumps are used to
transfer liquid to the top of the column.
Reboiler Heat Exchanger
Based heat exchanger theory in distillation tower, we need to supply steam and
heat to the tower bottom side. The reboilers generally are shell and tubes heat
exchangers.
Process stream from tower bottom side enter to the shell side and steam enter to
the tube side of the reboiler and after heat transferring the process fluid return
back to the tower bottom side.
For high viscous process stream generally pumps are used to circulate process
stream.
For high viscous process stream generally pumps are used to circulate process
stream.
Cooler heat exchangers
These heat exchangers are used for cooling of process streams and generally
cooling water, chilled water, air, refrigerants such as R-11 and propylene are
used.
Different types of heat exchangers are used for coolers; such as air-cooled, shell
and tube and plate heat exchangers.
If coolers are used for cooling of saturated vapors a knock out drum might be
place before cooler to separate the liquid from vapor.
Heater Heat Exchangers
Based heat exchanger theory we need to heat our process fluid because of
process requirements, so heater are used for these applications and normally hot
water or saturated steam are used for hot side of heat exchangers.
Evaporator and vaporizer Heat Exchangers
Evaporators are used for several applications such as supply of pure water for
boiler feed water.
In the heat exchanger theory concept in the evaporation process, all of water will
not be changed to the vapor; some percentage will be discharged from
evaporator to avoid for fouling in the evaporation surface.
The water drained from evaporator is named blow down.
The produced vapor will be liquefied in the condenser heat exchanger and then
will be sent to the boiler feed water tank.
The air cooler is an exposed tube bundle unit and air is used as the cooling
medium.
The fin type tubes are used for Double Pipe Coils as well as for Air Coolers.
In the air coolers the tubes are located in a steel framework and air is circulated
by a fan placed either above or below the tube bank.
When the fan is above the tube bank it is named draft air cooler and when it is
below the tube bank is referred to as a forced draft air cooler.
For another kind of classification there are 3 types of air coolers, header box with
removable cover plate, header box with removable bonnet and header box with
fixed plug sheet.
In first and second one you can access to the tube sheet similar to the shell and
tube heat exchangers.
In third one you can access to the tube sheet only through plug holes.
First and second types generally are used in low pressure system and plug
header is used for high pressure systems.
What are Fin Tube
Construction Shop?
Heat
Exchanger
Inspection
requirements
in
The construction code for air-cooled heat exchangers is API Standard 661 and it
covers the minimum requirements for design, materials, fabrication, inspection,
testing, and preparation for initial delivery.
The API Standard 661 refers you to ASME Code Section VIII for pressure
components including of header boxes, tubes, and tube joints.
Specifically if your Air Cooler need to be U stamped, either optionally by
purchaser decision or mandatory by local authority in place of installation, it is
necessary to be stated in purchase order.
For more detail about Stamped pressure vessel and requirement, review the
Pressure Vessel Certification article.
With above explanation your inspection and test plan (ITP) for air-cooled heat
exchanger need to meet the requirements of both API Standard 661 and ASME
Code Section VIII.
for more detail review following articles:
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger
Inspection and Test Plan for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger
If you are not familiar with ITPs, click here to review Inspection and Test plan
(ITP) article which explain about ITP and it connections with construction codes.
What are In-Service Inspection Requirements for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger
Inspection?
The In-Service Inspection code for your Air-Cooled Heat exchangers similar to
other pressure vessel is API STD 510. The other API recommendation practices
and codes are also necessary to be used in conjunction of this Code.
Some of these Recommend Practices are API RP 572, API RP 577, and API RP
571 and also construction codes might be used such as ASME Code Section
VIII, ASME Code Section IX and API STD 661.
For Repair the requirement of API STD 510, or ASME-PCC-2 need to be met.
12.
Specific attention to thermal expansion in start-up process and
opening the header box and steel structure connection joints during the
start-up process
13.
Specific attention to air cooler transformation to repair shop for
avoiding any possible damage to tube bundle specifically in rolling area
14.
Design code
Purchase order specification
Purchaser's standards
Approved drawings
API 661
ASME V
ASME IX
The applicable codes and standard may be based other international standards and etc.
This content is general and can be useful if even the design code is different from
ASME and API Code.
Required Documents for Third Party Inspector Review:
The list of documents normally is agreed in the Pre Inspection meeting which is hold
several weeks before actual commencement of inspection work. The parties which are
participated in this meeting are manufacture, purchaser and third party inspection
agency representatives.
This already explained in the Inspection and Test Plan for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger
article.
These are the list of documents which are normally agreed to be presented to the
inspector:
Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Test Data for Fans, Fan Motors, Gearboxes etc.
Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Hydrostatic Testing Procedure and Water Quality
Document
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Material Inspection
The first actual inspection work in the Fin Tube Heat Exchanger is raw materials
inspection. Based the ASME Code providing material test reports for plates is
mandatory, for other components only the marking inspection will be enough.
But if purchase order has mandated the MTR to be provided for all components such as
tubes, nozzle pipes, fittings and etc. then the manufacture provides them as well.
For more detail you may review the Pressure Vessel Plate article.
As mentioned in above, the original or authenticated copies of mill certificates for plates
normally are at manufacturer's premises.
The third party inspector examines these certificates for compliance with specifications
and where appropriate, drawings.
The review includes checks on:
Certificate No.
Heat or cast No.
Chemical composition.
Mechanical properties.
Then the inspector witnesses the plate material identification on the certificates against
plate marking. It is also necessary to check with Fin Tube Heat Exchanger drawing
datasheet, material list and other specification as appropriate.
The transfer identification to cut off plates also is checked.
Visual inspection for surface finish and probable defects is done and dimensional
compliance with specification need also to be controlled.
Structural support, pass partition, stiffener, plug, Louvre blade pivot pins, Louvre
bearings,
Steel louver blades and frames, fin, Fan blades, Plenums, fan decks, partitions,
platforms and fan rings and Metal gasket materials are selected and inspected based of
requirements of API 661 Clause 8.
When the third party inspector carried out the material inspection, then provides
inspection visit report, the report contains following items:
These are a cause for rejection unless suitable/satisfactory remedial action can be
taken. Weld repairs are carried out in accordance with the code requirements and
approved by the client before welding proceeds and serious or excessive defects are
reported.
Fabrication tolerances and requirement are controlled as per API 661 Clause 9.
If third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will review fin
tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit or final
inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Fit-Up Inspection
Shapes and dimensions are checked in accordance with the approved WPS and
drawing.
Tack welds are produced using the applicable WPS conditions and it is necessary to be
free from defects.
Magnetic Testing (MT) or Penetration Testing (PT) may be performed in accordance
with the code requirement.
Similarly if third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will
review fin tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit
or final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Monitoring of Weld
Conditions
The third party inspector controls preheat heat temperature and method, Interpass
temperatures, weld material control, welder and process qualifications for conformity to
the code requirements.
Similarly if third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will
review fin tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit
or final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Back Gouging Inspection:
The third party inspector controls the shape and dimensions of the back gouged groove
for conformity to the WPS requirement. It is necessary the visual appearance to be
clean and free from defects. NDE examination is done in accordance with the code
requirement.
Similarly if third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will
review fin tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit
or final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Inspection of Completed
Weld
After completion of all welding and grinding operations a visual examination confirms
there are no harmful defects such as cracks, lack of fusion, surface porosity or exposed
slag inclusions, incomplete penetration, incorrect profile of the weld, lack of leg length
and overlap.
Temporary attachments are removed, ground smooth, and the areas checked for
defects by MP or PT for defects.
Similarly if third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will
review fin tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit
or final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Non Destructive
Examination
NDE is performed by qualified personnel to the approved techniques.
NDE technique and scope is based of clause 10.2 of API 661and acceptance criteria for
any indication are based ASME Code Section VIII Div 1 or 2
The third party inspector checks that the correct method has been used and verifies the
approved status of both the technique and the personnel.
Similarly if third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will
review fin tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit
or final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Weld Repair
The Fin Tube Heat Exchanger weld repairs are completed using an approved WPS
method and retested accordingly.
It is necessary all repairs approved before any post weld heat treatment is carried out.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Post Weld Heat Treatment
The third party inspector reviews the post weld heat treatment record of temperature
and time in accordance with the approved code/procedure. Similarly the results of
hardness tests are reviewed in accordance with the code requirements.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Mock-Up Test of Tube to
Tube-Sheet Weld
Mock-up test is made when required by purchase order or contract. Identification, visual
appearance and dimensions, weld control, PT, section of weld, Macro-observation,
hardness check of weld metal and heat affected zone are checked as required.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Visual and Dimensional
Inspection of Tubes, Tube Bundle, Cover Plate, Bonnet, Plug Sheet, Top and
Bottom Plate and End Plate
The third party inspector carries out following controls:
Tube sheet and baffle plate, including tube hole, heads, flanges, tubes, flange
facing finish.
Finned tubes are visually inspected to confirm that the type of finning is in
accordance with the contract requirement and to ensure that assembled tubes
have no damage in the finned areas. It is necessary damaged tubes to be
rejected for straightening or correction before final test.
Cover plate, top and bottom plates, tubesheet, pass partition, side frame, tube
spacers, tube keepers, tube supports, nozzles and tubes assembly in Removable
cover-plate header type air cooled heat exchangers.
Bonnet, top and bottom plates, end plates, stiffeners, tubesheet, pass partition,
side frame, tube spacers, tube keepers, tube supports, nozzles and tubes
assembly in Removable Bonnet header type air cooled heat exchangers.
Plug sheet, top and bottom plates, tubesheet, pass partition, side frame, tube
spacers, tube keepers, tube supports, nozzles and tubes assembly in plug
headers type air cooled heat exchangers.
Direction and orientation of nozzle, lugs and external, internal fittings are
checked.
Expansion ratio of tube ends is checked. Tubes are checked for thinning after
expansion.
U-tubes are formed from a single length having no circumferential welds, and
flattening is not exceeding 10% of the nominal OD of tubes.
Similarly if third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will
review fin tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit
or final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Bundle Insertion
Tube bundle insertion is checked as required. Cleanliness, insertion without binding,
contact of tube sheet and shell flange and gasket used is confirmed.
Similarly if third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will
review fin tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit
or final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Fan Test
After installation each fan is tested to ensure that it is correctly installed (correct
direction of rotation) and can rotate freely without fouling any part of the surrounding
structure.
Similarly if third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will
review fin tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit
or final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Pneumatic Test
The third party inspector witnesses low pressure pneumatic test for nozzle reinforcing
pads, support saddles or other attachments when specified by approved low pressure
pneumatic test procedure using soapy water as the indicating medium.
A minimum of 1 gauge with correct working ranges as described by the code is used.
Similarly if third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point in this stage, then will
review fin tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her coming visit
or final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Hydrostatic Testing:
The third party inspector witnesses tube side hydrostatic testing, the test is done based
requirements of API 661 clause 10.3 and following points is taken in account.
Flow test
Power consumption
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Final Inspection
After hydrostatic testing, the vessel is thoroughly drained and dried out by approved
methods.
All internal fittings, attachments, coatings or other requirements are completed.
Specified post hydrostatic test NDE is completed and the heat exchanger closed.
All Fin Tube Heat Exchangers is checked for cleanliness and dryness by an approved
method.
The third party inspector rechecks nozzle, saddle and bracket locations and orientations
against assembly drawings.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Name Plate
The content of the marking is checked in accordance with approved drawing and
specifications by the third party inspector. It is necessary name plate to be mounted on
bracket welded to shell at the height specified.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Painting and Coating
Inspection
Surface preparation for painting is checked for the following points and meets the
requirements of API 661 clause 11.2 by third party inspector:
It is necessary surface condition to be free from pin-holes, runs damage and other
discontinuity
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Spares and Accessories:
The third party inspector control spares, tools and accessories and makes visual and
dimensional inspection for materials, workmanship and quantity according to purchase
order specification and packing list.
Marking and/or Tag is checked for identification.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Reporting:
Third party inspector provides Inspection Visit Report (IVR) after each visit as well as a
final report summarising the activities carried out during the vessel production in
accordance with the contract requirements and circulated within the time limits specified
in the contract.
The report is in the format required by the client and clearly indicates final acceptance
or rejection of the Fin Tube Heat Exchanger.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Release Note:
When required by the contract or purchase order a release note is issued by third party
agency and given to the manufacturer when the fin tube heat exchanger have been
finally accepted.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger Packing, Marking and
Shipping:
The following points are checked by the third party inspector:
Shipping marks and other markings and notificationof welding prohibited, etc.
Where nitrogen purge is specified the gas pressure is checked and the presence
of warning notices checked.
Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger - Final Book (Dossier)
The following final documents are reviewed and signed off by third party inspector:
As built, drawings if required, Manufacturer's data reports, Material certificate or certified
mill test reports for all pressure parts, Material list or map, Welder record for each seam
or map, Heat treatment records (Temperature-time record chart during PWHT),
Dimensional record, NDE records, Production test record/mock test record, Alloy
verification records, (if required), Hydrostatic test record, Pneumatic test record,
Hardness test record, Tube expansion record, if required, Post weld heat treatment
NDE, if specified, Name plate or other marks, Packing list, Spare parts and tool list
Inspection and Test Plan for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger or Air-Cooled
Heat Exchager
The inspection and test plan for fin tube heat exchanger or air-cooled heat
exchanger article provides you information about fin tube heat exchanger
inspection or air-cooled heat exchanger inspection in manufacturing shop.
Click here if you like immediately review the Inspection & Test Plan for Fin Tube Heat
Exchanger draft sheet.
You may need to review this sheet in conjunction of Third Party Inspection for Fin Tube
Heat Exchanger article.
The ASME Code Section VIII Div.1 and API 661 requirements normally are used for
inspection and test plan for fin tube heat exchanger in manufacturing shop.
The witness of some inspection and test by third party inspector is mandatory and
cannot be waived.
Some others must only monitored and fully witnessing is not necessary, for these items,
the inspection man-days etc. depends to the purchaser decision, some prefer stringent
monitoring and even assign resident inspector in manufacturing shop and some others
relay to quality control system of the manufacture and assign only few days for
monitoring points.
These are some of inspection points which need to be witnessed, checked, monitored
and reviewed by third party inspector in fin tube heat exchanger manufacture shop.
Inspection and Test Plan for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger or Air-Cooled Heat
Exchanger - Important Points
All plates need to be identified against mill test certificates at the Vendor`s works
before commencement of fabrication.
Checking test certificates of all materials for pippins, accessories, motors, gear
box.
If specified witnessing any crack detection, hardness checks, ultrasonic test etc.
Reviewing of radiographs.
Dimensionally checking and carrying out final inspection of complete bundles for
quality of workmanship.
and
welders
are
qualified
before
Click here to see Inspection & Test Plan for Fin Tube Heat Exchanger draft sheet
Inspection and Test Plan for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
This content covers all necessary stages in the production of the Shell and Tube Heat
Exchangers from the examination of raw material to final inspection, preservation and
packing to despatch to site.
You need to take this point in account this article is written for a typical Shell and Tube
Heat Exchanger and might not be detail for special cases.
This content may be useful for second party inspectors; Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
manufacture quality control personnel, engineering companies and purchasers as well.
All Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger inspections and tests are carried out against the
approved drawings, purchase order specifications, purchasers or company standards,
and within the practices and rules of the country, state or province and any government
decrees, laws, ordinance or regulation as may apply.
The applicable codes and specifications for the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger which
is under construction process are:
Design code
Purchase order specification
Purchaser's standards
Approved drawings
ASME IX
The applicable codes and standard may be based other international standards such as
BS 5500 and etc. This content is general and can be useful if even the design code is
different from ASME Code.
Required Documents for Third Party Inspector Review:
The list of documents normally is agreed in the Pre Inspection meeting which is hold
several weeks before actual commencement of inspection work. The parties which are
participated in this meeting are manufacture, purchaser and third party inspection
agency representatives.
This already explained in the Inspection and Test Plan for Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger article.
These are the list of documents which are normally agreed to be presented to the
inspector:
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Welding Specification Procedures (WPS) and
Procedure Qualification Records(PQR)
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Calibration Certificates for Test Equipment
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Preservation, Packing and Shipping Procedure
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Material Inspection
The first actual inspection work in the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger is raw materials
inspection. Based the ASME Code providing material test reports for Shell and Tube
Heat Exchanger plates is mandatory, for other components only the marking inspection
will be enough.
But if purchase order has mandated the MTR to be provided for all components such as
tubes, nozzle pipes, fittings and etc. then the manufacture need to provide them as well.
For more detail you may review the Pressure Vessel Plate article.
As mentioned in above, the original or authenticated copies of mill certificates for plates
normally are available at manufacturer's premises.
The third party inspector examines these certificates for compliance with specifications
and where appropriate, drawings.
The review includes checks on:
Certificate No.
Heat or cast No.
Chemical composition.
Mechanical properties.
Then the inspector witnesses the plate material identification on the certificates against
plate marking. It is also necessary to check with Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
drawing datasheet, material list and other specification as appropriate.
The transfer identification to cut off plates also needs to be checked.
Visual inspection for surface finish and probable defects need to be done and
dimensional compliance with specification need also to be controlled.
For more detail in Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger raw material inspection you may
review Pressure Vessel Dimension Inspection article.
When the third party inspector carried out the material inspection, then provides
inspection visit report, the report contains following items:
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger- Fabrication
When the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger material inspection carried out and result
was satisfactory or non-conformities closed by remedial action, then Shell and Tube
Heat Exchanger manufacture will be authorised to start fabrication.
The third party Inspector checks following points on Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
based on the inspection and test plan (ITP) which is already agreed between purchaser
and Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger manufacture.
The inspection scope is determined in ITP, some clients prefer to have stringent control
and put the TPI inspector in more hold points in fabrication activities and some others
may take lesser hold points and put TPI much more in the review document.
This depend to the inspection budget which client assign for inspection, much more
inspection will have much more costs and less risks and conversely less more
inspection will have less costs but more risks.
For more detail review Inspection and Test Plan for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
article. There is draft ITP in this article which I believe it is the best practice for Shell and
Tube Heat Exchanger inspection.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Preparation for
Welding:
The third party inspector carries out visual and dimensional check to ensure compliance
with WPS and other specifications. Where specified, weld bevels are examined by
required code method after grinding/machining.
Edges and weld bevels need to be clean, dry and free from surface defects,
laminations, cracks, voids, notches, etc.
These are causes for rejection unless suitable/satisfactory remedial action can be
taken.
Weld repairs are carried out in accordance with the code requirements and approved by
the client before welding proceeds and serious or excessive defects need to be
reported.
If third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point for these stages in the ITP, will
review shell and tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her
coming visit of in final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Fit-Up Inspection
Shapes and dimensions are checked in accordance with the approved WPS and
drawing.
Tack welds need to be produced using the applicable WPS conditions and need to be
free from defects.
Magnetic Testing (MT) or Penetration Testing (PT) may be performed in accordance
with the code requirement.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Monitoring of Weld
Conditions
The third party inspector controls preheat heat temperature and method, Interpass
temperatures, weld material control, welder and process qualifications for conformity to
the code requirements.
If third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point for these stages in the ITP, will
review shell and tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her
coming visit of in final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Back Gouging
Inspection:
The third party inspector controls the shape and dimensions of the back gouged groove
for conformity to the WPS requirement. The visual appearance need to be clean and
free from defects. NDE examination needs to be done in accordance with the code
requirement.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Inspection of
Completed Weld
After completion of all welding and grinding operations a visual examination confirms
there are no harmful defects such as cracks, lack of fusion, surface porosity or exposed
slag inclusions, incomplete penetration, incorrect profile of the weld, lack of leg length
and overlap.
Temporary attachments are removed, ground smooth, and the areas checked for
defects by MP or PT for defects.
If third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point for these stages in the ITP, will
review shell and tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her
coming visit of in final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Non Destructive
Examination
NDE is performed by qualified personnel to the approved techniques. The techniques
available are dependent on vessel classification and the materials used.
The third party inspector checks that the correct method has been used and verifies the
approved status of both the technique and the personnel.
For more detail review following articles:
ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Effeciencies
ASME Pressure Vessel RT test
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Weld Repair
The Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger weld repairs are completed using an approved
WPS method and retested accordingly.
All repairs need to be approved before any post weld heat treatment is carried out.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Post Weld Heat
Treatment
The third party inspector reviews the post weld heat treatment record of temperature
and time in accordance with the approved code/procedure.
Similarly the results of hardness tests are reviewed in accordance with the code
requirements.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Mock-Up Test of Tube
to Tube-Sheet Weld
Mock-up test is made when required by purchase order or contract. Identification, visual
appearance and dimensions, weld control, PT, section of weld, Macro-observation,
hardness check of weld metal and heat affected zone are checked as required.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Visual and Dimensional
Inspection of Tubes, Tube Bundle and Shell
The third party inspector carries out following controls:
Tube sheet and baffle plate, including tube hole, heads, flanges, tubes, flange
facing finish.
Expansion ratio of tube ends is checked. Tubes to be checked for thinning after
expansion.
U-tubes are formed from a single length having no circumferential welds, and
flattening need not exceed 10% of the nominal OD of tube.
If third party inspector is not in the hold or witness point for these stages in the ITP, will
review shell and tube heat exchanger manufacture quality control report in his/her
coming visit of in final inspection day.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Tube Bundle Insertion
Tube bundle insertion is checked as required. Cleanliness, insertion without binding,
contact of tube sheet and shell flange and gasket used need to be confirmed.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Pneumatic Test
The third party inspector witnesses low pressure pneumatic test for nozzle reinforcing
pads, support saddles or other attachments when specified by approved low pressure
pneumatic test procedure using soapy water as the indicating medium.
A minimum of 1 gauge with correct working ranges as described by the code need to be
used.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Hydrostatic Testing:
The third party inspector witnesses shell side and tube side hydrostatic testing as below
points:
After hydrostatic testing, the vessel need to be thoroughly drained and dried out by
approved methods.
All internal fittings, attachments, coatings or other requirements need to be completed.
Specified post hydrostatic test NDE need to be completed and the heat exchanger
closed.
All Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers are checked for cleanliness and dryness by an
approved method.
The third party inspector rechecks nozzle, saddle and bracket locations and orientations
against assembly drawings.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Name Plate Checking
The content of the marking is checked in accordance with approved drawing and
specifications by the third party inspector. Name plate need to be mounted on bracket
welded to shell at the height specified.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Painting and Coating
Surface preparation for painting is checked for the following points, according to
specification by third party inspector:
Surface condition need to be free from pin-holes, runs damage and other discontinuity
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Spares and
Accessories:
The third party inspector controls spares, tools and accessories and make visual and
dimensional inspection for materials, workmanship and quantity according to purchase
order specification and packing list.
Marking and/or Tag need to be checked for identification.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Reporting:
Third party inspector provides Inspection Visit Report (IVR) after each visit as well as a
final report summarising the activities carried out during the vessel production in
accordance with the contract requirements and circulated within the time limits specified
in the contract.
The report is in the format required by the client and clearly indicates final acceptance
or rejection of the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Release Note:
When required by the contract or purchase order a release note is issued by third party
agency and given to the manufacturer when the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger have
been finally accepted.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Packing, Marking and
Shipping:
The following points are checked by the third party inspector:
Shipping marks and other markings and notificationof welding prohibited, etc.
Where nitrogen purge is specified the gas pressure is checked and the presence
of warning notices checked.
Third Party Inspection for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Final Book (Dossier)
The following final documents are reviewed and signed off by third party inspector:
As built, drawings if required, Manufacturer's data reports, Material certificate or certified
mill test reports for all pressure parts, Material list or map, Welder record for each seam
or map, Heat treatment records (Temperature-time record chart during PWHT),
Dimensional record, NDE records, Production test record/mock test record, Alloy
verification records, (if required), Hydrostatic test record, Pneumatic test record,
Hardness test record, Post weld heat treatment NDE, if specified, Name plate or other
marks, Packing list and Spare parts and tool list
Inspection and Test Plan for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
The inspection and test plan for shell and tube heat exchanger article provides
you information about shell and tube heat exchanger inspection in manufacturing
shop. The draft Inspection and test plan for shell and tube heat exchanger provided as
well.
Click here if you like immediately review the Inspection & Test Plan for Shell and Tube
Heat Exchanger draft sheet.
You may need to review this sheet in conjunction of Third Party Inspection for Shell and
Tube Heat Exchanger article.
Click following link if you need to review general definition for Inspection and Test Plan.
Inspection and Test Plan
The ASME Code Section VIII Div. 1 or 2 requirements normally are applied for
inspection and test plan in manufacturing shop.
The witness of some inspection and test by third party inspector is mandatory and
cannot be waived.
Some others must only monitored and fully witnessing is not necessary, for these items,
the inspection man-days etc. depends to the purchaser decision, some prefer stringent
monitoring and even assign resident inspector in manufacturing shop and some others
relay to quality control system of the manufacture and assign only few days for
monitoring points.
These are some of inspection points which need to be witnessed, checked, monitored
and reviewed by third party inspector in shell and tube heat exchanger manufacture
shop.
Inspection and Test Plan for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Important Points
All plates need to be identified against mill test certificates at the Vendor`s works
before commencement of fabrication.
If specified witnessing any crack detection, hardness checks, ultrasonic tests etc.
Which are specified in drawing, specification, data sheet etc.
Complete dimensional checking for stacked units. This is to be carried out in the
full assembly stage.
and
welders
are
qualified
before
Checking that all material test certificates and where applicable, heat treatment
charts are in order. Ensure that Vendor is familiar with the requirements
regarding data books and see that the documentation is submitted without any
delay.
Mock-up of 10 tubes about 305 mm (12") long are welded to a portion of a tubesheet, using the same
welding procedure, cut and polish for macro test. The mock-up tube and tubesheet materials and
thicknesses must be identical to the actual design and supplied materials.
Perform hardness on macro surfaces on weld, HAZ and parent materials of tubesheet and tube. Hardness
not to exceed BHN 200.
A tensile pull-test of the tube and tubesheet of the mock-up must be performed to establish UTS of the failed
parts. If the tube fails before the strength weld failure, UTS of the tube shall be the minimum specified value
for the material of the tube. But if the weld fails, the UTS shall be a minimum specified value of UTS of the
material of the tube or tubesheet, whichever is larger. Three tensile tests shall be performed, each shall be
compared to the UTS of the tube or tubesheet material as described above. All three tubes for tensile pull
test shall only be welded to tubesheet and not rolled.
For the production weld, after 10 tubes have been rolled lightly (if rolling is used) and the root pass welding
is completed, soap suds or halogen leak tests shall be performed on each tube well. If welding is sound, no
further tubewelds need be leak tested.
Repeated welding failures and repairs shall be subject to Purchaser's review and acceptance
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