592 Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations

PROBLEMS
(Answers bracketed with questions)
1. Calculate the degree of ionisation of 0 4 M acetic acid in water. Dissociation
constant of acetic acid is 1 8 10 5. 6 71 10
3

2. Calculate the degree of dissociation of 0 2 N of a monobasic acid at 25 C. The

5
dissociation constant of acetic acid at this temperature is 1 8 10 . What will be
the H concentration? 9 48
3
10 , 1 89 10 M
3

2
0 2x 5
[Hint: K 1 8 10 ; [H ] 0 2x, x is the degree of dissociation]
1 x

3. Calculate [OH ] for a solution whose pH is 6 2. (1 6 10

8
M)
10
4. The dissociation constant of HCN is 4 8 10 . What is the concentration of
H3O , OH and HCN in a solution prepared by dissolving 0 16 mole of NaCN in
450 mL of water at 25 C? ([OH ] [HCN] 2 72 10 3
M
[Hint: Apply Equation 11(a).]
5. At what concentration of the solution will the degree of dissociation of nitrous
4
acid be 0 2? Ka for HNO2 is 4 10 . (0 008 M)
2
6. The degree of dissociation of acetic acid in a 0 1 N solution is 1 32 10 . At what
concentration of nitrous acid will its degree of dissociation be the same as that of
acetic acid? {Ka HNO2 4 10 4} (2 3 mole/litre)
7. Calculate the pH of the following aqueous solutions:
(i) 5 10 8 M HCl (ii) 5 10 10
M HCl
8 10
(iii) 10 M NaOH (iv) 10 M NaOH 6 89, 7, 7 02, 7
8. Compute the pH of a solution at 25 C which is twice as alkaline as pure water.
(7 3)

9. How many times is the H concentration in the blood (pH = 7 36) greater than
in the spinal fluid (pH = 7 53)? (1 5 times)
10. Calculate the pH of an NaOH solution, the concentration of which is 0 1 g/L.
Assume the dissociation of NaOH to be complete. (11 40
11. Find the pH of a 0 01 M solution of acetic acid, dissociating to the extent of 4 2%.
3 38)
12. Determine the pH value of a solution obtained by mixing 25 mL of 0 2 M HCl
and 50 mL of 0 25 N NaOH solutions. (13)

13. Calculate how many H ions are present in one millionth part of 1 mL of pure
14 2
water. The ionic product of water is 1 10 mol / L (60 3 million)
 Ionic Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions 593

14. Assuming the first step of dissociation to be complete, find the concentrations of
2
all species in a 0 1 M H2SO4 solution. K2 12 10 .
[H2SO 4] 0 M, [HSO 4 ] 0 09 M, [H ] 0 11 M

15. Calculate the concentrations of various species in a 0 1 M H2S saturated solution.

7 13
K1 1 10 and K2 13 10 . [H2S] 0 1 M
2 13
[S ] 13 10 M
4
[HS ] 1 10 M
4
[H ] 1 10 M
16. A weak base BOH of concentration 0 02 mole/litre has a pH value of 10 45. If
100 mL of this base is mixed with 10 mL of 0 1 M HCl, what will be the pH of
the mixture? (8 59)
17. How will the pH increase if 0 05 mole of sodium acetate is added to 1 litre of a
0 005 M acetic acid solution? Ka CH3COOH 18 10 5. (pH increases by 2 21)

18. Calculate the pH of 0 1 M acetic acid solution if its dissociation constant is

1 8 10 5. If 1 litre of this solution is mixed with 0 05 mole of HCl, what will be
pH of the mixture? (2 87, 1 3)
19. 2 05 g of sodium acetate was added to 100 mL of 0 1 M HCl solution. Find the
H ion concentration of the resulting solution. If 6 mL of 1 M HCl is further added
to it, what will be the new H concentration? 5
(1 23 10 M, 1 36 10 M
5

20. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution prepared by dissolving 30 g of Na2CO3 in

500 mL of an aqueous solution containing 150 mL of 1 M HCl.
7 11
Ka H2CO3 42 10 ; Ka HCO3 48 10 . 10 3
21. The pH of a buffer solution containing 0 1 M CH3COOH and 0 1 M CH3COONa
is 4 74. What will be the pH if 0 05 mole of HCl is added to one litre of this buffer
5
solution? Ka CH3COOH 18 10 . (4 27)

22. The concentration of hydrogen ion in a 0 2 M solution of formic acid is

3
6 4 10 mole per litre. To this solution sodium formate is added so as to adjust
the concentration of sodium formate to one mole per litre. What will be the pH
4
of this solution? The dissociation constant of formic acid is 2 4 10 and the degree
of dissociation of sodium formate is 0 75. (IIT 1985) (4 19)
23. When 0 20 M acetic acid is neutralised with 0 20 M NaOH in 0 50 litre of solution,
the resulting solution is slightly alkaline. Calculate the pH of the resulting solution.
5
Ka CH3COOH 18 10 . 9 02)
24. The pH of a 0 1 M solution of NH4Cl is 5 13. Find the dissociation constant of
5
NH4OH. 18 10
594 Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations

25. A buffer solution is prepared by dissolving 0 2 mole of sodium formate and

0 25 mole of formic acid in approximately 200 ( 50) mL of water. What will be
4 11
the concentration of H and OH ? Ka (HCOOH) 18 10 [OH ] 44 10

26. A buffer solution was prepared by dissolving 0 05 mole formic acid and 0 06 mole
sodium formate in enough water to make 1 litre of solution.
4
Ka HCOOH 1 8 10 .
(a) Calculate the pH of the solution.
(b) If this solution were diluted to 10 times its volume, what would be the pH?
3 83, 3 83
27. How many gram moles of HCl will be required to prepare one litre of a buffer
solution (containing NaCN and HCl) of pH 8 5 using 0 01 gram-formula weight
10
of NaCN? Kdissociation HCN 41 10 0 0088 mole)

28. The pKa of acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) is 3 5. The pH of gastric juice in the human
stomach is about 2–3 and the pH in the small intestine is about 8. Aspirin will be
(a) un-ionised in the small intestine and in the stomach
(b) completely ionised in the small intestine and in the stomach
(c) ionised in the stomach and almost un-ionised in the small intestine
(d) ionised in the small intestine and almost un-ionised in the stomach (d)
29. Calculate the degree of hydrolysis of an N/10 KCN solution at 25 C.
10 14
Ka HCN 72 10 ; Kw 1 10 . (1 18%)
30. Calculate the degree of hydrolysis of CH3COOK in 0 1 M and the pH of the
5
solution. Ka CH3COOH 18 10 5
(7 5 10 ; 8 88)
31. Calculate the hydrolysis constant of NH4Cl; determine the degree of hydrolysis
of this salt in 0 01 M solution and the pH of the solution.
5 10
Kb NH4OH 18 10 (5 6 10 , 24 10 4, 5 63

32. A 0 02 M solution of CH3COONa in water at 25 C is found to have an H

9
concentration of 3 10 g ionic weight per litre. What is the hydrolytic constant
14 5
of the salt? Kw 1 01 10 , Ka CH3COOH 1 75 10 . 10
5 68 10
33. Calculate the hydrolysis constant of the reaction
HCO2 H2O S HCO2H OH
and find the concentrations of H3O , OH , HCO2 and HCO2H in a solution of
4
0 15 M HCO2Na. Ka HCOOH S 18 10 .
[Hint: See equations 10 and 11.] (5 56 10
11
)
34. Calculate the pH of each of the following solutions:
(a) 100 mL 0 1 M CH3COOH mixed with 100 mL of 0 1 M NaOH
(b) 100 mL of 0 1 M CH3COOH mixed with 50 mL of 0 1 M NaOH
 Ionic Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions 595

(c) 50 mL of 0 1 M CH3COOH mixed with 100 mL of 0 1 M NaOH

5 14
Ka CH3COOH 18 10 , Kw 1 10 [(a) 8 72 (b) 4 75 (c) 12 52]
[Hint: (a) Calculate pH due to hydrolysis of CH3COONa produced.
(b) Calculate pH of the buffer solutions of CH3COOH and CH3COONa produced.
(c) Calculate pH only due to NaOH remained.]
35. Determine the solubility of AgCl (in mole/litre) in water.
10
Ksp AgCl 18 10 . 5
13 10 mole/litre
36. What is the solubility product of Ag2CrO4 if 0 0166 g of the salt dissolves in 500 mL
12
of water at 18 C? [Ksp Ag2CrO4 4 10 ]
4
37. The solubility of lead sulphate in water is 1 03 10 . Calculate its solubility in a
8
centinormal solution of H2SO4 Ksp PbSO4 16 10 . 21 10 )
6

15
38. The solubility of bismuth sulphide in water at 20 C is 1 7 10 mol/L. Calculate
the value of Ksp. 72
(1 5 10 )
39. Calculate the solubility of Mg(OH)2 in 0 05 M NaOH.
12
Ksp Mg OH 2 89 10 . 9
36 10 mole/litre)
40. Equal volumes of 0 02 N solutions of CaCl2 and Na2SO4 are mixed. Will there be
4
a formation of CaSO4 precipitate? Ksp CaSO4 13 10 . (No)

41. 450 mL of 0 001 N solution of AgNO3 is added to 50 mL of 0 001 N solution of

HCl. Will there be a formation of precipitate of AgCl?
10
Ksp AgCl 18 10 . (Yes)
4
42. The solubility of CaF2 in water at 18 C is 2 04 10 mole/litre. Calculate Ksp of
CaF2 and its solubility in 0 01 molar NaF solution.
11 7
(3 4 10 ; 34 10 mole/litre)
43. Will a precipitate of silver sulphate form if equal volumes of 1 N H2SO4 and
5
0 02 M AgNO3 solutions are mixed? Ksp Ag2SO4 2 10 . (Yes)
44. Will a precipitate of CaSO4 form if
(i) equal volumes of 0 02 M CaCl2 and 0 0004 M Na2SO4 solutions are mixed?
(ii) equal volumes of 0 08 M CaCl2 and 0 02 M Na2SO4 are mixed?
Ksp CaSO4 24 10 5. {(i) No (ii) Yes}
45. A solution containing 0 01 mole/litre of CaCl2 and 0 01 mole/litre of SrCl2 is slowly
added to a 0 01 N solution of H2SO4. Which substance begins to precipitate earlier?
(a) SrSO4 (b) CaSO4 Ksp SrSO4 32 10 7; Ksp CaSO4 1 3 10 4. (SrSO4)
596 Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations

11
46. If the solubility product of silver oxalate is 1 10 , what will be the weight of
Ag2C2O4 in 2 5 litres of a saturated solution? (0 103 g)
47. Find the solubility of CaF2 in 0 05 M solution of CaCl2 and water. How many
times is the solubility in the second case greater than in the first?
11 5 4
Ksp CaF2 4 10 . (1 4 10 , 2 15 10 mole/litre; 15 4 times)

48. How will the concentration of Ag in a saturated solution of AgCl diminish if

such an amount of HCl is added to it that the concentration of the Cl in the
10
solution becomes equal to 0 03 mole/litre? Ksp AgCl 18 10 .
1
of its initial value
2230

49. How does the solubility of CaC2O4 in a 0 1 M solution of NH4 2C2O4 decrease in
comparison with its solubility in water? Assume that the ionisation of
9
NH4 2C2O4 is complete. Ksp CaC2O4 2 10 .
1
of its solubility in water
2200

50. Solid AgNO3 is gradually added to a solution containing Cl and I . If Ksp values
10 16
of AgCl and AgI are respectively 1 7 10 and 1 5 10 , which one will
precipitate first? Also, find the relative concentration of [I ] to [Cl ] just before the
precipitation of AgCl. [I ] 6
AgI, 10
[Cl ]
4 2 2
51. Given that 2 10 mole each of Mn and Cu was contained in one litre of a
0 003 M HClO4 solution, and this solution was saturated with H2S. Determine
2 2
whether or not each of these ions, Mn and Cu , will precipitate as sulphide.
The solubility of H2S, 0 1 mole per litre, is assumed to be independent of the
presence of other materials in the solution.
14 37
Ksp MnS 3 10 , Ksp CuS 8 10 .
7 14
K1 and K2 for H2S are 1 10 and 1 1 10 respectively. Also, calculate the
percentage of Cu remaining unprecipitated. Will MnS precipitate if the above
7
solution is made neutral by lowering the [H ] to 10 M?
14
(CuS precipitates; 3 27 10 % ; MnS precipitates)
3
52. What pH must be maintained in a solution saturated in H2S (0 1 M) and 10 M
2
in Zn to prevent ZnS from precipitating?
21 21
Ksp ZnS 1 10 , Ka H2S 1 1 10 . (pH < 2)
53. Should FeS precipitate from a solution that is saturated in H2S 0 1 M), 0 002 M
2
in Fe and at a pH 3 5?
18 21
Ksp FeS 63 10 , Ka H2S 11 10 . (No)
54. A buffer solution is 0 25 M CH3COOH 0 15 M CH3COONa, saturated in H2S
2 5
0 1 M and has [Mn ] 0 015 M . Ka CH3COOH 1 74 10 ,
 Ionic Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions 597

21 13
Ka H2S 11 10 and Ksp MnS 25 10 .
(a) Will MnS precipitate?
(b) Which buffer component should be increased in concentration and to which
minimum value to just start precipitation of MnS?
[ a No b [CH3COO ] 1 7 M]

55. When equal volumes of the following solutions are mixed, precipitation of AgCl
10
Ksp 18 10 ) will occur only with
4 4
(a) 10 M Ag and 10 M Cl
5 5
(b) 10 M Ag and 10 M Cl
6 6
(c) 10 M Ag and 10 M Cl
10 10
(d) 10 M Ag and 10 M Cl (IIT 1988) (a)

56. How much NH3 must be added to a 0 004 M Ag solution to prevent the
10
precipitation of AgCl when [Cl ] reaches 0 001 M? Ksp AgCl 18 10 .
8
Dissociation constant for Ag NH3 2 60 10 . 0 044 mole/litre
57. Calculate the simultaneous solubility of CaF2 and SrF2 .
11
Ksp CaF2 39 10 . 12 10 5
mole/litre
9 4
Ksp SrF2 29 10 . 9 10 mole/litre

58. Aniline is a weak organic base in aqueous solutions. Suggest a solvent in which
aniline would become a strong base. (Acetic acid)
59. Distinguish between acid strength and acid concentration. (Read text)
60. Liquid NH3, like water, is an amphiprotic solvent. Write the equation for the
auto-ionisation of NH3. 2NH3 S NH4 NH2

61. Calculate the sulphate ion concentration in 0 15 M H2SO4. K2 1 02 10 2

(Hint: First ionisation of H2SO4 is 100%) 89 10
3

62. A 50 0 mL sample of a 0 01 M solution of HCOOH was titrated with 0 10 M NaOH.

Calculate the pH of the solution when 10 mL of NaOH was added.
4
Ka for HCOOH 1 772 10 11 92
63. What is the pH of a 0 10 M solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta).
2 3 7 11
Ka 1 10 , Ka 2 1 10 , Ka 6 9 10 and Ka 5 5 10 .
1 2 3 4 1 54
[Hint: The only two major contributions to the concentration of H are from the
first two ionisation steps]
64. A concentrated strong acid is added to a solid mixture of 0 015-mole samples of
Fe OH 2 and Ca OH 2 placed in one litre of water. At what value of pH will the
dissolution of each hydroxide be complete? (Assume negligible volume change)
Ksp[Fe OH 2] 7 9 10 15 and Ksp[Cu OH 2] 1 6 10 19 7 86
598 Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations

10
65. In 1 L saturated solution of AgCl Ksp 1.6 10 , 0.1 mole of CuCl
6 x
Ksp 1.0 10 is added. The resultant concentration of Ag is 1.6 10 . The value
of x is ... . (7) (IIT 2011)
[Hint: See Ex. 60 and Ex. 61]
3 1
66. The solubility of a salt of weak acid (AB) at pH 3 is y 10 mol L . The value of
y is ... .
10
(Given that the volume of solubility product of AB Ksp 2 10 and the value
8
of ionisation constant of HB Ka 1 10 (IIT 2018 Adv.) (4.47)
10
[Hint: AB S A B ; Ksp x x y 2 10
x x y

1 y 8
B H S BH 10 ; cal.x]
x y 3 y Ka x y 10
3
10

Objective Problems
1. Dissociation constant of H2O at 25 C is
14 14 16
(a) 1 10 (b) 1 10 (c) 14 (d) 1 8 10
6
2. Ka value for the acid HA is 1 10 . The value of K for
A H3O HA H2O is
6 12 12 6
(a) 1 10 (b) 1 10 (c) 1 10 (d) 1 10
5
3. pKa of a base Kb 1 10 is
(a) 5 (b) – 9 (c) – 5 (d) 9
3
4. What molar concentration of NH3 provides a [OH ] of 1 5 10 ?
5
Kb 18 10 .
3
(a) 0 125 (b) 0 125 15 10
3 3
(c) 0 125 15 10 (d) 1 5 10
[Hint: NH3 H2O S NH4 OH ]

5. In which of the following cases is the acid strength highest?

6 11
(a) Ka 10 (b) pKa 5 (c) pKb 10 (d) Kb 10

6. The values of Kw in 0 1 M NaOH and 0 1 M NaCl are

(a) same (b) different (c) same only at 25 C
6
7. At 90 C, pure water has [H3O ] 10 mole/litre. The value of Kw at 90 C is
6 8 12 14
(a) 10 (b) 10 (c) 10 (d) 10 (IIT 1984)
8. The pH of a 0 01 N monobasic acid is 4. The acid must be
(a) strong (b) weak
2
9. 10 mole of KOH is dissolved in 10 litres of water. The pH of the solution is
 Ionic Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions 599

(a) 12 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 11

10. The pH of the solution containing 0 1 N HCl and 0 1 N CH3COOH is
(a) 1 (b) 0 7 (c) 2 (d) 1 3
8
11. The pH of a 10 M HCl solution is
(a) 8 (b) 7 02 (c) 7 (d) 6 98
11
12. pH of 10 M HCl is
(a) 11 (b) 3 (c) 6 8 (d) 7
13. If pH of a 0 01 N monobasic acid is 2 0, the acid must be
(a) strong (b) weak
14. If the temperature of water is increased from 25 C to 45 C, the pH of water at
45 C will be
(a) 7 (b) slightly greater than 7
(c) < 7 (d) 8
3
15. pH of a 10 M NaCl solution (aq) at 25 C is
(a) 7 (b) 11 (c) 3 (d) all wrong
16. pH of an aq. NaCl solution at 85 C should be
(a) 7 (b) > 7 (c) < 7 (d) 0
8 14
17. The pH of 7 10 M CH3COOH is (Kw 1 10
(a) 8 1 (b) 7 9 (c) 7 1 (d) 6 85
5
18. The dissociation constant of an acid HA is 1 10 . The pH of 0 1 molar solution
of the acid will be approximately
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 6
19. 1 cc of 0 1 N HCl is added to 999 cc solution of NaCl. The pH of the resulting
solution will be
(a) 7 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1

20. If a solution has a pOH value of 14 at 25ºC, H concentration should be

(a) 0 (b) 10 (c) 1 (d) none of these
21. What will be the hydrogen ion concentration in mole/litre of a solution of pH 0?
7
(a) 0 (b) 10 (c) 10 (d) pH cannot be zero
3
22. Which of the following would decrease the pH of 25 cm of a 0 01 M solution of
HCl?
(a) The addition of Mg
3
(b) The addition of 25 cm of 0 02 M HCl
3
(c) The addition of 25 cm of 0 005 M HCl
(d) None of these
5
23. The pH of a 0 1 M NH3 solution (Kb 18 10 is
(a) 11 13 (b) 1 (c) 13 (d) none of these
[NH4 ] [OH ]
[Hint: NH3 H2O S NH4 OH , Kb ]
[NH3]
600 Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations

24. The pH of a buffer solution of 0 1 M NH4OH and 0 1 M NH4Cl is (pKb 40

(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 10 (d) 13
25. In a buffer solution of a weak acid and its salt, if the ratio of the concentration
of the salt to that of the acid is increased ten times, the pH of the buffer
(a) increases by 1 (b) increases 10 times
(c) decreases 10 times (d) decreases by 1
26. The process of hydrolysis is
(a) always exothermic (b) always endothermic
(c) either exothermic or endothermic (d) neither exothermic nor endothermic
27. When a salt of a weak acid and a weak base is dissolved in water at 25 C, the
pH of the resulting solution will always
(a) be 7 (b) be greater than 7
(c) be less than 7 (d) depend upon Ka and Kb values

28. The degree of hydrolysis of a salt of a weak acid and a weak base in its 0 1 M
solution is found to be 50%. If the molarity of the solution is 0 2 M, the percentage
hydrolysis of the salt should be
(a) 100% (b) 50% (c) 25% (d) none of these
29. If a salt of a strong acid and a weak base hydrolyses appreciably, which of the
following formulae is to be used to calculate degree of hydrolysis ‘X’?
Kw Kw Kw
(a) X (b) X (c) X (d) none of these
Ka a Kb a Ka Kb
10 5
30. Ksp for AgCl in water at 25 C is 1 8 10 . If 10 mole of Ag ions are added
to this solution, Ksp will be
15 10 5
(a) 1 8 10 (b) 1 8 10 (c) 1 8 10 (d) none of these
31. In which of the following cases is the solution of AgCl unsaturated?
(a) [Ag ] [Cl ] Ksp (b) [Ag ] [Cl ] Ksp
(c) [Ag ] [Cl ] Ksp

32. If the solubility of Al OH 3 is S moles/litre, the solubility product is

3 4 2 3
(a) S (b) 27S (c) S (d) 4S
10
33. The volume of water needed to dissolve 1g of BaSO4 Ksp 1 1 10 at 25 C is
(a) 820 litres (b) 450 litres (c) 205 litres (d) none of these
34. The solubility of BaSO4 in water is 0 00233 g per litre at 30 C. The solubility of
BaSO4 in 0 1 M NH4 2SO4 solution at the same temperature is
5 6 8 9
(a) 10 mole/litre (b) 10 mole/litre (c) 10 mole/litre (d) 10 mole/litre
35. When equal volumes of the following solutions are mixed, precipitation of
10
AgCl Ksp 18 10 will occur only with
4 4 5 5
(a) 10 M Ag and 10 M Cl (b) 10 M Ag and 10 M Cl
6 6 10 10
(c) 10 M Ag and 10 M Cl (d) 10 M Ag and 10 M Cl
(IIT 1988)
 Ionic Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions 601

4
36. If the salts M2X, QY2 and PZ3 have the same solubilities , their Ksp values
27
are related as
(a) Ksp M2 X Ksp QY2 > Ksp PZ3 (b) Ksp M2 X Ksp QY2 Ksp PZ3
(c) Ksp M2 X Ksp QY2 Ksp PZ3 (d) Ksp M2 X Ksp QY2 Ksp PZ3

37. If pKb for fluoride ion at 25ºC is 10 83, the ionisation constant of hydrofluoric acid
in water at this temperature is
5 3 4 2
(a) 1 74 10 (b) 3 52 10 (c) 6 75 10 (d) 5 38 10
(IIT 1997)
3
38. The solubility of A2X3 is y mol/dm . Its solubility product is
4 4 5 5
(a) 6y (b) 64y (c) 36y (d) 108y (IIT 1997)
39. Which of the following statements about buffer solutions is wrong?
(a) Weak acids and their salts are better as buffers for pH < 7.
(b) Weak bases and their salts are better as buffers for pH > 7.
(c) A buffer solution has generally lost its usefulness when one component of the
buffer pair is less than about 10% of the other.
(d) For most effective buffering in the acid range or basic range, the two
components of the buffer should have almost the same mass per unit volume.
40. 10 mL of 0 1 M HCl is titrated with 0 1 M NaOH. When the volume of NaOH
added from the burette is from 9 99 mL to 10 01 mL, the pH jumps approximately
from
(a) 4 to 10 (b) 6 to 8 (c) 6 9 to 7 1 (d) 1 to 14
41. When one drop of a concentrated HCl solution is added to one litre of pure water
at 25ºC, the pH drops suddenly from 7 to about 4. When the second drop of the
same acid is added, the pH of the solution further drops to about
(a) 3 7 (b) 2 0 (c) 1 0 (d) 0
42. In which of the following aqueous solutions is the degree of dissociation of water
maximum?
(a) NH4Cl solution (b) CH3COONa solution
(c) CH3COONH4 solution (d) NaCl solution
8
43. pH of an aqueous 1 10 M NaOH solution is
(a) 8 (b) 7 02
(c) 7 (d) 6
3 12
44. The pH of 1 10 M H2O2 solution Ka 22 10 is
(a) 3 (b) slightly less than 7
(c) slightly greater than 7 (d) = 7
45. The pH of an aqueous solution of 0 01 M CH3COONH4 at 25ºC is
5
Ka CH3COOH Kb NH4OH 1 8 10
(a) > 7 (b) < 7 (c) 7 (d) 8
I 0 II
46. The equilibrium: 2Cu S Cu Cu in aqueous medium at 25 C shifts towards
the left in the presence of
(a) NO3 (b) Cl (c) SCN (d) CN
602 Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations

I
[Hint: Cl , SCN and CN form precipitate with Cu .] (IIT 2011)

47. How many litres of water must be added to 1 L of an aqueous solution of HCl
with a pH of 1 to create an aqueous solution with pH of 2?
(a) 0.1 L (b) 0.9 L (c) 2.0 L (d) 9.0 L
(IIT 2013 Main)
12 1
48. The Ksp of Ag2CrO4 is 1.1 10 at 298 K. The solubility (in mol L ) of Ag2CrO4
in a 0.1 M AgNO3 solution is
11 10 12 9
(a) 1.1 10 (b) 1.1 10 (c) 1.1 10 (d) 1.1 10
(IIT 2013 Adv.)
2 2 2
49. The reagent(s) that can selectively precipitate S from a mixture of S and SO4
in aqueous solution is(are)
(a) CuCl2 (b) BaCl2
(c) Pb OOCCH3 2 (d) Na2[Fe CN 5NO] (IIT 2016 Adv.)
50. pKa of a weak acid (HA) and pKb of a weak base (BOH) are 3.2 and 3.4 respectively.
The pH of their salt (AB) solution is
(a) 7.2 (b) 6.9 (c) 7.0 (d) 1.0
(IIT 2017 Main)
1
[Hint: pH {pKw pKa pKb}]
2
51. In the following reactions
(i) ZnO Na2O Na2ZnO2
(ii) ZnO CO2 ZnCO3
ZnO is respectively acting as a(an)
(a) base and acid (b) base and base
(c) acid and acid (d) acid and base (IIT 2017 Main)
52. An alkali is titrated with methyl orange as indicator, which of the following is a
correct combination?
Base Acid End Point
(a) strong strong pink to colourless
(b) weak strong colourless to pink
(c) strong strong pinkish red to yellow
(d) weak strong yellow to pinkish red
[Hint: Read text] (IIT 2018 Main)
2
53. An aqueous solution contains an unknown concentration of Ba , when 50 mL of
1 M solution of Na2SO4 is added BaSO4 just begins to precipitate. The final volume
10
is 500 mL. The solubility product of BaSO4 is 1 10 . What is the original
2
concentration of Ba ?
10 9
(a) 1.0 10 M (b) 5 10 M
9 9
(c) 2 10 M (d) 1.1 10 M (IIT 2018 Main)
2
[Hint: Volume of original Ba solution = 500 – 50 = 450 mL
2
mm of Na2SO4 M V mL 1 50 1
mole of SO4 = mole of Na2SO4
1000 1000 1000 20
 Ionic Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions 603

2 1 1000
concentration of SO4 0.1 M
20 500
mole/L
2 2 9 2 2 9
Ksp [Ba ][SO4 ] or 1 10 [Ba ] 0.1 ; [Ba ] 10 M
2
Let the molarity of original Ba solution be x
9
x 450 10 500.]
54. Which of the following are Lewis acids?
(a) BCl3 and AlCl3 (b) PH3 and BCl3
(c) AlCl3 and SiCl4 (d) pH3 and SiCl4 (IIT 2018 Main)
55. An aqueous solution contains 0.10 M H2S and 0.20 M HCl. If the equilibrium
7 2
constants for the formation of HS from H2S is 1.0 10 and that of S from
13 2
HS ions is 1.2 10 then the concentration of S ions in aqueous solution is
19 8 20 21
(a) 5 10 (b) 5 10 (c) 3 10 (d) 6 10
(IIT 2018 Main)
2
[Hint: H2S S 2H + S ; K K1 K2
2
0.2 x 7 13
0.1 x 0.1 2x 0.2 0.2 x K 1 10 1.2 10 ]
0.1
56. Following four solutions are prepared by mixing different volumes of NaOH and
HCl of different concentrations, pH of which of them will be equal to 1?
M M M M
(a) 55 mL HCl 45 mL NaOH (b) 100 mL HCl 100 mL NaOH
10 10 10 10
M M M M
(c) 60 mL HCl 40 mL NaOH (d) 75 mL HCl 25 mL NaOH
10 10 5 5
(IIT 2018 Main)
mm
[Hint: mm = M V(mL) and Molarity ]
Volume mL
57. The minimum volume of water required to dissolve 0.1 g lead(II) chloride to get
8
a saturated solution (Ksp of PbCl2 3.2 10 , Pb = 207 u) is
(a) 17.98 L (b) 0.18 L
(c) 1.798 L (d) 0.36 L (IIT 2018 Main)
[Hint: First calculate solubility of PbCl2]

58. Dilution processes of different aqueous solutions, with water, are given in LIST–I.
The effects of dilution of the solution on [H ] are given in LIST–II.
[Note: degree of dissociation of weak acid and weak base is << 1, degree of
hydrolysis of salt << 1, [H ] represents the concentration of H (ions)]
LIST–I LIST–II
+
(P) (10 mL of 0.1 M NaOH + 20 mL of (1) The value of [H ] does not change
0.1 M acetic acid) diluted to 60 mL on dilution.
+
(Q) (20 mL of 0.1 M NaOH + 20 mL of (2) The value of [H ] changes to half of
0.1 M Acetic acid) diluted to 80 mL its initial value on dilution.
+
(R) (20 mL of 0.1 M HCl + 20 mL of (3) The value of [H ] changes to two
0.1 M ammonia solution) diluted to times of its initial value on dilution.
80 mL
604 Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations

(S) 10 mL saturated solution of (4) The value of [H+] changes to 1/ 2

Ni(OH)2 in equilibrium with excess times of its initial value on dilution.
solid Ni(OH)2 is diluted to 20 mL
(solid Ni(OH)2 is still present after
dilution).
(5) The value of [H+] changes to 2
times of its initial value on dilution.
Match each process given in LIST–I with one or more effect(s) in LIST–II. The correct
option is
(a) P 4; Q 2; R 3; S 1 (b) P 4; Q 3; R 2; S 3
(c) P 1; Q 4; R 5; S 3 (d) P 1; Q 5; R 4; S 1
(IIT 2018 Adv.)
[Hint:
(P) Buffer of CH3COOH CH3COONa is formed. Hence no change in [H ] on
dilution P 1
Kw Ka 1
(Q) Hydrolysis of salt CH3COONa for which [H ] or [H ]
c c
[H ] changes 2 times on diluting 2 times Q 5
Kw c
(R) Hydrolysis of salt NH4Cl for which [H ] or [H ] c . [H ] changes
Kb
1
times on diluting 2 times R 4
2
(S) Ksp Ni OH 2 is constant at a given temperature. Hence no change in [H+] on
dilution S 1]

Answers
1-d, 2-d, 3-d, 4-b, 5-d, 6-a, 7-c, 8-b, 9-d, 10-a, 11-d, 12-d, 13-a, 14-c, 15-a, 16-c, 17-d,
18-a, 19-b, 20-c, 21-c, 22-b, 23-a, 24-c, 25-a, 26-b, 27-d, 28-b, 29-d, 30-b, 31-a, 32-b,
33-b, 34-d, 35-a, 36-a, 37-c, 38-d, 39-d, 40-a, 41-a, 42-c, 43-b, 44-b, 45-c, 46-b, c, d
47-d, 48-b, 49-a, 50-b, 51-d, 52-d, 53-d, 54-a, c, 55-c, 56-d, 57-b, 58-d.