Chapter $$

From the last chapter, we recall that allliving There are noticeable differences between
organisms are made of cells. In unicellular the two. Plants are stationary or fixed — they
organisms, a single cell performs all basic don’t move. Since they have to be upright,
functions. For example, in Amoeba, a single they have a large quantity of supportive tissue.
cell carries out movement, intake of food,
The supportive tissue generally has dead
gaseous exchange and excretion. But in multi-
cellular organisms there are millions of cells. cells.
Most of these cells are specialised to carry out Animals on the other hand move around
specific functions. Each specialised function in search of food, mates and shelter. They
is taken up by a different group of cells. Since consume more energy as compared to
these cells carry out only a particular function, plants. Most of the tissues they contain are
they do it very efficiently. In human beings, living.
muscle cells contract and relax to cause Another difference between animals and
movement, nerve cells carry messages, plants is in the pattern of growth. The growth
blood flows to transport oxygen, food, in plants is limited to certain regions, while
hormones and waste material and so on. In this is not so in animals. There are some
plants, vascular tissues conduct food and tissues in plants that divide throughout their
water from one part of the plant to other parts. life. These tissues are localised in certain
So, multi-cellular organisms show division of regions. Based on the dividing capacity of the
labour. Cells specialising in one function are
tissues, various plant tissues can be classified
often grouped together in the body. This
as growing or meristematic tissue and
means that a particular function is carried out
permanent tissue. Cell growth in animals is
by a cluster of cells at a definite place in the
more uniform. So, there is no such
body. This cluster of cells, called a tissue, is
arranged and designed so as to give the demarcation of dividing and non- dividing
highest possible efficiency of function. Blood, regions in animals.
phloem and muscle are all examples of Thestructural organisation of organs and
tissues. organ systems is far more specialised and
A group of cells that are similar in localised in complex animals than even in
structure and/or work together to achieve a very complex plants. This fundamental
particular function forms a tissue. difference reflects the different modes of life
pursued by these two major groups of
6.1 Are Plants and Animals Made organisms, particularly in their different
feeding methods. Also, they are differently
of Same Types of Tissues? adapted for a sedentary existence on one
Let us compare their structure and hand (plants) and active locomotion on the
functions. Do plants and animals have the other (animals), contributing to this
same structure? Do they both perform difference in organ system design.
similar functions? It is with reference to these complex animal
and plant bodies that we will now talk about
the concept of tissues in some detail.

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 uestions • From the above observations, answer
the following questions:
1. Wiiat is a tissue? 1. Which of the two onions has longer
2. What is the iitiliy of tissues in roots? Why?
mutti-cellular organisms? 2. Do the roots continue growing
even after we have removed their
tips?
3. Why would the tips stop growing
6.2 Plant Tissues in jar 2 after we cut them?
The growth of plants occurs only in
6.2.1 MERISTEMATIC TISSUE certain specific regions. This is because the
dividing tissue, also known as meristematic
tissue, is located only at these points.
Depending on the region where they are
present, meristematic tissues are classified
as apical, lateral and intercalary (Fig. 6.2).
New cells produced by meristem are
initially like those of meristem itself, but as
they grow and mature, their characteristics
slowly change and they become differentiated
as components of other tissues.

Apical meristem

Jar 1 Jar 2

f’ip. fi.I: Growth o/ roots in onion bulbs

Activity 6.1 J Intercalary meristem

• Take two glass jars and fill them with

water.
• Now, take two onion bulbs and place
one on each jar, as shown in
Fig. 6.1.
• Observe the growth of roots in both
the bulbs for a few days.
• Measure the length of roots on day 1,
2and3.
• On day 4, cut the root tips of the
onion bulb in jar 2 by about 1 cm.
Lateral meristem
After this, observe the growth of
roots in both the jars and measure
their lengths each day for five more
days and record the observations in Ftg. 6.2:Location o meristemntic tissue in plont bodiJ
tables, like the table below:
Apical meristem is present at the
growing tips of stems and roots and
Length Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 increases the length of the stem and the root.
The girth of the stem or root increases due
Jar l to lateral meristem (cambium). Intercalary
Jar2 meristem seen in some plants is located near
the node.

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 Cells of meristematic tissue are very 3. Can we think of reasons why there
active, they have dense cytoplasm, thin would be so many types of cells?
cellulose walls and prominent nuclei. They lack We can also try to cut sections of plant
vacuoles. Can we think why they would lack roots. We can even try cutting sections
vacuoles? (You might want to refer to the of root and stem of different plants.
functions of vacuoles in the chapter on cells.)
6.2.2 (i) SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
6.2.2 PERMANENT TISSUE A few layers of cells beneath the epidermis
What happens to the cells formed by are generally simple permanent tissue.
meristematic tissue? They take up a Parenchyma is the most common simple
specific role and lose the ability to divide. permanent tissue. It consists of relatively
As a result, they form a permanent tissue. unspecialised cells with thin cell walls.
This process of taking up a permanent They are living cells. They are usually loosely
shape, size, and a function is called arranged, thus large spaces between cells
differentiation. Differentiation leads to the (intercellular spaces) are found in this tissue
development of various types of permanent (Fig. 6.4a). This tissue generally stores food.
tissues.

In some situations, it contains chlorophyll

Acti'rity 6.2 and performs photosynthesis, and then it is
called chlorenchyma. In aquatic plants,
Take a plant stem and with the help large air cavities are present in
of your teacher cut into very thin parenchyma to help them float. Such a
slices or sections. parenchyma type is called aerenchyma.
Now, stain the slices with safranin. The flexibility in plants is due to another
Place one neatly cut section on a permanent tissue, collenchyma. It allows
slide, and put a drop of glycerine.
bending of various parts of a plant like
Cover with a cover-slip and observe
tendrils and stems of climbers without
under a microscope. Observe the
breaking. It also provides mechanical
various types of cells and their
arrangement. Compare it with Fig.
support. We can find this tissue in leaf stalks
6.3. below the epidermis. The cells of this tissue
• Now, answer the following on the are living, elongated and irregularly
basis of your observation: thickened at the corners. There is very
1. Are all cells similar in structure? little intercellular space (Fig. 6.4 b).
2. How many types of cells can
be seen? SCIENCE

70

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 Wall thickenings
Nucleus
Vacuole TRick lignified
Cell wall walls Narrow lumen
Lignified
thick wall

b c (ii)

f’ig. 6.4: Voriotts ajpes o/simple tissues: (a) Parenchyrna (b) Collenchyrna (c) Sclerenchyma (‘) tronsUerse section,
(i‘h lon9itudinof section.

Yet another type of permanent tissue

is sclerenchyma. It is the tissue which
makes the plant hard and stiff. We have seen
the husk of a coconut. It is made of
sclerenchymatous tissue. The cells of this
tissue are dead. They are long and narrow as
the walls are thickened due to lignin. Often
these walls are so thick that there is no
internal space inside the cell (Fig. 6.4 c).
This tissue is present in stems, around
vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves and
in the hard covering of seeds and nuts. It
provides strength to the plant parts.
Activity 6.3
f’ip. fi.5: Gi«ird cetls and epidermal cells: (a) lateral
• Take a freshly plucked leaf of Rhoeo. Urea, (b) surface Uiew
• Stretch and break it by applying
pressure. parts of the plant often secrete a waxy, water-
• While breaking it, keep it stretched resistant layer on their outer surface. This aids
gently so that some peel or skin in protection against loss of water, mechanical
projects out from the cut.
• Remove this peel and put it in a petri
injury and invasion by parasitic fungi. Since
dish filled with water. it has a protective role to play, cells of
• Add a few drops of safranin. epidermal tissue form a continuous layer
• Wait for a couple of minutes and then without intercellular spaces. Most epidermal
transfer it onto a slide. Gently place cells are relatively flat. Often their outer and
a cover slip over it. side walls are thicker than the inner wall.
• Observe under microscope. We can observe small pores here and
What you observe is the outermost layer there in the epidermis of the leaf. These
of cells, called epidermis. The epidermis is pores are called stomata (Fig. 6.5). Stomata
usually made of a single layer of cells. In some are enclosed by two kidney- shaped cells
plants living in very dry habitats, the called guard cells. They are necessary for
epidermis may be thicker since protection exchanging gases with the atmosphere.
against water loss is critical. The entire surface Transpiration (loss of water in the form of
ofa plant has an outer covering epidermis. It water vapour) also takes place through
protects all the parts of the plant. Epidermal stomata.
cells on the aerial

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 is a distinctive feature of the complex
Recall which gas is required plants, one that has made possible their
for photosynthesis. survival in the terrestrial environment. In Fig.
Find out the role of transpiration in 6.3 showing a section of stem, can you see
Epidermal cells of the roots, whose different types of cells in the vascular
function is water absorption, commonly bear bundle?
long hair- like parts that greatly increase Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels,
the total absorptive surface area. xylem parenchyma (Fig. 6.7 a,b,c) and
In some plants like desert plants, xylem fibres. Tracheids and vessels have
epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin thick walls, and many are dead cells when
(chemical substance with waterproof mature. Tracheids and vessels are tubular
quality) on its outer surface. Can we think structures. This allows them to transport
of a reason for this? water and minerals vertically. The
Is the outer layer of a branch of a tree parenchyma stores food. Xylem fibres are
different from the outer layer of a young mainly supportive in function.
stem? As plants grow older, the outer Phloem is made up of five types of cells:
protective tissue undergoes certain changes. sieve cells, sieve tubes, companion cells,
A strip of secondary meristem located in the phloem fibres and the phloem parenchyma
cortex forms layers of cells which constitute [Fig. 6.7 (d)]. Sieve tubes are tubular cells
the cord. Cells of cord are dead and
with perforated walls. Phloem transports food
compactly arranged without intercellular
from leaves to other parts of the plant.
spaces (Fig. 6.6). They also have a substance
called suberin in their walls that makes them Except phlo fibres, other phloem cells are
impervious to gases living cells.
and water.

Pit

Pits >Cytop1asm

f’ip. fi.fi: Protective tissue (a) Tracheid (b) Vessel (c) Xylem parenchyma

6.2.2 (ii) CoMrzzx PERMANENT TISSUE ' Sieve plate

72
The diRerent types of tissues we have
discussed until now are all made of one
type of cells, which look like each other.
Phloem
Such tissues are called simple permanent 'gparenchyma
tissue. Yet another type of permanent
tissue is complex tissue. Complex tissues . Companion cell
are made of more than one type of cells.
All these cells coordinate to perform a
common function. Xylem and phloem are
examples of such complex tissues. They are
both conducting tissues and constitute a
vascular bundle. Vascular tissue
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(d) Section of phloem

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 U8Stl0RS During breathing we inhale oxygen.
1. Name types of simple tissues. Where does this oxygen go? It is absorbed in
2. Where is npicnl meristem/ound? the lungs and then is transported to all the
3. Which tissue makes up the dusk body cells through blood. Why would cells
o/ coconut? need oxygen? The functions of mitochondria
4. lVhnt are the constituents o/ we studied earlier provide a clue to this
piiloem? question. Blood flows and carries various
substances from one part of the body to the
other. For example, it carries oxygen and food
to all cells. It also collects wastes from all
6.3 Animal Tissues parts of the body and carries them to the liver
When we breathe we can actually feel the and kidney for disposal.
movement of our chest. How do these body Blood and muscles are both examples of
parts move? For this we have specialised tissues found in our body. On the basis of the
cells called muscle cells (Fig. 6.8). The functions they perform we can think of
contraction and relaxation of these cells different types of animal tissues, such as
result in movement. epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular
tissue and nervous tissue. Blood is a type of
connective tissue, and muscle forms muscular
tissue.

6.3.l EPITHELIAL TISSUE

The covering or protective tissues in the
animal body are epithelial tissues.
Epithelium covers most organs and cavities
within the body. It also forms a barrier to
keep different body systems separate. The
skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining of
blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney
tubules are all made of epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed and
form a continuous sheet. They have only a
small amount of cementing material
between them and almost no intercellular
spaces. Obviously, anything entering or
leaving the body must cross at least one
layer of epithelium. As a result, the
permeability of the cells of various epithelia
play an important role in regulating the
exchange of materials between the body
Smooth muscle fibres and the external environment and also
between different parts of the body.
Regardless of the type, all epithelium is
Nucleus usually separated from the underlying
Smooth muscle fibre
tissue by an extracellular fibrous basement
(Cell)
membrane.
Different epithelia (Fig. 6.9) show
differing structures that correlate with their
Ft g. 0.8: Location of muscle filores
unique functions. For example, in cells
lining blood vessels or lung alveoli, where
transportation of substances occurs through
a selectively permeable surface, there is a
simple flat kind

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of epithelium. This is called the simple of skin). Simple squamous epithelial cells
squamous epithelium (squama means are extremely thin and flat and form a
scale delicate lining. The oesophagus and the
lining of the mouth are also covered with
squamous epithelium. The skin, which
protects the body, is also made of squamous
epithelium. Skin epithelial cells are arranged
in many layers to prevent wear and tear.
(a) Squamous Since they are arranged in a pattern of
layers, the epithelium is called stratified
squamous epithelium.
Where absorption and secretion occur,
as in the inner lining of the intestine, tall
epithelial cells are present. This columnar
(meaning ‘pillar-like’) epithelium facilitates
movement across the epithelial barrier. In the
respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial tissue
also has cilia, which are hair-like projections
on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells. These
cilia can move, and their movement pushes
the mucus forward to clear it. This type of
epithelium is thus ciliated columnar
epithelium.
Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped
(b) Stratified squamous
cells) forms the lining of kidney tubules and
ducts of salivary glands, where it provides
mechanical support. Epithelial cells often
acquire additional specialisation as gland
cells, which can secrete substances at the
epithelial surface. Sometimes a portion of the
epithelial tissue folds inward, and a
multicellular gland is formed. This is
glandular epithelium.

6.3.2 CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(c) Cuboidal
Blood is a type of connective tissue. Why
would it be called ‘connective’ tissue? A clue
is provided in the introduction of this chapter!
Now, let us look at this type of tissue in some
more detail. The cells of connective tissue are
loosely spaced and embedded in an
intercellular matrix (Fig. 6. 10). The matrix
may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid. The
nature of matrix differs in concordance with
I " the function of the particular corinective
(d) Columnar (Ciliated)
tissue.
Ftg. 0.9• D erent types of epithelial tissues Activity 6. 4
Take a drop of blood on a slide and
74
observe different cells present in it
under a microscope.

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2022-23
 Cytoplasm
Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called
:: NuWeus
plasma, in which red blood corpuscles
(RBCs), white blood corpuscles (WBCs)
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil and platelets are suspended. The plasma
Different white lP°W
uc1ear blood corpusclese" contains proteins, salts and hormones.
' Blood flows and transports gases,
digested food, hormones and waste
materials to different parts of the body.
Bone is another example of a
lymphocyte Monocyte Platelets connective tissue. It forms the framework
that supports the body. It also anchors the
Haversian canal (contains blood vessels
and nerve fibres)Chondrocyte
muscles and supports the main organs of
Hyaline matrix the body. It is a strong and nonflexible
tissue (what would be the advantage of
these properties for bone functions?). Bone
cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is
composed of calcium and phosphorus
d analiculus (contains slender process
(p)of bone compounds.
cefl or osteocyte) Two bones can be connected to each
other by another type of connective tissue
Red blood called the ligament. This tissue is very
corpuscte ”
elastic. It has considerable strength.
Ligaments contain very little matrix and
connect bones with bones. Tendons connect
muscles to bones and are another type of
connective tissue. Tendons are fibrous
tissue with great strength but limited
flexibility.
Another type of connective tissue,
cartilage, has widely spaced cells. The solid
matrix is composed of proteins and sugars.
Cartilage smoothens bone surfaces at
joints and is also present in the nose, ear,
trachea and larynx. We can fold the cartilage
of the ears, but we cannot bend the bones in
our arms. Think of how the two tissues are
different!
Areolar connective tissue is found
between the skin and muscles, around blood
vessels and nerves and in the bone
marrow. It riiis the space inside the organs,
supports internal organs and helps in repair
of tissues.
Where are fats stored in our body? Fat-
Adipocyte
storing adipose tissue is found below the
(e)
skin and between internal organs. The cells
of this tissue are ruled with fat globules.
F"ip. 0. $ 0:apes o/conrtectiUe tissues: (a) tgpes ofblood Storage of fats also lets it act as an
cells, (6) compact bone, (c) h:goiine corfflope, insulator.
/Cty oreolor fissue, (e) adipose tissue
6.3.3 MUSCULAR TISSUE
Muscular tissue consists of elongated
cells, also called muscle fibres. This tissue
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is responsible for movement in our body.

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Muscles contain special proteins called [Fig. 6.11(a)]. These muscles are also called
contractile proteins, which contract and skeletal muscles as they are mostly attached
relax to cause movement. to bones and help in body movement. Under
the microscope, these muscles show
alternate light and dark bands or striations
when stained appropriately. As a result,
they are also called striated muscles. The
cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical,
unbranched and multinucleate (having
many nuclei).
The movement of food in the alimentary
Spindle shaped canal or the contraction and relaxation of
muscle cell
blood vessels are involuntary movements. We
cannot really start them or stop them simply
by wanting to do so! Smooth muscles [Fig.
6. 11(b)] or involuntary muscles control such
movements. They are also found in the iris of
the eye, in ureters and in the bronchi of the
lungs. The cells are long with pointed ends
(spindle-shaped) and uninucleate (having a
Nucleus single nucleus). They are also called
unstriated muscles — why would they be
called that?
The muscles of the heart show rhythmic
contraction and relaxation throughout life.
These involuntary muscles are called
cardiac muscles [Fig. 6.11(c)]. Heart muscle
cells are cylindrical, branched and
uninucleate.
Activity 6.5
Compare the structures of different
types of muscular tissues. Note down
their shape, number of nuclei and
position of nuclei within the cell in
the Table 6. 1.

lcl

Ft g. O.$ $ • Tgpes ofinuscles Jibres: (a) strinted muscle, Shape

(b) smooth muscle, (c) cardiac muscte Number of nuclei
Position of nuclei
We can move some muscles by
conscious will. Muscles present in our limbs
move when we want them to, and stop when
we so decide. Such muscles are called 6.3.4 NERVOUS TISSUE
voluntary muscles All cells possess the ability to respond to
stimuli. However, cells of the nervous tissue
are highly specialised for being stimulated and
76

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then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly (processes) called dendrites. An individual
from one place to another within the body. nerve cell may be up to a metre long. Many
The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all nerve fibres bound together by connective
composed of the nervous tissue. The cells of tissue matte up a nerve.
this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons. The signal that passes along the nerve
A neuron consists of a cell body with a fibre is called a nerve impulse. Nerve
nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long impulses allow us to move our muscles when
thin hair-like parts arise (Fig. 6. 12). we want to. The functional combination of
Usually each neuron has a single long part nerve and muscle tissue is fundamental to
(process), called the axon, and many short, most animals. This combination enables
branched parts animals to move rapidly in response to
Nucleus stimuli.

Dendrite uestions
1. Name the tissue responsible or
movement in our boclp.
/LKOIl
Nerve ending 2. Whnt does n neuron look tike?
H. Give three features of cardiac
muscles.
Cell body
4. lVhat are the junctions of
f 'ig. 6.12• Neuron-unit o/ nervous tissue areotar tissue?

What
you have
learnt
• Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function.
• Plant tissues are of two main types — meristematic and
permanent.
• Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in the
growing regions of the plant.
• Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissue once
they lose the ability to divide. They are classified as simple
and complex tissues.
• Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are three types
of simple tissues. Xylem and phloem are types of complex
tissues.
• Animal tissues can be epithelial, connective, muscular and
nervous tissue.
• Depending on shape and function, epithelial tissue is
classified as squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and
glandular.

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 • The different types of connective tissues in our body
include areolar tissue, adipose tissue, bone, tendon,
ligament, cartilage and blood.
• Striated, unstriated and cardiac are three types of muscle
tissues.
• Nervous tissue is made of neurons that receive and conduct
impulses.

Exercises
1. Define the term “tissue".
2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem
tissue? Name them.
S. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in
plants?
4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and
sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.
5. What are the functions of the stomata?
6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three
types of muscle fibres.
7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?
8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac
muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in
the body.
9. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.
10. Name the following.
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
11. Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of
tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.

78 SCIENCE

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12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?
14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
15. Complete the following chart:

Permanent tssue

79

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