Solutionbank FP1: Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise A, Question 1

Question:

Describe the dimensions of these matrices.

a (11 03)
b 1 ( 2)
(3 0 1)
c 1 2 1

d (1 2 3)

e ( 3 1)

1 0 0
f 0 1 0

0 0 1

Solution:

a (11 03) is 2 2
( 2)
b 1 is 2 1

(3 0 1)
c 1 2 1 is 2 3

d (1 2 3) is 1 3

e ( 3 1) is 1 2

1 0 0
f 0 1 0 is 3 3

0 0 1

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise A, Question 2

Question:

For the matrices

A= 2 1 , B= 4 1 , C= 6 0 ,
( ) ( ) ( )
1 3 1 2 0 1

find

a A+C

b BA

c A+ B C .

Solution:

a 2 1 + 6 0 = 8 1
( 1 3 ) ( 0 1 ) (1 4 )
b (14 21 ) (12 13 ) = (22 52 )
c 2 1 + 4
(1 3 ) (1 12) (60 01) = (00 00)
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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise A, Question 3

Question:

For the matrices

()
A= 1 , B= (1 1) , C= ( 1 1 0 ),
2

( )
D= ( 0 1 1) , E= 3 , F= ( 2 1 3),
1

find where possible:

a A+B

b AE

c F D+C

d B+C

e F(D+C)

f AF

g C(FD).

Solution:

a A + B is (2 1) + (1 2) Not possible

b A E = 1 3 = 2 .
(2) (1) ( 3 )
c

F D + C = ( 2 1 3) ( 0 1 1) + ( 1 1 0)
= (1 1 4)

d B + C is (1 2) + (1 3) Not possible

F (D + C) = ( 2 1 3) [(0 1 1) + ( 1 1 0)]
= ( 2 1 3) ( 1 2 1)
= ( 3 1 4)

f A F = (2 1) (1 3) Not possible.

C (F D) = ( 1 1 0) [(2 1 3) ( 0 1 1)]
= ( 1 1 0) ( 2 0 4)
= ( 3 1 4 )

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise A, Question 4

Question:

Given that a 2 1 c = 5 0 , find the values of the constants a, b, c and d.


(0 5)
1 b d 2

Solution:

a1 =5 a=6
2c =0 c=2
1 d =0 d = 1
b (2) =5 b=3

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise A, Question 5

Question:

Given that 1 2 0 + a b c = cc c5 cc , find the values of a, b and c.


( )
a b c 1 2 0

Solution:

1+a = c
2+b = 5 b=3
0+c = c
a+1 = c
b+2 = c
c+0 = c

Use b = 3 in c=5

Use c = 5 in a=4

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise A, Question 6

Question:

5 3 a b 7 1
Given that 0 1 + c d = 2 0 , find the values of a, b, c, d, e and f.

2 1 e f 1 4

Solution:

5+a =7 a=2
3+b =1 b = 2
0+c =2 c=2
1 + d =0 d=1
2+e =1 e = 1
1+f =4 f=3

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise B, Question 1

Question:

For the matrices A= 2 0(4 6) , B= (11 ), find


a 3A

1
b A
2

c 2B.

Solution:

(4 6) = (126 180 )
a 3 2 0

b ( ) ( )
1 2 0
2 4 6
= 1 0
2 3

(1) = (22 )
c 2 1

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise B, Question 2

Question:

(2 0) (1 0) ( x 0)
Find the value of k and the value of x so that 0 1 + k 0 2 = 0 7 .

Solution:

1 + 2k = 7
2k = 6
k = 3
2k = x
23 = x
x = 1

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise B, Question 3

Question:

Find the values of a, b, c and d so that 2 a 0 3 1 c = (43 43 ).


1 b d 1

Solution:

2a 3 = 3 2a = 6
a=3
0 3c = 3 c = 1
2 3d = 4 3d = 6
d=2
2b + 3 = 4 2b = 7
b = 3.5

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise B, Question 4

Question:

Find the values of a, b, c and d so that 5 a 2 c 2 = 9 1 .


(b 0) (1 1) 3 d

Solution:

5 2c = 9
4 = 2c
c = 2
a4 =1
a=5
b2 =3
b=5
0+2 = d
d=2

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise B, Question 5

Question:

Find the value of k so that 3 + k 2k = k .


k 2k 6

Solution:

3 + 2k 2 = k
=== 2k 2 k 3 = 0
(2k 3)(k + 1) = 0
3
k= or 1
2
AND k + 2k 2 = 6
=== 2k 2 + k 6 = 0
(2k 3)(k + 2) = 0
3
k= or 2
2

3
So common value is k =
2

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 1

Question:

Given the dimensions of the following matrices:


Matrix A B C D E
Dimension 2 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 3

Give the dimensions of these matrix products.

a BA

b DE

c CD

d ED

e AE

f DA

Solution:

a (1 2) (2 2) = 1 2

b (3 2) (2 3) = 3 3

c (1 3) (3 2) = 1 2

d (2 3) (3 2) = 2 2

e (2 2) (2 3) = 2 3

f (3 2) (2 2) = 3 2

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 2

Question:

Find these products.

(3 4)(12)
a 1 2

(3 4)(10 25 )
b 1 2

Solution:

(3 4)(12) = (53)
a 1 2

(3 4)(10 25 ) = (24 71)


b 1 2

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 3

Question:

The matrix A= 1 2 and the matrix B= 1 0 1 .


(0 3) (1 1 0)
Find

A2 means A A

a AB

b A2

Solution:

a 1 2 1 0 1 = 3 2 1
( 0 3 )(1 1 0) ( 3 )
3 0

b 1 2
( 0 3 )(10 23 ) = (10 49 )
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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 4

Question:

The matrices A, B and C are given by

1()
A= 2 , B= (13 12), C = ( 3 2 )

Determine whether or not the following products are possible and find the products of those that are.

a AB

b AC

c BC

d BA

e CA

f CB

Solution:

a AB is (2 1) (2 2) Not possible

b AC = 2 ( 3 2 ) = 6 4
(1) (3 2)
c BC is (2 2) (1 2) Not possible

d BA = (13 12)(12) = (70)


(1)
e CA = ( 3 2 ) 2 = (8).

(1 2)
f CB = ( 3 2 ) 3 1 = ( 7 7 )

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 5

Question:

(1 1)(10
Find in terms of a 2 a )
3 0 .
1 2

Solution:

3 0 = 2 6 a 2a
(21 1a )(10 1 2) (
1 4 2 )
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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 6

Question:

(1 x )(1x 23 ).
Find in terms of x 3 2

Solution:

(13 2x )(1x 23 ) = (3x0+ 2 3x0+ 2)


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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 7

Question:

(0 1 )
The matrix A= 1 2 .

Find

a A2

b A3

c Suggest a form for Ak.

You might be asked to prove this formula for Ak in FP1 using induction from Chapter 6.

Solution:

(0 1)(10 12) = (10 14)


a A2 = 1 2

(0 1)(10 14) = (10 61)


b A3 = AA2 = 1 2

Note A2 = 1 2 2
( )
0 1

A = (1 23
1 )
3
0

Suggests Ak = 1 2 k
0 1

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 8

Question:

The matrix A= a 0.
b 0

a Find, in terms of a and b, the matrix A2.

Given that A2 = 3A

b find the value of a.

Solution:

2
a A2 = a 0 a 0 = a 0
b 0 b 0 ab 0

2
b A2 = 3 A a 0 = 3a 0
ab 0 3b 0

a 2 = 3a a = 3 (or 0)
and ab = 3b a=3
a=3

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 9

Question:

2
A= ( 1 3) , B= 1 , C= 4 2 .
( )
0 3
0

Find a BAC

b AC2

Solution:

2
BAC = 1 ( 1 3) 4 2
( )
0 3
0
2
= 1 ( 4 7 )

0
8 14
= 4 7

0 0

AC2 = ( 1 3) 4 2
( )(04 23)
0 3
4 2
7 )(
0 3)
= ( 4

= ( 16 29 )

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise C, Question 10

Question:

1
A= 1 , B= ( 3 2 3).

2

Find a ABA

b BAB

Solution:

1 1
ABA = 1( 3 2 3) 1

2 2
1
= 1(1)

2
1
=1

2

1
BAB = ( 3 2 3) 1( 3 2 3)

2
= (1)( 3 2 3)
= ( 3 2 3)

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise D, Question 1

Question:

Which of the following are not linear transformations?


a P: y
(x) 2x

y + 1

2
(x)
b Q: y x
y

2x + y
c R: y
(x)
x + xy

(x) ( )
d S: y 3y
x

y+3

e T: y
(x)
x + 3


f U: y
( x) 2x

3y 2x

Solution:

a P is not (0,0) (0,1)

b Q is not x x 2 is not linear

c R is not y x + xy is not linear

d S is linear

e T is not (0,0) (3,3)

f U is linear.

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise D, Question 2

Question:

Identify which of these are linear transformations and give their matrix representations. Give reasons to explain why the
other transformations are not linear.

2x y
a S: y
x
() 3x

2y + 1
b T: y
(x)
x1

( x ) ( xy0 )
c U: y

(x) ( )
d V: y 2y
x

( x) ( y)
e W: y x

Solution:

a S is represented by 2 1
(3 0

b T is not linear (0,0) (1 , 1)

c U is not linear x xy is not linear

d V is represented by (10 20)


e W is represented by 0 1
(1 0

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise D, Question 3

Question:

Identify which of these are linear transformations and give their matrix representations. Give reasons to explain why the
other transformations are not linear.

x2
( x)
a S: y 2
y

( x ) (yx )
b T: y

( x ) ( x y)
c U: y x y

( x) ( )
d V: y 0
0

(x) (x)
e W: y y

Solution:

a S is not linear x x 2 and y y 2 are not linear

b T is represented by 0 1
(1 0 )
c U is represented by 1 1
(1 1)
(0 0 )
d V is represented by 0 0

e W is represented by 1 0(0 1 )
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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise D, Question 4

Question:

Find matrix representations for these linear transformations.

a ( xy ) y y+ 2x

y
b y x + 2y
( x)

Solution:

x y + 2x 2x + y
a y y

( ) 2 1
= 0x y is represented by 0 1

x 0 y
b y is represented by 0 1 ( )
x + 2y
1 2

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise D, Question 5

Question:

The triangle T has vertices at (1, 1), (2, 3) and (5, 1).

Find the vertices of the image of T under the transformations represented by these matrices.

a 1 0
( 0 1)
(0 2)
b 1 4

c 0 2
(2 0 )
Solution:

a 1 0 1 2 5 = 1 2 5
( 0 1( 1 3 1) (1 )
3 1

vertices of image of T are at (1,1); (1,3); (5,1)

b 1(0 42)(11 23 15) = (23 146 92)


vertices of image of T are at (3 , 2); (14 , 6); (9 , 2)

c 0 2
(2 0)(11 23 51) = (22 6 2
)
4 10

vertices of image of T are at (2 , 2); (6,4); (2,10)

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise D, Question 6

Question:

The square S has vertices at (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (0 , 1).

Find the vertices of the image of S under the transformations represented by these matrices.

( 0 3)
a 2 0

b 1 1
(1 1 )
(1 1)
c 1 1

Solution:

(0 3)(01 01
a 2 0 1 0 = 2 0 2 0
) (
0 1 0 3 0 3 )
vertices of the image of S are (2,0) : (0,3); (2,0); (0 , 3)

b 1 1 1 0 1
(1 1)( 0 1 0 = 1 1 1 1
) ( )
0 1 1 1 1 1

vertices of the image of S are (1 , 1); (1,1); (1,1); (1 , 1)

c 1(1 11(10 10

1 0 = 1 1 1 1
0 1) (
1 1 1 1 )
vertices of the image of S are (1 , 1); (1 , 1); (1,1); (1,1)

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise E, Question 1

Question:

Describe fully the geometrical transformations represented by these matrices.

(0 1)
a 1 0

b 0 1
(1 0 )
c (10 01)
Solution:

(10) (10)
(01) (10 )

Reflection is x-axis (or line y = 0)

(10) (01)
(01) (10)

Rotation 90 anticlockwise about (0,0)

(10) (10 )
(01) (10)

Rotation 90 clockwise (or 270 anticlockwise) about (0,0)

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise E, Question 2

Question:

Describe fully the geometrical transformations represented by these matrices.

1 0

a 2
1
0
2

(1 0 )
b 0 1

(0 1 )
c 1 0

Solution:

a
1
() 1
0
2

0
0
(01) 1

2

1
Enlargement - scale factor centre (0,0)
2

(10) (01)
(01) (10)

Reflection in line y = x

(10) (10)
(01) (01)

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No change so this is the Identity matrix.

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise E, Question 3

Question:

Describe fully the geometrical transformations represented by these matrices.

1 1
2 2
a
1 1


2 2

(0 4)
b 4 0

1 1 1
c (
2 1 1 )
Solution:

a
1
2
(10)

1
2
1
2
(01)
1

2

Rotation 45 clockwise about (0,0)

(10) (04)
(01) (04)

Enlargement Scale factor 4 centre (0,0)

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1
2
(10)
1

2
1
2
(01)
1

2

Rotation 225 anti-clockwise about (0,0) or 135 clockwise

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise E, Question 4

Question:

Find the matrix that represents these transformations.

a Rotation of 90 clockwise about (0, 0).

b Reflection in the x-axis.

c Enlargement centre (0, 0) scale factor 2.

Solution:

(10) (10 ) Matrix is 0 1


(1 0)
( 1) (0 )
0 1

(10) (10) Matrix is 1 0


(0 1)
(1) (1)
0 0

(10) (02) Matrix is 2 0


(0 2)
(1) ( 2 )
0 0

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise E, Question 5

Question:

Find the matrix that represents these transformations.

a Enlargement scale factor 4 centre (0, 0).

b Reflection in the line y = x.

c Rotation about (0, 0) of 135 anticlockwise.

Solution:

(10) (40) Matrix is 4 0


( 0 4)
(1) (4)
0 0

(10) (01) Matrix is 0 1


(1 0)
(1) (0)
0 1

c
1
2
(10)

1
1 1
2 2 2
Matrix is 1 1
1
2 2
(01)
1

2

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise F, Question 1

Question:

A= 1 0 , B= 0 1 , C= 2 0
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1 0 0 2

Find these matrix products and describe the single transformation represented by the product.

a AB

b BA

c AC

d A2

e C2

Solution:

a AB = 1 0
( 0 1)(10 10 ) = (01 10)

(10) (01) Reflection in y = x


(01) (10)
b BA = 0 1 1 0 = 0 1
(1 0 )( 0 1) (1 0) Reflection in y = x

c AC = 1 0
( 0 1)(02 02) = (20 20 ) Enlargement scale facter 2 centre (0,0)

d A2 = 1 0
( 0 1)(10 10 ) = (10 01) Identity (No transformation)

[This can be thought of as a rotation of 180 + 180 = 360 ]

(0 2)(02 02) = (04 04)


e C2 = 2 0

Enlargement scale facter 4 centre (0,0)

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise F, Question 2

Question:

A = rotation of 90 anticlockwise about (0, 0) B = rotation of 180 about (0, 0)


C = reflection in the x-axis D = reflection in the y-axis

a Find matrix representations of each of the four transformations A, B, C and D.

b Use matrix products to identify the single geometric transformation represented by each of these combinations.

i Reflection in the x-axis followed by a rotation of 180 about (0, 0).

ii Rotation of 180 about (0, 0) followed by a reflection in the x-axis.

iii Reflection in the y-axis followed by reflection in the x-axis.

iv Reflection in the y-axis followed by rotation of 90 about (0, 0).

v Rotation of 180 about (0, 0) followed by a second rotation of 180 about (0, 0).

vi Reflection in the x-axis followed by rotation of 90 about (0, 0) followed by a reflection in the y-axis.

vii Reflection in the y-axis followed by rotation of 180 about (0, 0) followed by a reflection in the x-axis.

Solution:

0 1
Rotation of 90 anticlockwise A=
1 0 ( )

1 0
Rotation of 180 about (0,0) B=
0 1 ( )

Reflection in x-axis ( )
C= 1 0
0 1

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Reflection in y-axis D= 1 0( )
0 1

i BC = 1 0
( 0 1)(10 10 ) = (10 01) (=D)

Reflection in y-axis

(0 1)(10 10 ) = (10 01)


ii CB = 1 0 (=D)

Reflection in y-axis

(0 1)(10 01) = (10 10 )


iii CD = 1 0 (=B)

Rotation of 180 about (0,0)

iv AD = 0 1 1 0 = 0 1
(1 0 )( 0 1) (1 0 )

Reflection in line y = x

v BB = 1 0
( 0 1)(10 10 ) = (10 01)
Rotation of 360 about (0, 0) or Identity

vi

DAC = (10 01)(10 10 )(10 10 )


= ( 0 1 )( 1 0 )
1 0 0 1
= ( 0 1) (= A)
1 0

Rotation of 90 anticlockwise about (0, 0)

vii

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CBD = (10 10 )(10 10 )(10 01)


= ( 1 0 )( 1 0 )
0 1 0 1
= ( 0)
1
0 1

Identity - no transformation

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise F, Question 3

Question:

Use a matrix product to find the single geometric transformation represented by a rotation of 270 anticlockwise about
(0, 0) followed by a refection in the x-axis.

Solution:

Rotation of 270 about (0,0)

(10) (10 ) Matrix is 0 1 .


(1 0)
(1) (0)
0 1

Reflection is x-axis

(10) (10) Matrix is 1 0 .


(0 1)
(1) (1)
0 0

Rotation of 270 followed by reflection in x-axis is:

(10 10 )(10 10) = (01 10)

(10) (01)
(01) (10)

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Reflection is y = x

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise F, Question 4

Question:

Use matrices to show that a refection in the y-axis followed by a reflection in the line y = x is equivalent to a rotation of
90 anticlockwise about (0, 0).

Solution:

Reflection in y-axis Matrix is Y= 1 0 ( )


0 1

Reflection in y = x Matrix R= (10 10 )

RY = (10 10 )(10 01) = (01 10 )

(10) (01) i.e. Rotation of 90 anticlockwise about (0, 0).


(01) (10)
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise F, Question 5

Question:

1

1
2 2
The matrix R is given by
1 1
.

2 2

a Find R2.

b Describe the geometric transformation represented by R2.

c Hence describe the geometric transformation represented by R.

d Write down R8.

Solution:

1

1 1

1
2 0 1
aR =

1
2
1
2

1
2
1
2
=

( )
1 0
2 2 2 2

i.e. R2 represents rotation of 90 anticlockwise about (0, 0)

c R represents a rotation of 45 anticlockwise about (0, 0)

d R8 will represent rotation of 8 45 = 360

This is equivalent to no transformation

( )
R8 =I= 1 0
0 1

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise F, Question 6

Question:

P= 5 2 , Q= 1 2
( ) ( )
3 1 3 5

The transformation represented by the matrix R is the result of the transformation represented by the matrix P followed
by the transformation represented by the matrix Q.

a Find R.

b Give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by R.

Solution:

( 3 5 )(53 12 ) = (10 01)


a R= QP = 1 2

(10) (10)
(01) (01)
Reflection in y-axis

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise F, Question 7

Question:

A= 5 7 , B= 4 3 , C= 2 1
( ) ( ) ( )
7 10 3 2 1 1

Matrices A, B and C represent three transformations. By combining the three transformations in the order B, followed by
A, followed by C a single transformation is obtained.

Find a matrix representation of this transformation and interpret it geometrically.

Solution:

7 4 3
CAB = (21 11)(75 10 )( 3 2)
= ( 3 4 )( 4 3)
2 3 3 2
= ( 0 1)
1 0

(10) (10 )
(01) (10)
Reflection in the line y = x

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise F, Question 8

Question:

P= 1 5 , Q= 2 4 , R= 3 1
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 0 1 2 2

Matrices P, Q and R represent three transformations. By combining the three transformations in the order R, followed by
Q, followed by P a single transformation is obtained.

Find a matrix representation of this transformation and interpret it geometrically.

Solution:

PQR = (11 51)(02 41)(23 12)


= ( 2 1)( 3 1 )
2 3 2 2
= (8 0)
0 8

Enlargement scale factor 8

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 1

Question:

Determine which of these matrices are singular and which are non-singular. For those that are non-singular find the
inverse matrix.

a (43 12 )
b (13 13 )
(0 0 )
c 2 5

(3 5 )
d 1 2

(4 2)
e 6 3

(6 2)
f 4 3

Solution:

det 3 1 = 6 (4) (1)


4 2
= 64
= 2 0

the Matrix is non-singular

So inverse is ( )
1 2 1
2 4 3

or 1 0.5
2 1.5

det 3 3 = 3 (1) 3
1 1
= 3 + 3
= 0

Matrix is singular.

det 2 5 = 00
0 0
= 0

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Matrix is singular

det 1 2 = 56
3 5
= 1 0

Matrix is non-singular

1 5 2
Inverse is (
1 3 1
= ) (53 12 )
e

det 6 3 = 12 12
4 2
= 0

Matrix is singular

det 4 3 = 8 18
6 2
= 10 0

Matrix is non-singular

2 3
Inverse is
1
(
10 6 4 )
0.2 0.3
=
0.6 0.4

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 2

Question:

Find the value of a for which these matrices are singular.

a a 1+a
(3 )
2

b 1+a 3a
(a + 2 1 a )
c 2+a 1a
(1 a )
a

Solution:

det a 1 + a = 2a 3(1 + a)
3 2
= 2a 3 3a
= 3 a

Matrix is singular for a = 3

Let A = (1a ++ a2 13 aa )
det A = (1 + a)(1 a) (3 a)(a + 2)
= 1 a 2 (a 2 + a + 6)
= 1 a2 + a2 a 6
= a 5
det A = 0 a = 5

Let B = (12 + aa 1 a a)
det B = 2a + a 2 (1 a)2
= 2a + a 2 1 + 2a a 2
= 4a 1
1
det B = 0 a=
4

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 3

Question:

Find inverses of these matrices.

1+a
a (1 +a a 2+a )
b 2a 3b
a b

Solution:

1+a
Let A = (1 +a a 2+a )
det A = 2a + a 2 (1 + a)2
= 2a + a 2 1 2a a 2
= 1
1 2+a (1 + a) [2 + a] (1 + a)
A1 = =
1 (1 + a) a (1 + a) a

Let B = 2a 3b
a b
det B = 2ab (a) 3b
= 2ab + 3ab
= ab
1 b 3b
B1 =
ab a 2a
1 3
a
= a provided that ab 0
1 2

b b

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Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 4

Question:

a Given that ABC =I, prove that B1 = CA.

b Given that A= (10 61 ) and C= (32 11 ), find B.


Solution:

ABC = I
A1ABC = A1I
1
BC = A
BCC1 = A1C1
B = A1C1 = (CA)1
B1 = CA

CA =(32 11 )(10 61 )
= ( 1 4 )
1 3
1
(CA) = (13 14 )
1
3 + 4

B = (3 4)
1 1

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Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 5

Question:

a Given that AB =C, find an expression for B.

b Given further that A= 2 1 and C= 3 6 , find B.


(4 3 ) (1 22)
Solution:

AB =C
A1AB = A1C
B= A1C

A = (42 13 ) det A = 6 4 = 10
A1 (43 12)
1
=
10
1
B = A C
= ( )( )
1 3 1 3 6
10 4 2 1 22

= ( )
1 10 40
10 10 20

= ( )
1 4
1 2

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 6

Question:

a Given that BAC =B, where B is a non-singular matrix, find an expression for A.

(3 2 )
b When C= 5 3 , find A.

Solution:

BAC =B
B1BAC = B1B
AC =I
A= C1

( )
C= 5 3
3 2
det C = 10 9 = 1
1 2 3
C1 = ( )
1 3 5

A= 2 3
( )
3 5

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 7

Question:

7 8 . Find the matrix B.


The matrix A= (42 13 ) and AB = (84 13 18 )
Solution:

A =(42 13 ) det A = 6 (4) (1) = 2


1
A = ( 3 1)
1

4 2
2

AB = ( 7 8 1
8 13 18 )
4 ( on left byA )

B = ( 3 1 )( 4 7 8 )
1

4 2 8 13 18
2

B = ( 4 8 6 )
1
0 2 4
2

B = ( 4 3)
2
0 1 2

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 8

Question:

11 1
The matrix B= 5 4 and AB = 8 9 . Find the matrix A.
( )
2 1
2 1

Solution:

B = (25 41 ) det B = 5 + 8 = 13
B1 (21 54)
1
=
13
11 1
AB = 8 9 ( on right by B1)

2 1
11 1
ABB1 = 8 9 B1

2 1
1
11 1
A = 8 9 1 4
13 2 5
2 1
( )
1
13 39
= 26 13
13
0 13
1 3
= 2 1

0 1

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 9

Question:

The matrix A= 3a b , where a and b are non-zero constants.


4a 2b

a Find A1.

The matrix B= a b and the matrix X is given by B= XA.


3a 2b

b Find X.

Solution:

A= 3a b det A = 6ab 4ab = 2ab


4a 2b
1 2b b
A1 =
2ab 4a 3a

B = XA
1
=
BA = XAA1
X = BA1
X = a b 2b b
1
So
3a 2b 4a 3a 2ab
1 6ab 4ab
=
2ab 2ab 3ab
3 2
X =
1 3 / 2

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 10

Question:

The matrix A= a 2a and the matrix B= 2b 2a .


b 2b b a

a Find det (A) and det (B).

b Find AB.

Solution:

A = a 2a det A = 2ab 2ab = 0


b 2b
B = 2b 2a det B = 2ab 2ab = 0
b a

a 2a 2b 2a
AB =
b 2b b a
2 2
= 2ab 2ab 2a + 2a
2 2
2b 2b 2ab + 2ab
= (00 00)
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Matrix algebra
Exercise G, Question 11

Question:

The non-singular matrices A and B are commutative (i.e. AB = BA ) and ABA =B.

a Prove that A2 =I.

Given that A= 0 1 , by considering a matrix B of the form a b


(1 0) c d

b show that a = d and b = c.

Solution:

Given AB = BA
and ABA =B
A(AB) =B
A2 B=B
A BB1 = BB1
2

A2 =I

( ) db = ac
AB = 0 1 a
1 0 c

d
b

BA = a b 0
( 10) = db
a
c d 1 c

AB = BA b = c
d=a

i.e. a = d and b = c

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise H, Question 1

Question:

The matrix R= 0 1
(1 0 )
a Give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by R.

b Find R1.

c Give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by R1.

Solution:

a
(1,0) (0,1)
(0,1) (1,0)

R represents a rotation of 90 anticlockwise about (0, 0)

det R = 0 1 = 1
R1 = 0 1 ( )
1 0

c R1represents a rotation of 90 anticlockwise about (0,0)

(or 90 clockwise or 270 anticlockwise )

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise H, Question 2

Question:

a The matrix S= 1 0
( 0 1)
i Give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by S.

ii Show that S2 =I.

iii Give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by S 1.

b The matrix T= (10 10 )


i Give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by T.

ii Show that T 2 =I.

iii Give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by T 1.

c Calculate det(S) and det(T) and comment on their values in the light of the transformations they represent.

Solution:

(1,0) (1,0)
ai
(0,1) (0 , 1)

S represents a rotation of 180 about (0,0)

ii S2 will be a rotation of 180 + 180 = 360 about (0,0) S2 = I

or (10 10(10 10) = 10 01) = I


iii S1 = S = rotation of 180 about (0,0)

bi

(1,0) (0 , 1)
(0,1) (1,0)

T represents a reflection in the line y = x

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ii T2 = (10 10(10 10) = (10 01) = I


iii T1 = T = reflection in the line y = x

det S = 1 0 = 1
det T = 0 1 = 1

For both S and T, area is unaltered

T represents a reflection and has a negative determinant. Orientation is reversed

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Matrix algebra
Exercise H, Question 3

Question:

The matrix A represents a reflection in the line y = x and the matrix B represents a rotation of 270 about (0, 0).

a Find the matrix C= BA and interpret it geometrically.

b Find C 1 and give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by C 1.

c Find the matrix D= AB and interpret it geometrically.

d Find D1 and give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by D1.

Solution:

A = 0 1
1 0 ( )

Reflection in y = x

B = (10 01)

Rotation of 270 (about (0,0))

C = BA = (01 10)(01 10) = (10 01)

C represents a reflection in the line y = 0 (or the x-axis)

b C1 = C = 1(0 10) is a reflection in the line y = 0


c

D = AB = 0 1
1 0 ( )(10 10) = (10 01

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D represents a reflection in the line x = 0 (or the y-axis)

d D1 = D = 1 0 is a reflection in the line x = 0


( 0 1)
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise I, Question 1

Question:

The matrix A= 2 1 is used to transform the rectangle R with vertices at the points (0, 0), (0, 1), (4, 1) and (4, 0).
(4 3 )
a Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image of R.

b Calculate the area of the image of R.

Solution:

a 2 1 0 0 4 4 = 0 1 7
(4 3 )(0 1 ) (0 8
)
1 0 3 19 16

Coordinates of image are: (0,0); (1,3); (7,19); (8,16)

b
Area of R= 4 1 = 4

det A = 6 4 = 10

Area of image = 10 4
= 40 .

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Exercise I, Question 2

Question:

The triangle T has vertices at the points (3.5, 2.5), (16, 10) and (7, 4).

a Find the coordinates of the vertices of T under the transformation given by the matrix M= 1 1 .
(3 5)
b Show that the area of the image of T is 7.5.

c Hence find the area of T.

Solution:

a 1 1 3.5 16 7 = 1 6 3
( 3 5 ) 2.5 (2 )
10 4 2 1

Coordinates of T are (1,2); (6,2); (3 , 1)

b
1
Area of T = 5 3 = 7.5
2

det M = 5 + 3 = 2
Area of T 2 = Area of T
7.5
Area of T =
2
= 3.75

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Exercise I, Question 3

Question:

The rectangle R has vertices at the points (1, 0), (0 , 3), (4, 0) and (3, 3).

The matrix A= 2 3 a , where a is a constant.


(1 )
a

a Find, in terms of a, the coordinates of the vertices of the image of R under the transformation given by A.

b Find det(A), leaving your answer in terms of a.

Given that the area of the image of R is 75

c find the positive value of a.

Solution:

a 2 3 a
(1 )(10 30 04 33) = (+21 3a3a 9 8 3 3a
)
a 4 3 + 3a

Image of R is : (+2 , 1); (3a 9 , 3a); (8,4); (3 3a,3 + 3a)

det A = 2a 3 + a
= a 3

Area of R = ( 1
2 )
5 3 2.
= 15

Area of R det A = 75
75
det A = =5
15
So a 3 = 5
a 3 = 5 or a + 3 = 5

positive value of a = 2

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Matrix algebra
Exercise I, Question 4

Question:

P= 2 4 , Q= 1 2 , R= 1 2 .
( ) ( ) ( )
3 1 1 4 2 1

A rectangle of area 5 cm2 is transformed by the matrix X. Find the area of the image of the rectangle when X is:

aP

bQ

cR

d RQ

e QR

f RP

Solution:

a det P = 2 + 12 = 14 area of image is 70 cm2

b det Q = 4 + 2 = 6 area of image is 30 cm2

c det R = 1 4 = 3 area of image is 15 cm2

d det RQ = det R det Q = 18 area of image is 90 cm2

e det QR = det Q det R = 18 area of image is 90 cm2

f det RP = det R det P = 42 area of image is 210 cm2

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Exercise I, Question 5

Question:

3 , where a is a constant, into triangle T .


(3
The triangle T has area 6 cm2 and is transformed by the matrix a
a+2 )
a Find det(A) in terms of a.

Given that the area of T is 36 cm2

b find the possible values of a.

Solution:

det A = a(a + 2) 9
= a 2 + 2a 9

Area of T det A = Area of T


6 det A = 36
det A = 6
a 2 + 2a 9 = 6
a 2 + 2a 15 = 0
(a + 5)(a 3) = 0
a = 3 or 5

or

a 2 + 2a 9 = 6
a 2 + 2a 3 = 0
(a + 3)(a 1) = 0
a = 1 or 3

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Exercise J, Question 1

Question:

Use inverse matrices to solve the following simultaneous equations

a 7x + 3y = 6

5x 2y = 5

b 4x y = 1

2x + 3y = 8

Solution:

a (57 23) =A det A = 14 + 15 = 1

1 2 3
A1 = ( )
1 5 7

A ( xy ) = (56) ( xy ) = A1(56)
( xy ) = (25 37)(56)
= 12 + 15
( ) = (53)
30 35

x = 3, y = 5

1
bB= (24
3
det B = 12 (2)(1) = 10

B1 = ( )
1 3 1

10 2 4

B y = 1
() ( ) B1 1 = y
( ) ()
x x

8 8

So ( xy ) = 101 (23 14)(18)


1 3 + 8
= ( ) = 0.5
10 2 + 32 3

x = 0.5, y = 3

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise J, Question 2

Question:

Use inverse matrices to solve the following simultaneous equations

a 4x y = 11

3x + 2y = 0

b 5x + 2y = 3

3x + 4y = 13

Solution:

a A = 4 1
( ) det A = 8 + 3 = 11
3 2

A1 = ( )
1 2 1
11 3 4

x
() ( )
So A y = 11
0
( xy ) = A1(110)
x
()
y =
1 2 1
11 3 4 ( )(110) =
1
( )
22
11 33

x = 2, y = 3

b B= 5 2
3 4 ( ) det B = 20 6 = 14

B1 = 4 2
1
(
14 3 5 )
x
() ( )
So B y = 3
13
( xy ) = B1(133 )
4 2 3
x
()
y =
1
(

14 3 5 13 ) )
1 12 26 1 14
= (
14 9 + 65 ) = ( )
14 56

x = 1, y = 4

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise K, Question 1

Question:

(4 2)
The matrix A= 3 1 transforms the triangle PQR into the triangle with coordinates (6 , 2), (4, 4), (0, 8).

Find the coordinates of P, Q and R.

Solution:

( )
A= 3 1
4 2
det A = 6 4 = 2.

1 2 1
A1 = ( )
2 4 3

A( PQR) = ( 6 4 0 )
2 4 8

1 2 1
PQR given by (
2 4 3 )(26
4 0
4 8 )
1 14 4 8
= (
2 30 4 24 )
= (157 22 124)
P is (7 , 15), Q is (2 , 2), R is (4, 12)

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise K, Question 2

Question:

The matrix A= 1 3 and AB = 4 1 9 .


(2 1 ) (1 )
9 4

Find the matrix B.

Solution:

A = 1 3
( ) det A = 1 + 6 = 7
2 1
A1 = ( )
1 1 3

7 2 1

A1(AB) = ( )(14 19 94)


1 1 3
7 2 1

B = ( 7 28 21 )
1

77 7 14

B =(
1 1 2 )
1 4 3

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

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Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise K, Question 3

Question:

A= 2 1 , B= 4 1 , C= 3 1 .
( ) ( ) ( )
7 3 5 1 2 1

The matrices A, B and C represent three transformations. By combining the three transformations in the order A,
followed by B, followed by C, a simple single transformation is obtained which is represented by the matrix R.

a Find R.

b Give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by R.

c Write down the matrix R2.

Solution:

a
R =CBA
= 3 1
2 1( )(54 11 )(27 31 )
= 3 1
2 1( )(13 21 )
R = (0 1 )
1 0

b R represents a reflection in the line y = x

c R2 =I

Since repeating a reflection twice returns an object to its original position.

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

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Heinemann Solutionbank: Further Pure FP1 Page 1 of 1

Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise K, Question 4

Question:

The matrix Y represents a rotation of 90 about (0, 0).

a Find Y.

The matrices A and B are such that AB =Y. Given that B= 3 2 (2 1)


b find A.

c Simplify ABABABAB.

Solution:

Y = 0 1 ( )
1 0

b AB = Y A = YB1.

( )
B = 3 2 det B = 3 4 = 1
2 1
1 1 2
B1
= = 1 2
( ) ( )
1 2 3 2 3
A = ( 0 1)( 1 2 )
1 0 2 3
=( 2
1 2 )
3

c ABABABAB = Y 4

= rotation of 4 90 = 360 about (0, 0)


=I

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

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Heinemann Solutionbank: Further Pure FP1 Page 1 of 1

Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise K, Question 5

Question:

The matrix R represents a reflection in the x-axis and the matrix E represents an enlargement of scale factor 2 centre (0,
0).

a Find the matrix C= ER and interpret it geometrically.

b Find C 1 and give a geometrical interpretation of the transformation represented by C 1.

Solution:

Reflection in x-axis
R= 1 0
0 1 ( )

Enlargement S.F. 2 centre (0, 0)


E= 2 0
0 2 ( )
a

( )( )
C = ER = 2 0 1 0
0 2 0 1
Reflection in the x-axis and enlargement SF 2. Centre (0, 0)

=
2 0
0 2 ( )
1 0
1 1 2 0
b C = ( )
4 0 2
= 2
1
0
2

1
Reflection in the x-axis and enlargement scale factor . Centre (0, 0)
2

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Heinemann Solutionbank: Further Pure FP1 Page 1 of 1

Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise K, Question 6

Question:

1 + p p
The quadrilateral R of area 4cm2 is transformed to R by the matrix P= , where p is a constant.
2 p p

a Find det(P) in terms of p.

Given that the area of R = 12cm2

b find the possible values of p.

Solution:

1 + p p
P= det P = p(1 + p) p(2 p)
2 p p
= p + p 2 2p + p 2
= 2p 2 p.

Area of R det p = Area of R1


4 det p = 12
det p = 3
So 2p 2 p = 3
2p 2 p 3 = 0
(2p 3)(p + 1) = 0

3
p = 1 or
2

or 2p 2 p = 3
2p 2 p + 3 = 0

Discrimininat is (1)2 4 3 2 = 23
<0
no solutions
3
so p = 1 or are the only solutions
2

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

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Heinemann Solutionbank: Further Pure FP1 Page 1 of 1

Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise K, Question 7

Question:

The matrix A= a b , where a and b are non-zero constants.


2a 3b

a Find A1.

The matrix Y= a 2b and the matrix X is given by XA =Y.


2a b

b Find X.

Solution:

A = a b det A = 3ab 2ab = ab


2a 3b
3 1
1 1 3b b a a
A = =
ab 2a a 2 1

b b

XA = Y X = YA1
3 1
a 2b a a
X =

2a b 2 1
b b
1
= ( 1
4 1 )
Pearson Education Ltd 2008

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Heinemann Solutionbank: Further Pure FP1 Page 1 of 1

Solutionbank FP1
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Matrix algebra
Exercise K, Question 8

Question:

The 2 2, non-singular matrices, A, B and X satisfy XB = BA.

a Find an expression for X.

(0 2)
b Given that A= 5 3 and B= (12 11 ), find X.
Solution:

XB = BA
(XB)B1 = BAB1

i .e . X = BAB1 ( BB1 =I)

B = (12 11 ) det B = 2 (1) = 1


B1 =
1
1 (11 12 ) = (11 21 )
X = ( 2 1 )( 5 3 )( 1 1 )
1 1 0 2 1 2
= ( 2 1 )( 2 1)
1 1 2 4
X =(6 2)
4 3

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

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