A PROJECT REPORT

A PROJECT REPORT ON THE STUDY ON CONSUMERS PERCEPTION OF

GENERIC AND BRANDED MEDICINES

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
SUBMITTED BY
SHAWN IVAN DMELLO
ROLL NO 107
TYBMS
SEMESTER VI

THE WILSON COLLEGE

MUMBAI 400007

PROJECT GUIDE
DR. ZULEIKA HOMAVAZIR

SUBMITTED TO
THE UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

ACADEMIC YEAR
2021-2022
 DECLARATION BY LEARNER

I the undersigned Mr. Shawn Ivan Dmello hereby, declare that the work embodied in this
project work titled “A STUDY ON CONSUMERS PERCEPTION OF GENERIC AND
BRANDED MEDICINES” forms my own contribution to the research work carried out
under the guidance of Dr. Zuleika Homavazir is a result of my own research work and has not
been previously submitted to any other university for any other Degree/Diploma to this or
any other university.
Whenever reference has been made to previous works of others, it has been clearly indicated
as such and included in the bibliography.
I hereby further declare that all information of this document has been obtained and presented
in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct.

_________________
Shawn Ivan Dmello
Name and Signature of the Learner

Date: 10.02.2022
Place: Mumbai
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Shawn Ivan Dmello has worked and duly completed his Project
Work for the degree of Bachelor of Management Studies under the faculty of Commerce in
the subject of Marketing and his project is entitled “A STUDY ON CONSUMERS
PERCEPTION OF GENERIC AND BRANDED MEDICINES” under my supervision.
I further certify that the entire work has been done by the learner under my guidance and that
no part of it has been submitted previously for any Degree or Diploma of any University.
It is his own work and facts reported by his personal findings and investigations.

___________________ _____________________
Dr. Zuleika Homavazir Mrs. Bhoomi Rathod
Project Guide BMS Incharge

____________________ ______________________
Dr. Anna Pratima Nikalje External Examiner
Principal

Seal of the College Date of Submission: 10.02.2022

Place: Mumbai
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The accomplishment and final outcome project would not have been possible without
guidance and assistance from numerous people that I’m grateful for having been there to
support me throughout.

I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic channels and fresh dimensions
in the completion of this project.

I take this opportunity to thank the University of Mumbai for giving me the opportunity to
carry out this project.

I would like to thank my Principal, Dr. Anna Nikalje for providing the necessary facilities
required for completion of this project.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards our BMS Incharge, Ms Bhoomi
Rathod and Project Guide, Dr. Zuleika Homavazir, for their moral support and guidance.

Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or indirectly helped me in
the completion of the project especially my Parents and Peers who supported me throughout
my project.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Branded medicines are originally discovered by the company and sold under a brand name.
Generic medicines are sold by other companies after the patent on the original drug has
ended. These two drugs are functionally the same. However consumers of the drug have a
perception of branded drugs being better than generic drugs. This paper aims to provide an
insight into how consumers perceive these drugs and draw conclusions from the result.

The chapters covered in the project are as follows:

Chapter 1: This chapter talks about the research methodology used, that is, the types of
research adopted.

Chapter 2: This chapter provides the introduction to generic and branded medicines and an
overview of consumers’ perception on them

Chapter 3: This chapter provides the objectives of this research paper

Chapter 4: This chapter provides the purpose of the research paper

Chapter 5: This chapter talks about the sample design used for the study

Chapter 6: This chapter provides the sources for the data collected for this study

Chapter 7: This chapter talks about the scope and limitations of this study

Chapter 8: This chapter talks about the studies referred to support this paper

Chapter 9: This chapter provides the hypothesis of the study

Chapter 10: The chapter talks about the sample design of this study

Chapter 11: This chapter provides the interpretation of the data collected in this study

Chapter 12: This chapter contains the findings of the research and the conclusion of the
research

Chapter 13: This chapter is the bibliography and provides all the references to the source of
data used in this project

Chapter 14: This chapter shows the questionnaire that had been circulated for the research

Chapter 15: This chapter presents the preliminary data of the research
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Serial No. Topics Page no.

1 Research methodology 1

2 Problem statement 8

3 Objectives 14

4 Purpose 20

5 Design 27

6 Sources of data 32

7 Scope and limitations 38

8 Review of literature 42

9 Hypothesis 49

10 Sample design 51
11 Data interpretation and analysis 53

12 Data findings and conclusion 64

13 Bibliography 65

14 Annexure 1- Questionnaire 68

15 Annexure 2- Preliminary data 73

 CHAPTER 1- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology can be defined as the specific procedures or techniques used to

identify, select, process and analyse information about a topic. This chapter highlights how
the data for the research is collected and studied.
Research methodology simply refers to the practical “how” of any given piece of research.
More specifically, it’s about how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid
and reliable results that address the research aims and objectives.
For example, how did the researcher go about deciding:
 What data to collect (and what data to ignore)
 Who to collect it from (in research, this is called “sampling design”)
 How to collect it (this is called “data collection methods”)
 How to analyse it (this is called “data analysis methods”)
In other words, the methodology chapter should justify the design choices, by showing that
the chosen methods and techniques are the best fit for the research aims and objectives, and
will provide valid and reliable results. A good research methodology provides scientifically
sound findings, whereas a poor methodology doesn’t.
In order to proceed with the experiment first we must understand the type of data we need to
collect as there are various types of data. The types are as follows:
 Qualitative or Quantitative: In order to talk about experiences and meanings, ideas,
or to study something that can’t be described numerically we collect a qualitative
data. In order to develop a more mechanistic understanding of a topic we use a
quantitative data
 Primary or Secondary: Primary data is any original information that we collect for
the purposes of answering our research question. Secondary data is the information
that has already been collected by other researchers.

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  Descriptive or Experimental: A descriptive data is the data we collect about our
study subject without intervening. The validity of our research depends on the
sampling method used. Experimental data is the data collected after measuring the
outcome of an experiment. The validity of the research will depend on the experiment
design.
Data can be collected by four methods: observational, experimental, simulation and derived.
 Observational data: Observational data are captured through observation of a
behaviour or activity. It is collected using methods such as human observation, open-
ended surveys, or the use of an instrument or sensor to monitor and record
information. Because observational data are captured in real time, it would be very
difficult or impossible to re-create if lost.
 Experimental data: Experimental data are collected through active intervention by
the researcher to produce and measure change or create difference when a variable is
altered. Experimental data allows the researcher to determine a casual relationship and
is typically projectable to a larger population. This type of data is often reproducible,
but often expensive to do so.
 Simulation data: Simulation data is generated by imitating the operation of a real-
world process or system over time using computer test models. This method is used to
try to determine what would, or could happen under certain conditions. The test
model used is often as, or even more important than the data generated from the
simulation.
 Derived/compiled data: Derived or Compiled data involves using existing data
points, often from data sources, to create new data through some sort of
transformation, such as an arithmetic formula or aggregation. While this type of data
can be replaced if lost, it may be very time-consuming (and possibly expensive) to do
so.
In this research we use the survey method to collect data for our experiment. It is a method
where a questionnaire is sent to the sample we are studying in order to collect relevant
information for the research. This makes survey method a method to collect primary data and
the results obtained are quantitative in nature. This method is used when we want to
understand the general characteristics of a population.
Let us understand the type of research we are conducting.
Primary data:
According to the website formpl.us Primary data is a type of data that is collected by
researchers directly from main sources through interviews, surveys, experiments, etc. primary
data are usually collected from the source, where the data originally originates from, and are
regarded as the best kind of data in research.
The sources of primary data are usually chosen and tailored specifically to meet the demands
or requirements of a particular research. Also, before choosing a data collection source,
things like the aim of the research and target population need to be identified.
The advantage of primary data over secondary data is, primary data is specific, accurate, the
data collected is owned by the researcher, the data collected is up to date, and the researcher
is able to control the research design. The disadvantage is primary data is expensive, time
consuming, and it may not be feasible in certain scenarios.

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Quantitative data:
According to the website fullstory.com quantitative data is information that can be counted or
measured- or, in other words, quantified- and given a numerical value. Quantitative data is
used when a researcher needs to quantify a problem and answers questions like “what”, “how
many” and “how often”. This type of data is frequently used in math calculations, algorithms,
or statistical analysis.
The advantages of using quantitative data are, it is less susceptible to bias than qualitative
data, it can be tested and checked and anyone can replicate both an experiment and its results,
quantitative data is relatively quick and easy to collect. The disadvantage is quantitative data
typically lacks context. It tells you what something is but not why it is. And conclusions
drawn from quantitative research are only applicable to the particular case studied, and any
generalised conclusions are only hypotheses.
Survey method:

According to the website formpl.us survey method is a process, tool, or technique that we can
use to gather information in research by asking questions to a predefined group of people.
Typically, it facilitates the exchange of information between the research participants and the
person or organization carrying out the research. Survey methods can be qualitative or
quantitative depending on the type of research and the type of data we want to gather in the
end.

A survey is a data collection tool that lists a set of structured questions to which respondents
provide answers based on their knowledge and experiences. It is a standard data gathering
process that allows you to access information from a predefined group of respondents during
research. In a survey, we would find different types of questions based on the research
context and the type of information we want to have access to. Many surveys combine open-
ended and closed-ended questions including rating scales and semantic scales. This means we
can use them for qualitative and quantitative research.

Surveys come in two major formats; paper forms or online forms. A paper survey is a more
traditional method of data collection and it can easily result in loss of data. Paper forms are
also cumbersome to organize and process. Online surveys, on the other hand, are usually
created via data collection platforms. These platforms have form builders where we can
create our survey from scratch using different form fields and features.

One of the many advantages of online surveys is accuracy as it typically records a lower
margin of error than paper surveys. Also, online surveys are easier to administer as you can
share them with respondents via email or social media channels.

The advantages of survey method are as follows:

 Surveys allow you to gather data from a large sample size or research population.
This helps to improve the validity and accuracy of your research findings.
 The cost of creating and administering a survey is usually lower compared to other
research methods.
 It is a convenient method of data collection for the researcher and the respondents.

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The disadvantages of survey method are as follows:

 The validity of the research data can be affected by survey response bias.
 High survey dropout rates can also affect the number of responses received in your
survey.

Online survey method:

An online survey allows you to gather data from a large pool of respondents easily and
conveniently. Unlike paper forms, online surveys are secure and it is also easy to distribute
them and collate responses for valid research data

The advantages of online survey method are as follows:

 They are a faster method of data collection

 They are cost friendly
 They reduce the margin of error in data collection
 It allows participant to respond when they find it convenient
 It results in more survey response due to being convenient

To put in simpler terms, here is an article from paperpile.com talking about the characteristics
of a research paper.

What is a research methodology?

When we’re working on our first piece of academic research, there are many different things
to focus on and it can be overwhelming to stay on top of everything. This is especially true of
budding or inexperienced researchers.

If we’ve never put together a research proposal before or find ourselves in a position where
we need to explain our research methodology decisions, there are a few things we need to be
aware of.

Once we understand the in's and out's, handling academic research in the future will be less
intimidating. We break down the basics below:

The basics of a research methodology

A research methodology encompasses the way in which we intend to carry out our research.
This includes how we plan to tackle things like collection methods, statistical analysis,
participant observations, and more.

We can think of our research methodology as being a formula. One part will be how we plan
on putting our research into practice and another will be why we feel this is the best way to
approach it. Your research methodology is ultimately a methodological and systematic plan
to resolve our research problem.

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In short, we are explaining how we will take your idea and turn it into a study, which in turn
will produce valid and reliable results that are in accordance with the aims and objectives of
our research. This is true whether our paper plans to make use of qualitative methods or
quantitative methods.

Why do we need a research methodology?

The purpose of a research methodology is to explain the reasoning behind our approach to
our research - we'll need to support our collection methods, methods of analysis, and other
key points of our work.

When carrying out research, it can be easy to go off-track or depart from our standard
methodology.

Having a methodology keeps us accountable and on track with our original aims and
objectives, and gives us a suitable and sound plan to keep your project manageable, smooth,
and effective.

What needs to be included?

With all that said, how do you write out our standard approach to a research methodology?

As a general plan, our methodology should include the following information:

 Our research method. We need to state whether we plan to use quantitative analysis,
qualitative analysis, or mixed-method research method. This will often be determined
by what we hope to achieve with our research.
 Explain our reasoning. Why are we taking this methodological approach? Why is
this particular methodology the best way to answer our research problem and achieve
our objectives?
 Explain our instruments. This will mainly be about our collection methods. There
are varying instruments to use such as interviews, physical surveys, questionnaires,
for example. Our methodology will need to detail our reasoning in choosing a
particular instrument for your research.
 What will you do with our results? How are we going to analyze the data once we
have gathered it?
 Advise our reader. If there is anything in our research methodology that our reader
might be unfamiliar with, we should explain it in more detail. For example, we should
give any background information to our methods that might be relevant or provide our
reasoning if we are conducting our research in a non-standard way.
 How will our sampling process go? What will our sampling procedure be and why?
For example, if we will collect data through carrying out semi-structured or
unstructured interviews, how will we choose our interviewees and how will we
conduct the interviews themselves?
 Any practical limitations? We should discuss any limitations we foresee being an
issue when we’re carrying out our research.

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Why do we need to document our research method?

In any dissertation, thesis, or academic journal, we will always find a chapter dedicated to
explaining the research methodology of the person who carried out the study, also referred to
as the methodology sections of the work.

A good research methodology will explain what we are going to do and why, while a poor
methodology will lead to a messy or disorganized approach.

We should also be able to justify in this section our reasoning for why we intend on carrying
out our research in a particular way, especially if it might be a particularly unique method.

Having a sound methodology in place can also help us in the following scenarios:

 If another researcher at a later date wishes to try and replicate your research.
 In the event we receive any criticism or questioning on the research we carried out at
a later point, we will be able to refer back to it and succinctly explain the how and
why of our approach.
 It provides us with a plan to follow throughout our research. When we are drafting our
methodology approach, we need to be sure that the method we are using is the right
one for our goal. This will help us with both explaining and understanding our
method.
 It affords us the opportunity to document from the outset what we intend to achieve
with our research, from start to finish.

What are the different types of research instruments?

A research instrument is a tool we will use to help us collect measure and analyze the data we
use as part of our research.

The choice of research instrument will usually be ours to make as the researcher and will be
whichever best suits our methodology.

There are many different research instruments we can use in collecting data for our research.

Generally, they can be grouped as follows:

 Interviews (either as a group or one-on-one). We can carry out interviews in many

different ways. For example, our interview can be structured, semi-structured, or
unstructured. The difference between them is how formal the set of questions is that is
asked of the interviewee. In a group interview, we may choose to ask the interviewees
to give us their opinions or perceptions on certain topics.
 Surveys (online or in-person). In survey research, we are posing questions in which
we ask for a response from the person taking the survey. We may wish to have either
free-answer questions such as essay style questions, or we may wish to use closed
questions such as multiple choice. We may even wish to make the survey a mixture of
both.
 Focus Groups. Similar to the group interview above, we may wish to ask a focus
group to discuss a particular topic or opinion while we make a note of the answers
given.

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  Observations. This is a good research instrument to use if we are looking into human
behaviors. Different ways of researching this include studying the spontaneous
behavior of participants in their everyday life, or something more structured. A
structured observation is research conducted at a set time and place where researchers
observe behavior as planned and agreed upon with participants.

These are the most common ways of carrying out research, but it is really dependent on our
needs as a researcher and what approach we think is best to take.

It is also possible to combine a number of research instruments if this is necessary and

appropriate in answering our research problem.

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 CHAPTER 2- PROBLEM STATEMENT

A problem statement is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed
by a study. The problem statement briefly explains the problem that the research will address.
In this research the study outlines the consumer’s perception on generic and branded
medicines.
A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a
difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory,
or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate
investigation. Research problem is typically posed in the form of a question. A research
problem does not state how to do something, offer a vague or broad proposition, or present a
value question.
Importance:
The purpose of a problem statement is to:
 Introduce the reader to the importance of the topic being studied. The reader is
oriented to the significance of the study and the research questions or hypotheses to
follow.
 Places the problem into a particular context that defines the parameters of what is to
be investigated.
 Provides the framework for reporting the results and indicates what is probably
necessary to conduct the study and explain how the findings will present this
information.

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Purpose:
The research problem establishes the means by which we must answer the "So what?"
question. The "So what?" question refers to a research problem surviving the relevancy test
[the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy]. Note that
answering the "So what" question requires a commitment on our part to not only show that
we have researched the material, but that we have thought about its significance.
In order to find out the purpose of a research, the problem statement in question must answer
the following questions:
 Clarity and precision [a well-written statement does not make sweeping
generalizations and irresponsible statements],
 Identification of what would be studied, while avoiding the use of value-laden words
and terms,
 Identification of an overarching question and key factors or variables,
 Identification of key concepts and terms,
 Articulation of the study's boundaries or parameters,
 Some generalizability in regards to applicability and bringing results into general use,
 Conveyance of the study's importance, benefits, and justification [regardless of the
type of research, it is important to address the “so what” question by demonstrating
that the research is not trivial],
 Does not have unnecessary jargon; and,
 Conveyance of more than the mere gathering of descriptive data providing only a
snapshot of the issue or phenomenon under investigation.
So what makes a good problem statement can be summed up in these points:
A good problem statement begins by introducing the broad area in which your research is
centered and then gradually leads the reader to the more narrow questions you are posing.
The statement need not be lengthy but a good research problem should incorporate the
following features:
Compelling topic:
Simple curiosity is not a good enough reason to pursue a research study. The problem that we
choose to explore must be important to us and to a larger community you share. The problem
chosen must be one that motivates us to address it.

Supports multiple perspectives:

The problem most be phrased in a way that avoids dichotomies and instead supports the
generation and exploration of multiple perspectives. A general rule of thumb is that a good
research problem is one that would generate a variety of viewpoints from a composite
audience made up of reasonable people.

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Researchable:
It seems a bit obvious, but we don't want to find ourselves in the midst of investigating a
complex research project and realize that we don't have much to draw on for our research.
We must choose research problems that can be supported by the resources available to us.
In an article written by Shona McCombes on the website scribbr.com, they explain how to
write a problem statement in a few steps.
After we have identified a research problem for our project, the next step is to write a
problem statement. An effective problem statement is concise and concrete. It should:
 Put the problem in context (what do we already know?)
 Describe the precise issue that the research will address (what do we need to know?)
 Show the relevance of the problem (why do we need to know it?)
 Set the objectives of the research (what will you do to find out?)
When should we write a problem statement?
There are various situations in which we might have to write a problem statement.
In businesses and other organizations, writing a problem statement is an important step in
improvement projects. A clearly defined and well-understood problem is crucial to finding
and implementing effective solutions. In this case, the problem statement is usually a stand-
alone document.
In academic research, writing a problem statement can help us contextualize and understand
the significance of our research problem. A problem statement can be several paragraphs long
and serve as the basis for our research proposal, or it can be condensed into just a few
sentences in the introduction of our paper or thesis.
The problem statement will look different depending on whether we’re dealing with a
practical real-world problem or a theoretical scientific issue. But all problem statements
follow a similar process.
Step 1: Contextualize the problem
The problem statement should frame our research problem in its particular context and give
some background on what is already known about it.
Practical research problems
For practical research, focus on the concrete details of the situation:
 Where and when does the problem arise?
 Who does the problem affect?
 What attempts have been made to solve the problem?

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Theoretical research problems
For theoretical research, think about the scientific, social, geographical and/or historical
background:
 What is already known about the problem?
 Is the problem limited to a certain time period or geographical area?
 How has the problem been defined and debated in the scholarly literature?
Step 2: Show why it matters
The problem statement should also address the relevance of the research: why is it important
that the problem is solved?
This doesn’t mean we have to do something groundbreaking or world-changing. It’s more
important that the problem is researchable, feasible, and clearly addresses a relevant issue in
your field.
Practical research problems
Practical research is directly relevant to a specific problem that affects an organization,
institution, social group, or society more broadly. To make it clear why our research problem
matters, we can ask ourselves:
 What will happen if the problem is not solved?
 Who will feel the consequences?
 Does the problem have wider relevance (e.g. are similar issues found in other
contexts)?
Theoretical research problems
Sometimes theoretical issues have clear practical consequences, but sometimes their
relevance is less immediately obvious. To identify why the problem matters, ask:
 How will resolving the problem advance understanding of the topic?
 What benefits will it have for future research?
 Does the problem have direct or indirect consequences for society?
Step 3: Set our aims and objectives
Finally, the problem statement should frame how we intend to address the problem. Our goal
should not be to find a conclusive solution, but to seek out the reasons behind the problem
and propose more effective approaches to tackling or understanding it.
The aim is the overall purpose of our research. It is generally written in the infinitive form:
 The aim of this study is to determine…
 This project aims to explore…
 I aim to investigate…

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The objectives are the concrete steps we will take to achieve the aim:
 Qualitative methods will be used to identify…
 I will use surveys to collect…
 Using statistical analysis, the research will measure…
The aims and objectives should lead directly to your research questions.
For this research topic the problem statement is given below:
Brand name drugs are usually thought to be “original” and in a way, there is some truth to
this. They are the first of their kind, with a pharmaceutical company often having to go
through research, development, and clinical trials to make it available to the public. From the
time of inception, the formulation of the medicine is kept secret. This ends when the
registered patent expires.
According to the European Medicines Agency, a generic medicine is a medicine that is
developed to be the same as a medicine that has already been authorised. Its authorisation is
based on efficacy and safety data from studies on the authorised medicine. A company can
only market a generic medicine once the 10-year exclusivity period for the original medicine
has expired.
Examples of brand name and generic drugs can be cited with following diabetes and
hypertension drugs. Metformin is a generic drug for diabetes, but its brand name is
Glucophage. Similarly, Metoprolol is a generic drug for hypertension but its brand name is
Lopressor. These drugs will be known by different names in different countries, but the
generic name remains constant.
The problem arises when consumers feel branded medicines are better than generic medicines
and have no idea there is a cheaper alternative to branded medicines. Even though there is no
difference in generic and branded medicines, the fact that branded medicines are marketed
under a brand name makes consumers feel it is much safer than generics. This may lead to
consumers paying more for life saving medicines.
According to the website health.economictimes.indiatimes.com several pharmaceutical
trading agencies and drug makers portray branded generics are superior to unbranded
generics via promoting to doctors. Patients emphasize and value safety, quality and cost
effectiveness of medicine and it doesn’t matter to them whether the drug is branded or
unbranded. Drug makers in India market the same molecule under several brand names at
different prices. Medical professionals have added to this confusion by indicating they trust
drugs made by reputed companies. The debate continues as many companies often argue how
chemists and pharmacists promote and market drugs which are affordable than that which is
prescribed by doctors. It helps keep a margin and don’t have to share the incentives.
The practice of self-medication is widespread in the nation among several socio-economic
groups is similar to the practice of over the counter drug dispensing. Indian patients end up
paying exorbitant prices for over the counter drugs bought from local chemists as they are
unaware of the profit margins on simple antibiotics, painkillers cough syrups or
antihistamines.

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According to the website pharmaguideline.com the main difference between generic and
branded medicines is cost. Manufacturers of branded medicines incur the development costs
associated with drug invention, manufacture and marketing. According to the Tufts Centre
for the Study of Drug Development, a pharmaceutical company is likely to spend more than
$2 billion and a decade in developing a drug and gaining FDA approval.
Generic medicine manufacturers cost much less than branded medicines since they do not
incur development costs, just production and marketing costs. Thus generic medicines are
cheaper than branded medicines.
The bottom line is Indian consumers need to be educated about the “effectiveness and
efficacy” of High-Quality affordable medicines, and make them understand that generic
medicines work at par like its branded counterparts and that they need to start believing on
the same and consume without hesitation.

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 CHAPTER 3- OBJECTIVES

The objective of any research is to explore the unknown and unlock new possibilities. Well-
defined objectives of research are an essential component of successful research engagement.
The objectives of research should address the underlying purpose of investigation and
analysis. Research objectives help us stay focused and adjust our expectations as we progress.
The objectives of research should be closely related to the problem statement, giving way to
specific and achievable goals.
According to the website indiafreenotes.com, research is a scientific and a systematic search
for various information about specific topics. It is just like a search for truth and knowledge.
The English Dictionary meaning of research is “a careful investigation or inquiry especially
through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.” Information about a subject can be
collected by deliberate effort and it is presented in a new form after analysing thoroughly in
research work.
Research is an academic activity. It is a movement from the known to the unknown, which
may be called a discovery. Different definitions of research are given by the experts.
According to Redman and Mory,”research is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge.”
Slesinger and M Stephenson define research as, “the manipulation of things, concepts or
symbols for the purpose of generalising to extend, correct or verify knowledge whether that
knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art”
According to P.M. Cook, “research is an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts
and their meanings or implications with reference to a given problem.”
J.M. Francis Rumel defines, “research is an endeavour to discover, develop and verify
knowledge.”

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Clifford Woody defines “research is a carful enquiry or examination in seeking facts or
principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain something.”
Objectives
The main purpose of research is to discover answers to the meaningful questions through
scientific procedures and systematic attempt. The hidden truths which are not discovered yet
can easily come to light by research.
The main objectives of research are:
 To gain familiarity or to achieve new insights into a phenomenon. This is known as
exploratory or to formularize research studies.
 To describe the accurate characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group.
This is known as descriptive research studies.
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
associated with other things. This is known as diagnostic research studies.
 To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables. Such studies are
known as hypothesis-testing research studies.
According to the website indeed.com research objectives are the outcomes that we aim to
achieve by conducting research. Many research projects contain more than one research
objective. Creating strong research objectives can help our organization achieve its overall
goals. The purpose of research objectives is to drive the research project, including data
collection, analysis and conclusions. Research objectives also help us narrow in on the focus
of our research and key variables, guiding us through the research process.
Typically, research objectives appear early in a research proposal, often between the
introduction and the research question. Sometimes, depending on the length of the paper or
proposal, we can place the research objectives in the introduction. Usually, researchers also
list their objectives in the abstract of their proposal.
How to define research objectives
Defining our research objectives is crucial to conducting a successful research project. Here
are three simple steps that we can follow to define our research objectives:
1. Pinpoint the major focus of our research
The first step to defining our research objectives is to pinpoint the major focus of our research
project. In this step, make sure to clearly describe what we aim to achieve through our
research. We can identify a research focus by reading through our industry's literature and
finding gaps in existing research. Once we find a gap that we can fill through our research
project, we can start narrowing down a focus for our research project and setting an overall
goal that we want to achieve through our research.
2. Break down our research focus into research objectives
Once we know the primary goal of our research project, we can break it down into smaller
steps and separate objectives. We can choose one general objective and a few other specific,
narrow objectives. In the general objective, state in a broad sense what we aim to achieve
through our research. Then, use the specific objectives to describe how we can achieve our
general goal.

15
For example, our general objective could be, "Determine how work environment affects
performance." In this case, our specific objectives might be, "Determine whether sunlight
improves performance," and "Measure how performance changes when work environment
changes."
3. Write our research objectives in the SMART format
Another key step to defining strong research objectives is writing them in the SMART
format. Using the format can make our objectives clearer and easier to understand, which can
make us more likely to achieve them. Make sure our objectives meet these criteria:
 Specific: Be specific about our desired outcomes. Our objectives should be clearly
written and leave no room for confusion. This can help us keep them narrow and
focused.
 Measurable: Making our objectives measurable is essential to achieving them. We
can create metrics to measure our progress toward achieving our objectives.
 Achievable: Be sure to create objectives that we can realistically achieve to help us
avoid getting overwhelmed by unrealistic expectations. Make sure we have the
resources and budget to accomplish our objectives.
 Relevant: Make our objectives relevant to our research and our overall goals. This
can help us stay motivated and on track throughout our research project.
 Time-based: we can establish deadlines to help us keep our research process on track.
We can set a major deadline for our entire project as well as smaller deadlines for
each objective.
According to the website harappa.education.com, Well-defined objectives of research are an
essential component of successful research engagement. If we want to drive all aspects of our
research methodology such as data collection, design, analysis and recommendation, we need
to lay down the objectives of research methodology. In other words, the objectives of
research should address the underlying purpose of investigation and analysis. It should
outline the steps we’d take to achieve desirable outcomes. Research objectives help us stay
focused and adjust our expectations as we progress.
The objectives of research should be closely related to the problem statement, giving way to
specific and achievable goals. Here are the four types of research objectives for us to explore:
1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
Also known as secondary objectives, general objectives provide a detailed view of the aim of
a study. In other words, we get a general overview of what we want to achieve by the end of
our study. For example, if we want to study an organization’s contribution to environmental
sustainability, our general objective could be: a study of sustainable practices and the use of
renewable energy by the organization.
2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Specific objectives define the primary aim of the study. Typically, general objectives provide
the foundation for identifying specific objectives. In other words, when general objectives are
broken down into smaller and logically connected objectives, they’re known as specific
objectives. They help define the who, what, why, when and how aspects of our project. Once
we identify the main objective of research, it’s easier to develop and pursue a plan of action.

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Let’s take the example of ‘a study of an organization’s contribution to environmental
sustainability’ again. The specific objectives will look like this:
 To determine through history how the organization has changed its practices and
adopted new solutions
 To assess how the new practices, technology and strategies will contribute to the
overall effectiveness
Tips for defining our research objectives
Here are some tips we can use to help us define great research objectives:
Be concise
One tip for writing strong research objectives is to write our objectives as concisely as we
can. Try to remove unnecessary words and filler to make our objectives as easy to understand
as possible. If possible, try to keep each individual objective to only one sentence. This can
make it easier to use our objectives to guide our research process.
Keep our number of objectives limited
It's also important to write only a few specific research objectives. Try to limit our number of
objectives to five or less to help us avoid getting overwhelmed by trying to accomplish a long
list of objectives. We can also choose one general objective and a few other specific, pointed
objectives.
Use action verbs
Using action verbs is another way we can strengthen our research objectives. Using action
verbs can help us measure whether we've accomplished our research objective, and it can also
make our objectives feel more actionable and engaging. Some action verbs we could consider
using are:
 Assess
 Determine
 Calculate
 Compare
 Explain
 Describe
Be realistic
Another tip for defining research objectives is to keep them realistic. Make sure we can
achieve them with the time and resources we already have. Unrealistic objectives can make
us feel overwhelmed and discouraged, so it's important to create objectives that we can
realistically achieve.
Ask for feedback
We can also improve our research objectives by asking a mentor or colleague to review our
research objective drafts. This can help us spot any errors we might have missed and make
our objectives more understandable to other people.

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Proofread and review our objectives
It's also important to proofread and review our objectives to make sure they're free of typos
and other errors. Check our spelling and grammar to ensure that our objectives appear
professional and perfectly accurate.
The research seeks to accomplish the following objectives with regards to the project report:
 To see if consumer prefer generic medicines over branded medicines
 To see if consumers would prefer generic medicines if their doctor would prescribe it
 To see if consumers feel if generic medicines are just as effective as branded
medicines
 To see if consumers feel if doctors should prescribe generic medicines
 To see if consumers feel if generic medicines should be prescribed more often
 To see if consumers feel if branded medicines should be cheaper
 To see if consumers feel if generic medicines are safer than branded medicines
 To see if consumers feel if government policies should promote the use of generic
medicines

 To see if consumers prefer generic medicines over branded medicines

Consumers have a perception that branded medicines are better compared to generic
medicines as they have been told so by their doctors and peers. They also see ads which
reinforce the idea that some brands produce better medicines. This project aims to
understand what percentage of the sample size prefers generic medicine over branded
medicine.

 To see if consumers would prefer generic medicines over branded

medicines if their doctor would prescribe it
Consumers trust their doctors and physicians to provide trusted medicine. As such drug
companies would ask doctors to prescribe their drugs over generic medicine as a way to
promote their brand and increase their sales. The doctors would get a commission out of
this deal too. This project aims to understand what percentage of the sample trusts their
doctors to provide the right medicine for them, be it generic or branded medicine.

 To see if consumers feel if generic medicines are just as effective as

branded medicines
Because branded medicine are more well known than generic medicine, consumers feel
branded medicine are more effective than their generic counterparts. In reality this is not
the case. Generic medicine is just as effective as branded medicine as they carry the same
active ingredients as their branded counterparts. The only difference is branded medicines
are produces first in the market and patented. Generic variants come after the patent has
ended. This project aims to understand what percentage of the sample size thinks generic
medicines are just as effective as branded medicines.

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 To see if consumers feel if doctors should prescribe generic medicines
Consumers take a liking to generic medicines because they are significantly cheaper than
branded medicines. However they would still choose to take branded medicines if their
doctor would prescribe them. This would be changed if doctors would prescribe generic
medicines more. This study aims to find out how willing are consumers to purchase
generic medicines if their doctor would prescribe it.

 To see if consumers feel if generic medicines should be prescribed more

often
Generic medicines are cheaper than and just as effective as branded medicines. However
more consumers prefer using branded medicines as their doctors prescribe it and it is well
known. This study aims to find out if consumers feel if generic medicines should be
prescribed more often.

 To see if consumers feel if branded medicines should be cheaper

As branded medicines are produced first and drug manufacturers get a patent for the drug
they invented, they are allowed to charge a higher price compared to the generic variant
that gets produced after the patent has ended. This results in consumers having to pay
exorbitant prices for life saving drugs. This study aims to answer how consumers feel
about the prices of branded medicines.

 To see if consumers feel if generic medicines are safer than branded

medicines
Branded medicines have a reputation for being the best medicine for any disease as they
have been introduced first in the market. Therefore the consumers are hesitant to try out
the generic version of the medicine as they haven’t heard of the brand that produces the
drug nor are they familiar with the drug. This study aims to find out if consumers feel if
generic medicines are saver than branded medicines.

 To see if consumers feel if government policies should promote the use of

generic medicines
The biggest reason for branded medicines being more trusted than generic medicines is
government policies allow the use of such drugs. If there were some restriction or policy
that allowed doctors to prescribe generic medicines or giving consumers a choice to
choose a generic alternative over a branded drug, people would not be hesitant to use
generic medicines, thus allowing more access to life saving drugs. This study aims to find
out what consumer feel about government policies affecting the usage of generic
medicines.

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 CHAPTER 4- PURPOSE

The purpose of a research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge through scientific

theories, concepts and ideas. A research purpose is met through forming hypothesis,
collecting data, analysing, etc. it summarises research study’s specific topic and goals,
providing readers with an accurate, concrete understanding of the findings, the purpose of
research and its characteristics.
The purpose of a research is therefore to find out what is known, what is not known and what
we can develop further. In this way, scientists can develop new theories, ideas and products
that shape our society and our everyday lives.
The purpose of a research is to further understand the world and to learn how this knowledge
can be applied to better everyday life. It is an integral part of problem solving.
A purpose statement will clearly define what is being explored or studied, how it is being
explored and where it is being explored. You will typically see quantitative research purpose
statements, which focus on comparing measurable variables, or qualitative research purpose
statements, which explore a central phenomenon.
To quote a paper written by Dr.Wafa A.K.Abbas “The research purpose is a statement of
"why" the study is being conducted, or the goal of the study. The goal of a study might be to
identify or describe a concept or to explain or predict a situation or solution to a situation that
indicates the type of study to be conducted”

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The purpose statement identifies the variables, population and setting for a study. Every study
has an explicit or implicit purpose statement. The research purpose should be stated
objectively or in a way that does not reflect particular biases or values of the researcher.
Researchers which do not recognize their values might include their biases in their research.
Creating a purpose statement:
When creating our own purpose statement, there are a few things that we will want to keep in
mind:
 Clearly define our study as quantitative or qualitative.
 Use words to clarify your intent like “explore” or “compare.”
 Clearly define how the research will take place.
 Discuss who or what will be researched.
 Clarify where the research will take place.
An article written by Leann Zarah on the website owlcation.com explains the seven reasons
why research is important.
Why Is Research Important?
The main purposes of research are to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and
contribute to developing knowledge in a field of study. This article discusses the significance
of research and the many reasons why it is important for everyone—not just students and
scientists.
Understanding that research is important might seem like a no-brainer, but many people
avoid it like the plague. Yet, for those who like to learn, whether they are members of a
research institution or not, conducting research is not just important—it's imperative
Why Research Is Necessary and Valuable in Our Daily Lives
1. It's a tool for building knowledge and facilitating learning.
2. It's a means to understand issues and increase public awareness.
3. It helps us succeed in business.
4. It allows us to disprove lies and support truths.
5. It is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.
6. It promotes a love of and confidence in reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing
valuable information.
7. It provides nourishment and exercise for the mind.

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1. It's a Tool for Building Knowledge and Facilitating Learning
Research is required not just for students and academics but for all professionals and non-
professionals alike. It is also important for budding and veteran writers, both offline and
online.
For non-professionals who value learning, doing research equips them with knowledge about
the world and skills to help them survive and improve their lives. Among professionals and
scribes, on the other hand, finding an interesting topic to discuss and/or to write about should
go beyond personal experience. Determining either what the general public may want to
know or what researchers want others to realize or to think about can serve as a reason to do
research. Thus, research is an essential component in generating knowledge, and vice-versa.
Knowledge is commonly described as a factual proposition in the mind of an individual. It
essentially refers to facts based on objective insights and/or study findings processed by the
human brain. It can be acquired through various means, such as reading books and articles,
listening to experts, watching documentaries or investigative shows, conducting scientific
experiments, and interacting with other people, among others. Facts collected during research
can be checked against other sources to ensure their truthfulness and accuracy.
2. It's a Means to Understand Issues and Increase Public Awareness
Using Research to Understand Current Issues
Television shows and movies—both fictional and nonfictional—ooze with research. For
instance, Oprah Winfrey would have not achieved remarkable success as a news anchor and
television show host had she eschewed doing her own research about certain topics and
public figures.
Using Research to Understand People
Many film and TV actors also take time to interview individuals to better understand their
roles. Actors have worked with detectives, boxers, scientists, business owners, criminals, and
teachers, among others to gain an inside understanding of what it's like to have a certain
identity. Others even go through immersion so they can begin to understand their characters'
issues better. This might look like living in jail or in a drug rehabilitation centre for a while,
gaining or losing a significant amount of weight, or learning to captain a sailboat. Many read
literature, biographies, or journals to have a better view or context of the story they've been
hired to tell.
Using Research to Create Realistic Fiction and Stories
A number of films, theatre plays, broadcast dramas, and online videos present stories based
on real-life events and problems. A serious writer or content producer sees how vital research
is in substantiating the context of the stories they are telling to entertain and educate
audiences through different media platforms.

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3. It Helps Us Succeed in Business
The Importance of Research and Development (R&D)
Research benefits business. Many successful companies, such as those producing consumer
goods or mass-market items, invest in research and development, or R and D. Different
industries that involve science and engineering processes (like agriculture, food and
beverage, manufacturing, healthcare and pharmaceuticals, computer software, semiconductor,
information and communication technology, construction, robotics, aerospace, aviation, and
energy) have high R and D expenses because it is critical to the creation and improvement of
their products and services.
R and D can also help secure an advantage over competitors. Finding out how to make things
happen more efficiently and differentiate a business's offerings from those of its competitors
can raise a company’s market value.
Market Research and Targeted Marketing
Research can also help a company maintain a positive commercial image, retain existing
customers, and attract new customers through targeted marketing. Marketing is a type of
communication and for that communication to be effective, businesses need to understand
their customers.
This usually happens through market research, which can involve examining psychological
studies about consumption, hosting focus groups, beta testing products with a select group of
customers, sending satisfaction surveys to existing customers, and researching the business's
main competitors, among other strategies. The most successful businesses, large and small,
base their product design, service offerings, and marketing communications on insights
gleaned from thorough research processes.
4. It Allows Us to Disprove Lies and Support Truths
Field Testing and Peer Reviews
Scientists also deal with research to test the validity and reliability of their claims or those of
other scientists. Their integrity and competence depend on the quality of their research.
Nevertheless, not everything scientists come up with gets accepted. Scientific work is
typically peer-reviewed before being published. This means that when an individual
publishes research, it is fact-checked and investigated for common biases, statistical errors,
and methodological issues by others in the field before being shared with the scientific
community at large.
Professional and credible journalists also undertake thorough research to establish the
veracity of their stories. The 2003 movie Shattered Glass tells the rise-and-fall story of a real-
life journalist who worked for The New Republic based in New York City. If fellow
journalists hadn't debunked his stories as fabricated, Stephen Glass could have written even
more dubious pieces that would have been taken at face value by readers of the publication.

23
Fact-Checking to Discover Research Bias, Propaganda, and Fake News
With the use of internet technology and social media, pseudo-journalism has become a social
concern. Fake news took centre stage during the 2016 presidential campaign period in the
United States. For instance, Snopes.com, a rumour research site, debunked the following
"news stories" posted online:
 An FBI agent believed to be responsible for the latest email leaks “pertinent to the
investigation” into Hillary Clinton’s private email server while she was Secretary of
State, was found dead in an apparent murder-suicide. (Reported on November 5,
2016, by the Denver Guardian)
 In a final speech to the synod, Pope Francis endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for
President of the United States. (Reported on October 26, 2015, by the National
Report and USAToday.com.co)
 Thousands of pre-marked ballots for Hillary Clinton and other Democratic candidates
were found in a warehouse in Ohio. (Reported on September 30, 2016, by
the Christian Times Newspaper)
 Assange: Bernie Sanders was threatened and told to drop out of the presidential race.
(Reported on August 29, 2016, by USA Supreme)
 News outlets around the world are reporting on the news that Pope Francis has made
the unprecedented decision to endorse US presidential candidate Donald Trump.
(Reported in July 2016, by the WTOE 5 News)
 After gay club massacre, Phoenix LGBT officially endorses Trump. (Reported on
June 13, 2016, by the Gateway Pundit)
 African-American supporter of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump has
died after allegedly sustaining gunshot wounds in the aftermath of Friday night's
chaos in Chicago. (Reported on March 12, 2016, by the Christian Times Newspaper)
According to Pew Research, social media, especially Facebook, serves as a primary source of
news for over 60 percent of adult Americans (Chang, Lefferman, Pedersen, and Martz, 2016).
In addition to fuelling social media company profits, fake news has become profitable for
pseudo-journalists whose main goal is to attract reader clicks that lead to Google Ad sense
revenue.
Fact-checking to determine the truth is integral to the process of research. Murray, Social
News, and UGC Hub (2016) suggest that before news readers share information on social
media, they need to assess the integrity of the news source and check for similar news on
legitimate media outlets.
Genuine journalists do not rely on imagination for their news reports, nor do they avoid doing
research. They eschew propaganda and have no intention of misleading the public. They are
messengers of useful information—not lie.

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5. It Is a Means to Find, Gauge, and Seize Opportunities
Research helps people nurture their potential and achieve goals by taking advantage of
various opportunities. This can mean securing employment, being awarded scholarships or
grants, securing project funding, initiating business collaboration, finding budget travel
opportunities, or securing other little wins.
Using Research to Maximize Job and Career Options
For those looking for a job or seeking greener pastures, research is necessary. With thorough
research, an individual can increase their chances of finding employment by scouring job-
posting sites, contacting employment agencies. Research can also help inform them if work
opportunities are legitimate. Without research, the gullible-yet-hopeful jobseeker or travelling
worker may fall prey to unscrupulous headhunters, bogus employment opportunities, or even
full-on scams. Sites like Glassdoor and organizations like the Better Business Bureau allow
job candidates to find out what experiences others have had with an employer they are
considering or a placement agency they are thinking of using. After finding a free or low-cost
academic course or skills-development training, students and professionals can assess their
eligibility for certain roles and find out about application requirements and deadlines by
conducting additional research.
Using Research to Maximize Investment
Research also benefits civil society and its members. Securing funding for projects and
research initiatives is a top concern for those who want to address social issues. However, not
all funding organizations accept proposals year-round, nor are they all interested in solving
the same types of social problems. Thus, it is necessary to conduct research to find agencies
whose missions match the objectives of particular advocacy programs or social-change
projects.
An aspiring business owner can likewise meet potential investors through research. They can
examine investor profiles to find a good fit in terms of vision, mission, goals work ethic, and
available capital.
Some hobbies and interests are expensive to pursue. One of these is travelling. For budget-
conscious tourists, searching for airfare and hotel promos, discount rides, and cheap
markets is certainly a must to maximize the value of their money.
Seizing opportunities can broaden one's social network, raise one's awareness, or secure the
support one direly needs to start a project or a business. Indeed, research contributes to a
person's ability to make life-changing decisions. It encourages self-growth, participation in
worthwhile causes, and productive living.
6. It Promotes a Love of Reading, Writing, Analyzing, and Sharing Valuable
Information
Research for Critical Thinking
Research entails both reading and writing. These two literacy functions help maintain critical
thinking and comprehension. Without these skills, research is far more difficult. Reading
opens the mind to a vast reservoir of knowledge, while writing helps us express our own
perspectives and transform our thoughts into more concrete ideas in a way others can
understand.

25
Apart from reading and writing, listening and speaking are also integral to conducting
research. Conducting interviews, attending knowledge-generating events, and participating in
casual talks can help us gather information and formulate research topics. These things also
facilitate our critical thinking process, much like reading and writing. Listening to experts
discuss their work can help us analyze issues from new perspectives and add new techniques
to our information-gathering arsenal.
Sharing Research for Wider Understanding
With the wide array of ideas floating around and the interconnectedness of people and places
through the internet, scholars and non-scholars involved in research are able to share
information with a larger audience. Some view this process as ego-boosting, while others see
it as a means to stimulate interest and encourage further research into certain issues or
situations.
Literacy is integral in improving a person's social and economic mobility and in increasing
awareness, and research hones these basic life skills and makes learning a lifelong endeavour.
7. It Provides Nourishment and Exercise for the Mind
Critical Thinking and Mental Health
Several studies have shown that mentally stimulating activities like doing research can
contribute to brain health. In "Educating the Brain to Avoid Dementia: Can Mental Exercise
Prevent Alzheimer Disease?" Margaret Gatz (2005) enumerated research findings that
support such a position. However, she also noted that there may be other factors involved in
averting dementia and relates issues. One of these is intelligence. A study involving 11-year-
old pupils in Scotland in 2000, for instance, pointed to intelligence quotient (IQ) scores as
"predictive of future dementia risk". Gatz opined that clinical trials are needed and that
"conclusions must be based on large samples, followed over a long period of time."

The purpose of this research is to understand what consumers think of generic and branded
medicines. Whether there is a difference between the two types of medicines and what can be
concluded from our findings.
This is a quantitative research as the data obtained can be objectively quantified into
diagrams for easier interpretation. This research was conducted by sending out a
questionnaire created on google forms. The link was sent to Indian citizens living in
Santacruz, Mumbai.

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 CHAPTER 5- DESIGN

Research design refers to the overall strategy that we choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring we will effectively
address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and
analysis of data.
Bellow is an article written on voxco.com defining research design
Research design definition
Research design refers to the framework of market research methods and techniques that are
chosen by a researcher. The design that is chosen by the researchers allows them to utilise the
methods that are suitable for the study and to set up their studies successfully in the future as
well.
The design of a research can be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. Under these research
designs, researchers can choose between different types of research methods; experimental
studies, surveys, correlational studies, or quasi-experimental review studies. There are also
sub-types of research methods namely experimental design, defining research problems, and
descriptive studies. Research designs also include the elements of data collection,
measurement of data with the respective tools, and the analysis of the data. As a rule of
thumb, the research problem a company chooses to work on is the determining factor of the
research design chosen by the researcher instead of the other way round. The market research
study’s design phase is the time when the researchers determine the tools to be used in the
study and the way they are used. A good research usually ensures minimum levels of bias in
the data collection method to improve both the internal and the external validity of the
research. The desired outcome of an experimental research is to have a design that will result
in the least amount of error in the study.

27
Some essential elements of research designs are highlighted below
1. A research design cannot be decided without an accurate purpose or problem
statement.
2. Research designs also include various sampling methods and tools that will be used
for collecting data for the research
3. Research designs guide the methods used for data analysis
4. Research designs include several types of research methodology
5. Research designs help narrowing down to a probable objective of the research
6. Different research designs require different settings for the conduction of a study
7. Research designs also outline the general timeline it will take to conduct a study using
different research methods.
8. Research designs help researchers to narrow down to a particular measurement of
analysis.
Using an accurate research design will help your study be successful. Research studies that
are successful and include the least amount of error provide important insights that are free of
bias. Researchers create surveys in order to meet all the characteristics of a research design.
The main characteristics of research design are:
1. When you are planning to study a phenomenon you may have an assumption about
the kind of data you are expecting to collect. However, the results you find from the
study should not be driven from bias and must be neutral. In order to understand the
opinions on the obtained results, you can discuss it with multiple people and consider
the points made by individuals who agree with the results obtained.
2. When a researcher is replicating an already conducted market research, they expect
similar results. Decide the type of research questions you are going to ask through
your surveys and define that in your research design. This will help set a standard for
the results. Only if your design is reliable, it will help you obtain the expected results.
3. You need to ensure that the survey questionnaire you are using is valid. Validity
refers to the fact that the research tool you are using is measuring what it purports to
measure. Only valid tools will help researchers in gathering accurate results for their
study.
4. The outcome of your research design should be generalisable to a wider population.
Findings of a good research design are generalisable to everyone and it indicates that
if your survey was to be replicated on any subgroup of the population, it would yield
similar results.
A good research design ensures to have all the above characteristics in a balanced manner.
Apart from these characteristics, researchers must also have a good understanding of the
different research design types to choose from. This understanding will help them implement
the most accurate research design for their study. The design of a study can be either
quantitative or qualitative. In rare cases, researchers do use a mix of both of these methods.

28
The data collection for this research was done using Google forms.
Google forms
Google forms are widely used to create surveys easily and quickly since they allow us to plan
events, ask questions to our employees or clients and collect diverse type of information in a
simple and efficient way. Google forms allow us to include different types of questions such
as short answers, paragraphs, multiple selection, verification boxes, pull-down, linear scale,
grid of several options, among others. Google forms is an online service provided by Google
wherein anyone can create survey forms for any use. In this research Google forms was use
as opposed to any other survey creating service as it is easy to use and there is no limit to the
number of responses. Google forms also provide statistical data of the responses in the form
of pie charts and bar graphs. It also provides the raw data in the form of a spreadsheet.
The availability of the graphs enables easier inference of the data, enabling us to make our
conclusions to the hypothesis.
The data gathered is given in the form of bar graphs and pie charts. This data is then
converted to a tabular form for easier visualisation of the total responses. The site also offers
the raw data in the form of an excel sheet.
Advantages of using Google forms
 It is a free online tool that allows us to collect information easily and efficiently.
 With Google forms we can create surveys in few minutes to ask our clients or
collaborators information about our products or service.
 To start using this tool, we only need a Google account, the same one we need to
access Gmail, YouTube or Google Drive.
 The interface is very easy to use. Any user with an average Internet knowledge can
create forms using this tool.
 The assistant is simple to use. The What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get interface makes
it easy to drag and drop form elements and organize them based on actions or events.
 At the design level it is possible to choose between a palette of colors, as well as own
images as a background.
 Google forms stores the feedback received so we can analyze it in detail.
 The forms are integrated with Google spreadsheets therefore we can access to a
spreadsheet view of the collected data.
 The general configuration of forms or surveys allows us to collect the recipient’s
email address and limit the answers.
 For advanced users, the type of data that can be inserted into a field can be
customized using regular expressions. This helps customize the form even more.
 Google forms allow us to see how the survey will look before sending it over to the
recipients.
 We can send the form by email, integrate it into our website or send the link via social
networks or any other means.

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  With this tool, we can get unlimited questions and answers at no cost, while other
survey tools require a payment depending on the number of questions and recipients.
Disadvantages of using Google forms
 It is necessary to have internet to be able to use this tool.
 The design customization is very limited. Advanced users can change the design to
use the tool with a greater number of purposes.
 There are some security concerns. The user has to create a good password and
protects it to increase the level of security.
 There are certain limitations regarding the capabilities of this tool. It accepts texts up
to 500 Kb; images up to 2 Mb; and for spreadsheets the limit is 256 cells or 40 sheets.
Bar graph
Here are the advantages and disadvantages of using a bar graph for easier visualisation of
data:
Advantages
 show each data category in a frequency distribution
 display relative numbers or proportions of multiple categories
 summarize a large data set in visual form
 clarify trends better than do tables
 estimate key values at a glance
 permit a visual check of the accuracy and reasonableness of calculations
 be easily understood due to widespread use in business and the media
Disadvantages
 require additional explanation
 be easily manipulated to yield false impressions
 fail to reveal key assumptions, causes, effects, or patterns
Pie charts
Here are the advantages and disadvantages of using pie charts to visualise the given data:
Advantages
 display relative proportions of multiple classes of data
 size of the circle can be made proportional to the total quantity it represents
 summarize a large data set in visual form
 be visually simpler than other types of graphs
 permit a visual check of the reasonableness or accuracy of calculations

30
  require minimal additional explanation
 be easily understood due to widespread use in business and the media
Disadvantages
 do not easily reveal exact values
 Many pie charts may be needed to show changes over time
 fail to reveal key assumptions, causes, effects, or patterns
 be easily manipulated to yield false impressions
Tabular presentation
Here are the advantages and disadvantages of using a tabular form of presentation to present
data:
Advantages of tabular presentation of data:
 Tabulated data can be easily understood and interpreted.
 Tabulation facilitates comparison as data are presented in compact and organised
form.
 It saves space and time.
 Tabulated data can be presented in the form of diagrams and graphs
Disadvantage of tabulation:
 The researcher cannot check validity and can’t find a mechanism for a causation
theory only draw patterns and correlations from the data.
 Statistical data is often secondary data which means that is can be easily be
misinterpreted.
With these methods it is easy to collect and interpret the data for our research.

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 CHAPTER 6- SOURCES OF DATA

According to the website on research data sources from the University of Virginia, data
sources can include data that are already collected and data that will be collected during the
study. Data sources can be used to describe different data collection methods and/or tools.
For many studies, creating one “data source” will be sufficient for describing the data in the
study; there are no rules or specific requirements regarding how this section should be
completed but rather it is a tool to help us describe our study.
The sources of data can be classified into two types according to byjus.com: statistical and
non-statistical. Statistical sources refer to data that is gathered for some official purposes,
incorporate censuses, and officially administered surveys. Non-statistical sources refer to the
collection of data for other administrative purposes or for the private sector.
Different sources of data:
The following are the two sources of data:
1. Internal sources
 When data is collected from reports and records of the organisation itself, they are
known as the internal sources.
 For example, a company publishes its annual report’ on profit and loss, total sales,
loans, wages, etc.
2. External sources
 When data is collected from sources outside the organisation, they are known as the
external sources. For example, if a tour and travel company obtains information on
Karnataka tourism from Karnataka Transport Corporation, it would be known as an
external source of data.

32
Types of data:
A) Primary data
 Primary data means first-hand information collected by an investigator.
 It is collected for the first time.
 It is original and more reliable.
 For example, the population census conducted by the government of India after every
ten years is primary data.
B) Secondary data
 Secondary data refers to second-hand information.
 It is not originally collected and rather obtained from already published or
unpublished sources.
 For example, the address of a person taken from the telephone directory or the phone
number of a company taken from Just Dial are secondary data
Methods of collecting primary data:
 Direct personal investigation
 Indirect oral investigation
 Information through correspondents
 Telephonic interview
 Mailed questionnaire
 The questionnaire filled by enumerators
Here is an article on managementstudyguide.com talking about sources of data
Sources of Primary Data
The sources of generating primary data are -
1. Observation Method
2. Survey Method
3. Experimental Method
Experimental Method
There are number of experimental designs that are used in carrying out and experiment.
However, Market researchers have used 4 experimental designs most frequently. These are -
1. CRD - Completely Randomized Design
2. RBD - Randomized Block Design - The term Randomized Block Design has
originated from agricultural research. In this design several treatments of variables are
applied to different blocks of land to ascertain their effect on the yield of the crop.
Blocks are formed in such a manner that each block contains as many plots as a

33
 number of treatments so that one plot from each is selected at random for each
treatment. The production of each plot is measured after the treatment is given. These
data are then interpreted and inferences are drawn by using the analysis of Variance
Technique so as to know the effect of various treatments like different dozes of
fertilizers, different types of irrigation etc.
3. LSD - Latin Square Design - A Latin square is one of the experimental designs
which has a balanced two way classification scheme say for example - 4 X 4
arrangement. In this scheme each letter from A to D occurs only once in each row and
also only once in each column. The balance arrangement, it may be noted that, will
not get disturbed if any row gets changed with the other.
A B C D

B C D A

C D A B

D A B C
4. The balance arrangement achieved in a Latin Square is its main strength. In this
design, the comparisons among treatments will be free from both differences between
rows and columns. Thus the magnitude of error will be smaller than any other design.
5. FD - Factorial Designs - This design allows the experimenter to test two or more
variables simultaneously. It also measures interaction effects of the variables and
analyzes the impacts of each of the variables.
In a true experiment, randomization is essential so that the experimenter can infer cause and
effect without any bias.
Sources of Secondary Data
While primary data can be collected through questionnaires, depth interview, focus group
interviews, case studies, experimentation and observation; the secondary data can be obtained
through
1. Internal Sources - These are within the organization
2. External Sources - These are outside the organization
Internal Sources of Data
If available, internal secondary data may be obtained with less time, effort and money than
the external secondary data. In addition, they may also be more pertinent to the situation at
hand since they are from within the organization. The internal sources include
1. Accounting resources- This gives so much information which can be used by the
marketing researcher. They give information about internal factors.
2. Sales Force Report- It gives information about the sale of a product. The information
provided is of outside the organization.
3. Internal Experts- These are people who are heading the various departments. They
can give an idea of how a particular thing is working

34
 4. Miscellaneous Reports- These are what information you are getting from operational
reports.
If the data available within the organization are unsuitable or inadequate, the marketer should
extend the search to external secondary data sources.
External Sources of Data
External Sources are sources which are outside the company in a larger environment.
Collection of external data is more difficult because the data have much greater variety and
the sources are much more numerous.
External data can be divided into following classes.
a. Government Publications- Government sources provide an extremely rich pool of
data for the researchers. In addition, many of these data are available free of cost on
internet websites. There are number of government agencies generating data. These
are:
i. Registrar General of India- It is an office which generates demographic data.
It includes details of gender, age, occupation etc.
ii. Central Statistical Organization- This organization publishes the national
accounts statistics. It contains estimates of national income for several years,
growth rate, and rate of major economic activities. Annual survey of Industries
is also published by the CSO. It gives information about the total number of
workers employed, production units, material used and value added by the
manufacturer.
iii. Director General of Commercial Intelligence- This office operates from
Kolkata. It gives information about foreign trade i.e. import and export. These
figures are provided region-wise and country-wise.
iv. Ministry of Commerce and Industries- This ministry through the office of
economic advisor provides information on wholesale price index. These
indices may be related to a number of sectors like food, fuel, power, food
grains etc. It also generates All India Consumer Price Index numbers for
industrial workers, urban, non manual employees and cultural labourers.
v. Planning Commission- It provides the basic statistics of Indian Economy.
vi. Reserve Bank of India- This provides information on Banking Savings and
investment. RBI also prepares currency and finance reports.
vii. Labour Bureau- It provides information on skilled, unskilled, white collared
jobs etc.
viii. National Sample Survey- This is done by the Ministry of Planning and it
provides social, economic, demographic, industrial and agricultural statistics.
ix. Department of Economic Affairs- It conducts economic survey and it also
generates information on income, consumption, expenditure, investment,
savings and foreign trade.

35
 x. State Statistical Abstract- This gives information on various types of
activities related to the state like - commercial activities, education, occupation
etc.
b. Non Government Publications- These includes publications of various industrial
and trade associations, such as
i. The Indian Cotton Mill Association
ii. Various chambers of commerce
iii. The Bombay Stock Exchange (it publishes a directory containing financial
accounts, key profitability and other relevant matter)
iv. Various Associations of Press Media.
v. Export Promotion Council.
vi. Confederation of Indian Industries ( CII )
vii. Small Industries Development Board of India
viii. Different Mills like - Woollen mills, Textile mills etc
The only disadvantage of the above sources is that the data may be biased. They are likely to
colour their negative points.
c. Syndicate Services- These services are provided by certain organizations which
collect and tabulate the marketing information on a regular basis for a number of
clients who are the subscribers to these services. So the services are designed in such
a way that the information suits the subscriber. These services are useful in television
viewing, movement of consumer goods etc. These syndicate services provide
information data from both household as well as institution.
In collecting data from household they use three approaches
i. Survey- They conduct surveys regarding - lifestyle, sociographic, general
topics.
ii. Mail Diary Panel- It may be related to 2 fields - Purchase and Media.
iii. Electronic Scanner Services- These are used to generate data on volume.
They collect data for Institutions from
iv. Whole sellers
v. Retailers, and
vi. Industrial Firms
Various syndicate services are Operations Research Group (ORG) and The Indian Marketing
Research Bureau (IMRB).

36
Importance of Syndicate Services
Syndicate services are becoming popular since the constraints of decision making are
changing and we need more of specific decision-making in the light of changing
environment. Also Syndicate services are able to provide information to the industries at a
low unit cost.
Disadvantages of Syndicate Services
The information provided is not exclusive. A number of research agencies provide
customized services which suits the requirement of each individual organization.
d. International Organization- These includes
i. The International Labour Organization (ILO)- It publishes data on the
total and active population, employment, unemployment, wages and consumer
prices
ii. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD) -
It publishes data on foreign trade, industry, food, transport, and science and
technology.
iii. The International Monetary Fund (IMA) - It publishes reports on national
and international foreign exchange regulations.

As this research paper is based in India, the sources of data collection are Indians based in
Santacruz. This is because this area is close by for the researcher and thus there is a higher
chances of getting more responses.
The participants are of varying age groups ranging from 16 to 65. This is because these were
the people willing to respond to a college based research paper. Nonetheless, the data
gathered was sufficient enough to match an existing research paper which confirms both
research papers.

37
 CHAPTER 7- SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Scope and limitations are two terms that address the details of a research project. The term
scope refers to the problem or issue that the researcher wants to study with the project.
Limitation is the term used for constraints that impact the researcher’s ability to effectively
study the scope of the project.
An article written on quora.com details the scope and limitations of a project. This article was
written by Michael Smith, who is an academic writer and research supervisor.
Scope and limitations are two terms that address the details of a research project. The term
scope refers to the problem or issue that the researcher wants to study with the project.
Limitation is the term used for constraints that impact the researcher’s ability to effectively
study the scope of the project.
Identifying the Scope of a Project
One of the first tasks you need to do when completing research is to identify the scope of the
project. When identifying the scope, you need to address not only the problem or issue that
you want to study but the population that you want to examine.
For example, assume your project strives to research the impact of sleep quality on
productivity. Who will you study when examining productivity? Are you interested in worker
productivity, student productivity, or general productivity? What demographic do you want
to examine? You might ultimately decide that you want to study student productivity for
students between the ages of 18 and 19.
How to Identify the Project Scope
Identifying the project’s scope sounds easy in theory, but it can take days or even weeks for
researchers to identify a reasonable scope for the project. Though you might want to study the
problem in as large a sample as possible, this usually isn’t the best idea for an efficient
project. It’s time-consuming and expensive to thoroughly examine a problem when the scope
is too wide.
A better option is to use a narrower scope for each study and complete multiple studies if
necessary. If your goal is to learn how sleep quality affects productivity, you don’t want to
examine productivity in workers, students, and stay-at-home parents with one study. Instead,
complete a study that examines one of these groups and complete more studies over time to
study the other groups.
When identifying your scope, you should also keep the intended audience of your project in
mind. Though your audience doesn’t always need to have a strong impact on your scope, if
you’re not sure how to narrow your scope, you might select a group that will pertain to your
audience. For example, in the previously mentioned productivity study, if your audience is
corporations, you might examine worker productivity in a demographic that these
corporations frequently employ.

38
Examining the Reality of Project Limitations
Every project, even the ones that boast meticulous planning and seasoned researchers, have
limitations. When you craft a paper that summarizes your research findings, it’s essential to
include the limitations in your report. Though you may worry that identifying limitations will
cause readers and other researchers to dismiss your findings, the opposite is typically true.
Your audience is more likely to view your findings as credible if they know you’ve
considered and examined aspects that impacted your ability to properly study the topic.
Common Research Limitations
There are numerous limitations that can impact your ability to complete quality research.
Research limitations may be methodological (related to how the study is completed) or a lack
of researcher resources (such as time and research funds).
Methodological limitations include the following:
 Small sample size
 Limited diversity in your sample size
 Lack of previous research to examine
 Improper techniques or measurements used for collecting data
Common researcher related limitations include:
 Limited access to your project respondents (perhaps due to geographical constraints)
 Time constraints
 Personal conflicts and biases
 Budget restraints
Learning from Project Limitations
One of the most important reasons to identify and document project limitations is that it
permits future researchers to learn from these limitations and adjust their research
accordingly. Imagine that your project studies the effects of low carbohydrate consumption
on sleep quality; due to time constraints, you were only able to study your sample size for
two weeks. The next researcher who wants to study this topic would know that time
constraints were a limitation for your study. They can then take steps to design a study that
addresses this constraint. Their study might examine their sample size for a month to see if
that changes the findings.

39
  SCOPE

In order to identify the scope of a project, we need to address not only the problem or issue
we want to study but also the population we want to examine.
The issue we would like to observe is how consumers perceive generic and branded
medicines. Do consumers prefer one or the other?
Reason being, generic medicines are far cheaper compared to branded medicine. This would
make life saving medicines more accessible to those who can’t afford it. But if consumers are
hesitant to use generic medicine or are unaware of such medicine, they might not get the
treatment they need.
The population to be examined are Indians living in the suburbs of Santacruz. This will give
us a small sample population for the type of research we are conducting.

40
  LIMITATION

Every project, even the ones that boast meticulous planning and seasoned researchers, have
limitations. When we craft a paper that summarises our research findings, it’s essential to
include the limitations in our report.
There are numerous limitations that can impact our ability to complete quality research.
Research limitations may be methodological (related to how the study is completed) or lack
of researcher resources (such as time and research fund).
Methodological limitations include the following:
 Small sample size
 Limited diversity in our sample size
 Lack of previous research to examine
 Improper techniques or measurements used for collecting data
Common researcher related limitations include:
 Limited access to our project respondents (perhaps due to geographical constraints)
 Time constraints
 Personal conflicts and biases
 Budget restraints
The methodological limitation in this research is the sample size used. As this research is
forming conclusions based on 102 responses the sample size used may not be enough to form
a definitive conclusion. Not everyone responded properly as only 101 responses were
gathered for all the questions and the first question received only 95 responses. This could be
due to the error of the researcher, where they did not provide the instructions clearly on how
to solve the questionnaire. Or it could be the participant’s error as they could have responded
half-heartedly. Either way, a sufficient number of responses were gathered to make an
assessment.

41
 CHAPTER 8- REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A review may be a self-contained unit — an end in itself — or a preface to and rationale for
engaging in primary research. A review is a required part of grant and research proposals and
often a chapter in theses and dissertations.

Generally, the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of

knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies,
reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.

This research paper takes its inspiration from a research paper published on 20 th March 2021
titled “Consumer Perception of Generic Drugs in Comparison to Branded Drugs: a qualitative
Study” published by Ruta Joshi and Aradhna Gandhi from the Symbiosis Centre for
Management and Human Resource Development, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

The detailed review is given below:

Abstract

In the abstract of this paper the purpose, approach, practical implications and its value is
highlighted.
The purpose of this paper is to determine if consumer perception of generic drugs is
equivalent to their perception of branded drugs. The authors hypothesize that consumers have
a preference for branded drugs over generics as they are perceived to be of a better quality
due to marketing, promotions and advertising. This is despite their awareness that generic
drugs are more economical. Furthermore, individuals seem to have developed a habit of using
certain brand-names and are reluctant to make a switch to generics.
The way this research was conducted was by conducting qualitative in-depth interviews
with 15 respondents from various cities in India to understand their lived experiences
related to the purchase of drugs.
The practical implications of that research was generic drug manufacturers could gain a lot of
insights regarding the pain points of their consumers which could enable them to relook at

42
their current marketing strategy and incorporate change to foster acceptance for
generics and achieve a better sales performance.
The paper has mainly two contributions. The study will increase consumer behaviour
understanding in the pharmaceutical sector, relating to both branded and generic drugs. It will
also give an emerging country (India) perspective which can bridge a knowledge gap in
literature.
Introduction
The following paragraph is taken from the introduction of the research paper. It details the
purpose of the paper and thereby highlights the purpose of this paper.
The purpose of this study is to determine if consumer perception of generic drugs is
equivalent to their perception of branded drugs. A brand drug has exclusive and complete
selling rights during the patent period. However, after this period is over, drug
manufactures use the same molecule to make the drug in a generic form to serve the
same therapy area as the branded drug. If the generic drug and its branded counterpart have
the same therapeutic benefit, one would expect the generic drug to sell better, as it is
cheaper. However, research does not support this hypothesis. A possible explanation could be
brand loyalty for the branded drugs. Also, few consumers prefer using branded drugs, and
this preference is more important to them than the need to save through purchasing
generic drugs. Consumers also perceive the quality of branded drugs to be greater
than generics. Furthermore, patients have developed habits that involve taking
prescription medicine, leading to continued usage of brands. If abraded drug is
effective, patients refuse to switch to a lower priced equivalent. All of these factors
contribute to branded drug manufacturers not considering generic drugs as real
competition. Also, quite often the market for generic drugs is from a different
economic section of society, further reducing competition for branded drugs as their
customers are often able to afford them.
The perception of generic drugs is dependent on drug characteristics, which
comprise of drug pricing, perceived quality of both branded drugs and generic drugs and
whether the drug is new to the market or is well established. There is a difference of
opinion based upon family income, where affluent class perceive branded drugs to be
of a higher quality and hence prefer them over generic drugs, while lower middle
class prioritize the savings aspect and hence are found to purchase and use greater
amount of generic drugs, as far as possible
Reluctance to purchase generics is even more predominant, in particular for Over-The-
Counter (OTC) drugs, as their purchase is dependent entirely upon patient
discretion, unlike prescription drugs that require physician approval.

43
Methods
The methodology used to collect data for this research paper is as follows:
The data for the qualitative study was collected in the months of May to July 2020. 15
respondents were interviewed using a semi structured in-depth interview. The respondents
came from various backgrounds and were living in and around the city of Mumbai, India.
Respondents who had previously bought generic drugs for a considerable period of
time or were currently using generic drugs were selected through a snow ball
sampling method as identification of such respondents was possible. As this study
was exploratory in nature, emphasis was placed on letting the respondent’s thoughts flow
freely, and not restrict them to any one train of thought. Hence, all the interviews were
more of a conversation and were conducted over telephone, due to environmental
constraints regarding COVID-19. The exploratory nature of the interview did not confirm
any existing hypotheses, but identified key themes for discussion. The telephonic
conversations were recorded and transcribed by the interviewer for further analysis.
Permission for recording was sought from the respondents and only after their explicit
approval interviews were conducted. Coding was done on the transcribed interviews
and relevant themes were identified as an iterative process immediately after each
interview.
Data analysis and findings
Analysis of the telephonic conversation led to identification of themes which help in
understanding consumer purchase behaviour when it comes to generic medicine. The themes
are presented as follows:
Doctor Recommendation:
Participants seemed to find this an extremely essential factor when it came to supporting
generic drugs. Quite a few were ready to switch from branded drugs to generics on doctor’s
recommendation and were willing to purchase generics if advised by their medical
practitioner. A participant reported “We blindly use the medicines prescribed by our Doctor
as we trust our Doctor completely. If he writes us generics next time, we will definitely buy
them.”“My doctor has never told me about these generic drugs, but if he does, I will start
using them the very next day”
Chemist Recommendation:
The participants were very often recommended generic drugs by their local and
trusted chemist, and they have been buying such drugs for several years and a few were
willing to make the switch from branded to generic. One participant in particular said “In
case the prescribed medicine is unavailable, my local pharmacy suggests me a
replacement with the same basic molecule. I purchase it regardless of whether it is
branded or generic”. “My local chemist often informs me of cheaper alternatives to the
medicines I buy, and I definitely prefer the cheaper option”

44
Minor Illness:
A number of participants reported that they did not wish to spend excess money for relatively
minor ailments which can be cured using the generic medicines. I am willing to use generic
drugs for minor illnesses such as cough, cold, fever, rash, allergy, stomach upset, throat
infection and the likes as they help me recover and I do not need to spend additional
money as well. In any case the formulation is same as I check it before buying the drug”.
Price of the drug:
Price of the generic drug was an important consideration in the minds of the respondents who
preferred generic over branded drugs. A participant on being interviewed said, “If these
generic drugs have a large price difference from branded drugs, it would save me a lot of
money and I would definitely want to use them.”“I was not aware that Generic drugs are
so inexpensive. I will do my research and start using them as much as possible”
Doctor Awareness about generics:
A large number of interviewed participants seemed to believe that their doctor was
not aware about generics to the extent that they needed him/her to be. They believed that
healthcare professionals in general need to brush up on their knowledge about generic drugs
and be aware about patent expiry and inform patients as soon as a new generic drug
was available in the market.“If my Doctor knew about Generic drugs, he would
definitely write them in his prescriptions. But the fact that he has never recommended a
generic drug to me, makes me think that he himself might not be aware.”“I don’t think my
Doctor knows these Generic drugs exist”
Branded drug unavailability:
A few participants that were completely against generics otherwise seemed to concede
regarding this point. They were ready to purchase and use generic drugs only and only if
branded drugs are completely unavailable at the chemist shop. “If the brand I use regularly
is nowhere to be found, I will consider using generics”
Time required for drug to act:
This theme was rare, but a handful of participants expressed that they would be willing to
give generic drugs a try if the time required for them to act was lesser than the branded
drug. This was especially in regards to painkillers, where time is a very important factor. A
participant in her early 20s said, “I have a very busy schedule and I need painkillers to act as
soon as I take them. If generics act in less time, then it would be very good for me”.
Usage in Government Hospitals:
A few participants seemed to believe that they would be more motivated towards
usage of generic drugs if they saw them being used more in government hospitals.“As my
father is an employee of KEM, a government hospital, we go there for minor ailments
and check-ups. And I have always been prescribed brand-name drugs.”“ Maybe if I was
recommended these drugs in the government OPD, I would use them.”

45
Doctor incentives:
It was discovered that a fair number of participants strongly believed that the reason for
branded drugs being recognized in the market was due to incentivisation of doctors by
pharmaceutical companies. This is why they suggested that generic drug manufacturers
should do similar promotions in order to increase sales. A participant who has been
keenly following the pharma industry reported that “Doctors usually prescribe medicines
if given some push from the manufacturers to do so. The same should be done for
generic drugs”
Lack of patient awareness:
By far the biggest barrier that was observed among participants was their lack of
awareness regarding generics and their therapeutic benefits and cost advantage. They
knew about generic drugs such as paracetamol but were unaware that generics are used for
specialized ailments as well. Many participants said that “We were unaware of the
existence of these generic drugs before being interviewed, we have never received
any information about them.”“Please tell me more about these generic drugs, I have not
heard of them before”
Concerns about safety:
Many participants expressed that while they appreciated the benefits and cost
advantages of generic drugs, they were unsure about the safety aspect and would not ever
consider switching from branded drugs to generics.“If generic drugs are really so cheap,
the manufacturers must be cutting costs on production. I really can’t trust these drugs.”
Possibility of fake medicines/substitutes:
This was surprisingly a major concern for participants. Due to misinformation
they were led to believe that there were no stringent quality tests and quality
assurance conducted on generics and hence the possibility of them being fake was
higher. One participant said, “I know that generic drugs essentially have the same
molecule, but I am very suspicious about fakes being manufactured and sold,
especially seeing the low prices.”“Anything that is cheap is often fake, I do not trust in
generics due to this reason”
Illness being very severe/critical:
The few participants that suffered from chronic and/or major ailments were very wary of
using generics as they did not believe them to be as effective as the branded drug they
were currently using.“I am a heart patient and I also have diabetes. I will not switch
from my trustworthy branded drugs to generic drugs for these ailments.”“I have daily
medicines for my asthma, and I don’t think any generic drug will be beneficial for me”
Fear of side effects:
Despite the core molecule being the same, a few participants expressed that they
feared they would get additional side effects from the generic drug as opposed to the
branded drug. One participant reported “I fear taking medicines in general because I get
terrible gastric upset after them, and generics seem like they would be no different when it
comes to side effects”“If these medicines are cheap, I suppose they would have more
side effects as well”

46
Lack of Government incentives:
A majority of the participants seemed to find that government incentives
regarding generic drugs were a bit lacking, and if generics were really equivalent to
branded drugs, the Indian Government would have promoted them more. Hence, they
were sceptical of purchasing generic drugs. “I have never seen any Government promotions
for Generic drugs. Hence, I do not believe they are worth consuming.”
Not produced by a well-known pharma company:
It was discovered that participants had a few major names in the pharmaceutical
industry they truly believed in, and that drugs produced by any other company were
substandard for them. A participant said, “I think most of the generic drugs I have seen are
made by no-name companies. It would increase my belief in generics if all the leading
pharma giants manufactured them.”
Generic drug inavailability:
Few participants felt that generic drugs were not available to them easily, with one
participant in particular expressing that she was unsure of the place to purchase
generics, if she needed to. A few participants said, “I have never seen generic drugs
being sold in my local pharmacy.”“Are you sure that these generic drugs are
available in my area? Because I have never seen them before”
Marketing/Promotion of only branded drugs:
Some participants expressed that they did not purchase and use generic drugs as they saw
promotions of brands and wanted to purchase only branded drugs. “If I see any information
or advertisements about generic drugs I will consider using them, but not before that.”
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggest that consumer perception regarding generic drugs is greatly
varied and depends on the consumer experience and their beliefs. For example,
participants that have a better economic background had lesser awareness about generic
drugs, as they had the power to afford branded drugs whenever there was a requirement.
It was also discovered that participants as a whole were likely to go along with the
Doctor’s instructions and hence it falls to these healthcare practitioners to impart
knowledge, awareness and also prescriptions for generic drugs. In addition to this, it was
found that educational background of the participants played no role in their perception
to generics, and very highly educated folks were found to be more unaware of generic
drug existence. Hence, an obvious gap is seen in marketing and awareness around generics
and definitely needs to be addressed by pharma companies. Furthermore, members of the
same family were found to have different opinions, despite having a common doctor,
chemist and social circle. Language and messaging contributed greatly to the
understanding expressed by the participants, and positive reinforcement regarding
generic drugs was found to be necessary. Overall, quite a few participants expressed the
desire to shift to generic drugs, albeit for minor illnesses.

47
To quote the research paper, this literature review demonstrates that people’s selections to
just accept or to reject generic substitution area unit is driven by psychological feature and
affectional factors. Many people are already knowledgeable about generic drugs; but, have a
tendency to not fill necessary information gaps. Thus, insights from this study might
contribute to the event of increase in knowledge material or interventions aimed toward
increasing the usage of generic drug.

48
 CHAPTER 9- HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis is a statement that introduces a research question and proposes an expected

result. It is an integral part of the scientific method that forms the basis of scientific
experiments. Therefore, we need to be careful and thorough when building our hypothesis. A
minor flaw in the construction of our hypothesis could have an adverse effect on our
experiment.
The hypothesis of the research with its relevant questionnaire is presented in a tabular form
given below:

Hypothesis Questionnaire
1-age
2-Gender
Male
Female
H01- consumers prefer branded medicines 3-would you prefer generic medicines over
over generic medicines branded medicines
Ha1- consumers do not prefer branded Yes
medicines over generic medicines No
H02- consumers would prefer generic 4-would you prefer generic medicines over
medicines if their doctors prescribed it branded medicines if your doctor prescribed it
Ha2- consumers would not prefer generic Yes
medicines if their doctors prescribed it No
H03- consumers feel generic medicines are 5-do you think branded medicines are more
just as effective as branded medicines effective than generic medicines
Ha3- consumers feel generic medicines are Yes
not as effective as branded medicines No
H04- consumers feel doctors should prescribe 6-should doctors prescribe generic medicines
generic medicines over branded medicines
Ha4- consumers feel doctors should not Yes
prescribe generic medicines No

49
H05- consumers feel generic medicines 7-should generic medicines be prescribed
should be prescribed more often more often
Ha5- consumers feel generic medicines Yes
should not be prescribed more often No
H06- consumers feel branded medicines
should be cheaper 8-should branded medicines be more cheaper
Ha6- consumers feel branded medicines Yes
should not be cheaper No
H07- consumers feel generic medicines are 9-do you think generic medicines are safer
safer than branded medicines than branded medicines
Ha7- consumers feel generic medicines are Yes
not safer than branded medicines No
H08- consumers feel government policies
should promote the use of generic medicines 10-should the government allow doctors to
Ha8- consumers feel government policies promote the use of generic medicines
should not promote the use of generic Yes
medicines No

50
 CHAPTER 10- SAMPLE DESIGN

When we conduct research about a group of people, it’s rarely possible to collect data from
every person in that group. Instead, we select a sample. The sample is the group of
individuals who will actually participate in the research.
To draw valid conclusions from our results, we have to carefully decide how we will select a
sample that is representative of the group as a whole.
A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to
the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample.
Sample design also leads to a procedure to tell the number of items to be included in the
sample i.e., the size of the sample. Hence, sample design is determined before the collection
of data. Among various types of sample design technique, the researcher should choose that
samples which are reliable and appropriate for his research study.
Steps in Sample Design:
There are various steps which the researcher should follow. Those are;
 Type of universe: In the first step the researcher should clarify and should be expert
in the study of universe. The universe may be finite (no of items are know) or Infinite
(numbers of items are not know).
 Sampling unit: A decision has to be taken concerning a sampling unit before
selecting a sample. Sampling unit may be a geographical one such as state, district,
village etc., or construction unit such as house, flat, etc., or it may be a social unit
such as family, club, school etc., or it may be an individual.

51
  Source list: Source list is known as ‘sampling frame’ from which sample is to be
drawn. It consists of the names of all items of a universe. Such a list would be
comprehensive, correct, reliable and appropriate and the source list should be a
representative of the population.
 Size of sample: Size of sample refers to the number of items to be selected from the
universe to constitute a sample. Selection of sample size is a headache to the
researcher. The size should not be too large or too small rather it should be optimum.
An optimum sample is one which fulfils the requirements of efficiency,
representativeness, reliability and flexibility. The parameters of interest in a research
study must be kept in view, while deciding the size of the sample. Cost factor i.e.,
budgetary conditions should also be taken into consideration.
 Sampling procedure: In the final step of the sample design, a researcher must decide
the type of the sample s/he will use i.e., s/he must decide about the techniques to be
used in selecting the items for the sample.
Characteristics of a good sample design:
The characteristics of a good sample design are as follows;
 Sample design must result in a truly representative sample,
 Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error,
 Sampling design must be viable in the context of funds available for the research
study,
 Sample design must be such that systematic bias can be controlled in a better way,
and
 Sample should be such that the results of the sample study can be applied, in general,
for the universe with a reasonable level of confidence.
The questionnaire was sent to Indian citizens residing in Santacruz. A total of 101 responses
were gathered. These citizens were of varying age groups ranging from 16 to 65. The
questionnaire sent were simple yes or no questions pertaining to the research.

52
 CHAPTER 11- DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
The results obtained from the questionnaire are presented as follows. The data collected is
presented in the form of a bar graph and pie charts.
 Age of the sample population

Age Count Percentage

16 1 1.1
18 2 2.1
19 5 5.3
20 9 9.5
21 4 4.2
22 12 12.6
23 8 8.4
24 1 1.1
25 2 2.1
31 1 1.1
38 1 1.1
39 1 1.1
40 2 2.1
41 2 2.1
44 1 1.1
45 2 2.1

53
46 1 1.1
48 1 1.1
49 1 1.1
50 5 5.3
51 7 7.4
52 6 6.3
53 1 1.1
54 2 2.1
55 2 2.1
56 3 3.2
57 1 1.1
58 1 1.1
59 1 1.1
61 1 1.1
62 1 1.1
64 1 1.1
65 1 1.1
n/a 4 3.3
Above 50 1 1.1

The first question in the questionnaire asked the respondents their age. This is to identify the
type of respondents we are dealing with. Of the 95 responses the maximum number of
responses was from the age groups of 20-23 with 33 responses in total. This project also
covers people between the ages 23 to 62 as they have a better understanding of the drugs they
consume.

54
  Gender of the population

Gender Count Percentage

Female 59 58.4
Male 41 40.6
Prefer not to say 1 1

This question aims to understand the gender of the population that responded this
questionnaire. Of the 101 responses for this question 58.4% were female and 40.6% were
male. 1% of the population preferred to keep their gender a secret.

55
  Would you prefer generic medicines over branded medicines?

Response Count Percentage

Yes 60 59.4
No 41 40.6

This question aims to solve the first objective. The question asks the population if they prefer
generic medicines over branded medicines. Of the 101 responses 40.6% of the population
responded with no and 59.4% of the population responded with yes. This shows us that more
than half of the population who responded prefer generic medicine over branded medicine.

56
  Would you prefer generic medicines over branded medicines if your
doctor prescribed it?

Response Count Percentage

Yes 86 85.1
No 15 14.9

This question aims to answer the second objective. This question asks the population if they
would prefer generic medicines over branded medicines if their doctor would prescribe it.
Compared to the previous question, here 14.9% of the population said no and 85.1% of the
population said yes. This indicates that people would trust their doctors to prescribe the right
medicine for them as if their doctors prefer generic medicine so would they.

57
  Do you think branded medicines are more effective than generic
medicines?

Response Count Percentage

Yes 32 31.7
No 69 68.3

This question aims to answer the third objective. Here participants were asked if they think
branded medicines are more effective than generic medicines. Of the 101 responses gathered,
68.3% responded with no and 31.7% of the population responded with yes. This indicates
that majority of the sample population feel branded medicines are more effective as opposed
to what actually happens in reality.

58
  Should doctors prescribe generic medicines over branded medicines?

Response Count Percentage

Yes 67 66.3
No 34 33.7

This question aims to answer the fourth objective. In this question the sample population was
asked if they feel their doctors should prescribe generic medicines over branded medicines.
Of the 101 responses gathered, 33.7% of the sample population responded no and 66.3%
responded yes. This indicated more than half of the sample population agrees that doctors
should prescribe generic medicines over branded medicines.

59
  Should generic medicines be prescribed more often?

Response Count Percentage

Yes 70 69.3
No 31 30.7

This question aims to answer the fifth objective. In this question the sample population was
asked should generic medicines be prescribed more often. Of the 101 responses 30.7%
responded no and 69.3% responded yes. This indicated that a majority of the sample
population agree that generic medicines should be prescribed more often.

60
  Should branded medicines be more cheaper?

Response Count Percentage

Yes 93 92
No 8 8

This question aims to answer the sixth objective. In this question the participants were asked
how they feel about the price of branded medicines, should branded medicines be cheap. Out
of the 100 responses gathered 92% responded yes and 8% responded no. This indicates that
majority of the sample population agree that branded medicines should be cheap compared to
the price they have now.

61
  Do you think generic medicines are safer than branded medicines?

Response Count Percentage

Yes 56 55.4
No 45 44.6

This question aims to answer the seventh objective. This question asks the participants if they
feel generic medicines are safer than branded medicines. Out of the 101 responses gathered
44.6% of the sample population responded with no and 55.4% of them responded yes. This
indicates that more than half of the sample population think generic medicines are safer than
branded medicines.

62
  Should the government allow doctors to promote the use of generic
medicines?

Response Count Percentage

Yes 78 77.2
No 23 22.8

This question aims to answer the eighth objective. In this question the participants were asked
if government policies should allow doctors to promote the use of generic medicines. Of the
101 responses, 22.8% responded no and 77.2% responded yes. This indicates that consumers
feel the government should enact policies that allow doctors to promote the use of generic
medicines.

63
 CHAPTER 12- DATA FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

Hypothesis Questionnaire Conclusion

1-age n/a
2-Gender
Male
Female n/a
H01- consumers prefer branded 3-would you prefer generic medicines
medicines over generic medicines over branded medicines
Ha1- consumers do not prefer branded Yes
medicines over generic medicines No Ha1 is true
H02- consumers would prefer generic 4-would you prefer generic medicines
medicines if their doctors prescribed it over branded medicines if your doctor
Ha2- consumers would not prefer prescribed it
generic medicines if their doctors Yes
prescribed it No H02 is true
H03- consumers feel generic medicines
are just as effective as branded
medicines 5-do you think branded medicines are
Ha3- consumers feel generic medicines more effective than generic medicines
are not as effective as branded Yes
medicines No H03 is true
H04- consumers feel doctors should 6-should doctors prescribe generic
prescribe generic medicines medicines over branded medicines
Ha4- consumers feel doctors should not Yes
prescribe generic medicines No H04 is true
H05- consumers feel generic medicines 7-should generic medicines be
should be prescribed more often prescribed more often
Ha5- consumers feel generic medicines Yes
should not be prescribed more often No H05 is true
H06- consumers feel branded 8-should branded medicines be more
medicines should be cheaper cheaper
Ha6- consumers feel branded Yes
medicines should not be cheaper No H06 is true
H07- consumers feel generic medicines 9-do you think generic medicines are
are safer than branded medicines safer than branded medicines
Ha7- consumers feel generic medicines Yes
are not safer than branded medicines No H07 is true
H08- consumers feel government
policies should promote the use of
generic medicines 10-should the government allow doctors
Ha8- consumers feel government to promote the use of generic medicines
policies should not promote the use of Yes
generic medicines No H08 is true

64
 CHAPTER 13- BIBLIOGRAPHY
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medicine#:~:text=A%20generic%20medicine%20is%20a,studies%20on%20the%20authorise
d%20medicine.
https://www.pharmaguideline.com/2019/02/difference-between-generic-and-branded-
medicines.html
https://www.makatimed.net.ph/news-and-exhibits/news/brand-names-vs-generics-which-is-
better#:~:text=Brand%20Name%20Drugs&text=They%20are%20the%20first%20of,when%
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https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/the-conflict-between-generic-vs-
branded-medicines-in-india/69564052

65
https://www.rosemedicalgroups.org/blog/difference-between-brand-name-and-generic-
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66
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/
https://www.mbaknol.com/research-methodology/sample-design/

67
 CHAPTER 14- ANNEXURE 1- QUESTIONNAIRE
The questionnaire presented to the participants is given below. The google link for the
questionnaire is also given below.
Link:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSePUOLNfB2Ip8SVlsNQa137I2fKwUoyuJXyq
_m9mEVN1nw_IQ/viewform?usp=sf_link

68
69
70
71
72
 CHAPTER 15- ANNEXURE 2- PRELIMINARY DATA
The raw data collected by google forms is given below in a tabular form.
Would
you
prefer Should
generic Do you the
medicin think Should Do you governm
Would es over branded doctors think ent allow
you brande medicin prescrib Should Should generic doctors
prefer d es are e generic brande medicin to
generic medicin more generic medicin d es are promote
medicin es if effective medicin es be medicin safer the use
es over your than es over prescrib es be than of
branded doctor generic branded ed more branded generic
Timesta Gend medicin prescrib medicin medicin more cheape medicin medicine
mp Age er es? ed it? es? es? often? r? es? s?
1/13/20
22
11:31:0
4 52 Male Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
11:31:3
9 51 Male Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
11:32:5
1 52 Male Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
11:33:5
3 57 Male Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
11:36:2
9 52 Male Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20 Prefe
22 r not
11:37:5 to
5 54 say No No No No No No No No
1/13/20
22
11:39:1 Fema
8 le Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
1/13/20
22
11:40:4
0 51 Male Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
11:41:4 Fema
8 50 le Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20 Fema
22 54 le Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

73
11:44:0
7
1/13/20
22
11:45:4
0 62 Male No No Yes No No No Yes No
1/13/20
22
11:47:5 Fema
2 38 le Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
11:49:5
5 52 Male No No No No No No Yes No
1/13/20
22
11:53:2
4 50 Male Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No
1/13/20
22
11:54:3 Fema
9 51 le No Yes No No No Yes No No
1/13/20
22
11:55:5 Fema
9 51 le No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
11:57:2 Fema
9 31 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
11:58:5
1 51 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:00:3 Fema
6 51 le No Yes No No No Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
12:01:5
9 40 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:04:1 Fema
7 53 le No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:05:4 Fema
2 52 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:07:3
4 52 Male No Yes No No No Yes No Yes
1/13/20 23 Fema Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

74
 22 le
12:09:0
4
1/13/20
22
12:10:1 Fema
0 22 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:11:3 Fema
4 22 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:12:5
5 61 Male No Yes No No No Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
12:14:3
9 23 Male No Yes No No No Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
12:15:4 Fema
0 24 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:17:1 Fema
0 39 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
12:18:1 Fema
9 19 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:20:0 Fema
3 45 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
12:21:0 Fema
9 59 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:22:2 Fema
4 20 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:23:4 Fema
1 44 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
12:24:4 Fema
5 50 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
12:26:2 above Fema
2 50 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

75
1/13/20
22
12:27:2 Fema
4 64 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
12:28:2 Fema
3 55 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
12:29:5
9 56 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/13/20
22
12:37:2
9 23 Male No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
14:04:5 Fema
4 58 le Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
15:05:5
5 55 Male No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
15:23:2 Fema
7 le No Yes No No No Yes No No
1/13/20
22
15:26:4
2 41 Male No Yes Yes No No Yes No No
1/13/20
22
15:29:3 Fema
3 41 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
15:38:4 Fema
2 56 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
15:52:0
0 50 Male No Yes Yes No No Yes No No
1/13/20
22
15:57:5 Fema
7 65 le No No Yes No No Yes No No
1/13/20
22
15:59:2
7 40 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
16:10:0
2 22 Male No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes

76
1/13/20
22
16:12:2 Fema
9 50 le No Yes Yes No No Yes No No
1/13/20
22
17:42:1 Fema
1 51 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
17:57:3 Fema
4 56 le Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
19:56:5
6 Male No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes
1/13/20
22
20:46:5
0 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/13/20
22
20:47:1
1
1/14/20
22 Fema
6:28:11 22 le Yes Yes No No No No No Yes
1/14/20
22
6:28:27 18 Male No Yes No No No Yes No Yes
1/14/20
22 Fema
6:29:46 45 le Yes No No Yes No Yes No No
1/14/20
22
6:30:22 22 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/14/20
22
6:31:21 25 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes
1/14/20
22
6:37:37 23 Male No No No No No Yes No No
1/14/20
22 Fema
6:38:19 22 le No Yes Yes No No Yes No No
1/14/20
22 Fema
6:48:26 22 le No Yes Yes No No Yes No No
1/14/20
22
6:50:28 21 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/14/20
22 Fema
6:51:09 22 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

77
1/14/20
22 Fema
6:54:58 23 le No No No No No Yes Yes Yes
1/14/20
22 Fema
7:03:03 23 le No No Yes No Yes Yes No No
1/14/20
22
7:15:49 22 Male Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/14/20
22 Fema
7:26:30 23 le Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/14/20
22 Fema
7:34:25 22 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/14/20
22
10:39:2
8 49 Male Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/14/20
22
10:49:3 Mahima Fema
0 Gehlot le Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes
1/14/20
22
10:53:1 Fema
3 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/14/20
22
10:59:4 Fema
3 19 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/14/20
22
12:07:1 Fema
3 20 le No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
1/14/20
22
13:01:2 Shivani Fema
3 Poojary le No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/14/20
22
13:05:0 Ishaan
1 saklecha Male No Yes No No No Yes No Yes
1/14/20
22
14:20:5 Fema
2 19 le No No Yes No No Yes No No
1/14/20
22
14:21:3 Fema
1 20 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/14/20
22
14:22:0 Fema
6 21 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

78
1/14/20
22
17:59:5
9 20 Male No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/14/20
22
18:04:4
3 21 Male No Yes No No No Yes No No
1/14/20
22
19:57:0
3 48 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/16/20
22
19:49:1
2 Male Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes
1/16/20
22
21:45:5
9 21 Male No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/17/20
22
20:06:5 Fema
9 20 le Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/17/20
22
20:14:5 Fema
3 19 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/17/20
22
20:19:1
6 20 Male No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/17/20
22
20:20:0
2 20 Male No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/17/20
22
20:25:1 Fema
2 19 le No No Yes No No Yes No Yes
1/17/20
22
20:33:3 Fema
8 20 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/17/20
22
20:41:1
8 23 Male No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No
1/17/20
22
20:41:4 Fema
4 25 le Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/17/20
22
20:50:1 Fema
0 16 le No No Yes No No Yes No No

79
1/17/20
22
21:15:2 Fema
8 18 le No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
1/18/20
22 Fema
8:11:16 22 le No Yes No No No Yes No No
1/18/20
22 Fema
8:29:43 22 le No Yes No Yes No Yes No No
1/18/20
22 Fema
9:24:49 46 le Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/20/20
22
8:42:57 20 Male Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1/31/20
22 Joel
10:13:4 Christop
5 her Male No Yes Yes No No Yes No No

80