MATI DOCTORS ACADEMY

National Highway, Dahican, Mati City

A.Y: 2022 – 2023

Semi – Detailed Lesson Plan in General Chemistry

Grade – 12
Prepared by: Allyza A. Sobosobo

I. Objectives:
At the end of the discussion, the students are expected to:

a. Determine the nature of solids;

b. identify the physical and chemical properties of solid; and
c. differentiate the crystalline solid to amorphous solid.

II. Subject matter

Topic: Nature of Solid

Materials: Powerpoint Presentation, Book, Manila Paper, Marking
pens, Chalks, Projector and Laptop
Reference: https://byjus.com/jee/solid-state/

III. Learning procedure

A. Preliminary Activities

1. Prayer

2. Greetings

3. Setting class standards

4. Checking of attendance

5. Review of Previous Lesson

 The students will answer the guided questions that the

teacher ask.
 B. Motivation
The students will play the game titled “What’s
Differrent?”. Students all pair up and get 30 seconds to
memorize everything about their partner’s appearance. When
the time is called, they turn away from each other and change
something (i.e. take off a headband or button another button).
Which pair can identify each other’s changes the fastest?

B. Lesson Proper

 Physical and Chemical Properties of Solids

 Solids are incompressible, meaning the constituent
particle is arranged close to each other and because of
that, there is negligible space between the constituent
particle.
 Solids are rigid. This is due to lack of space between the
constituent particles which make it rigid or fixed.
 Solids have definite mass, volume and shape due to
which it has a compact arrangement of constituent
particles.
 The intermolecular distance between molecules is short.
Due to this, the force between the constituent particles
(atoms, molecules or ions) is very strong.
 The constituents particles can only oscillate about their
mean positions.
 Types of Solid States
Based on the arrangement of constituent particles, solids are
classified into two-state types:
 Crystalline Solids
 Amorphous Solids

 Crystalline Solid State

Crystalline solids are those that have a typical geometry.
In such type of solids, there are definite arrangements of
particles (atoms, molecules or ions ) throughout the 3-
dimensional network of a crystal in a long-range order.
Examples include Sodium Chloride, Quartz, Diamond, etc.

o Properties of Crystalline Solids

 Crystalline solids have a sharp melting point and start

melting when it reaches a particular temperature.
  The shape of crystalline solids are definite and having
typical arrangements of particles.
 They show cleavage property i.e. when they are cut
with the edge of a sharp tool they split into two pieces
and the newly generated surfaces are smooth and
plain.
 They have definite heat of fusion (amount of energy
needed to melt a given mass of solid at its melting
point).
 Crystalline solids are anisotropic which means their
physical properties like electrical resistance or
refractive index show different values when they are
measured along with different directions in the same
crystal.
 Crystalline solids are true solids.

 Types of Crystalline Solids

On the basis of the nature of intermolecular forces or
chemical bonding, crystalline solids are further classified into
four categories. They are,

o Molecular Solids
o Ionic solids
o Metallic solids
o Covalent solids

 Molecular solids
In molecular solids the constituent particles are
molecules. They are further divided into three categories:

1. Non-Polar Molecular Solids

These solids are formed from molecules or atoms

that share a non-polar covalent bond. The atoms or
molecules are held by weak dispersion force or by
London forces.

o The physical nature of non-polar solids are soft.

o They don’t conduct electricity so they are
insulators.
o They have a very low melting point.
o Examples: H2, Cl2, I2 etc.
2. Polar Molecular Solids
 These solids are held together by polar covalent
bonds and the atoms/molecules are bonded by relatively
stronger dipole-dipole interactions.

o The physical nature is soft and most of these are

gases or liquids at room temperature.
o They do not conduct electricity and they have a
higher melting point than the non -polar molecular
solids.
o Examples: HCl, SO2, NH3 etc.

3. Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Solids

The solids contain polar covalent bonds with

Hydrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen atoms. In
these solids, molecules are held together via strong
hydrogen bonding.

o The physical nature of such solids are hard.

o They do not conduct electricity.
o The physical state of these solids are volatile
liquids or soft solids under room temperature.
o They have a low melting point.
o Examples: H2O (Ice ).

 Ionic Solids
Ionic solids the constituent particles are ions. These
are formed by the arrangement of cations and anions by
strong Coulombic forces.

 These are hard and brittle in nature.

 Ionic solids act as an insulator in a solid-state but are
conductors in a molten and aqueous state.
 They have a high melting point.
 Example: NaCl, MgO, ZnS, CaF2 etc.

 Metallic Solids
 Positive metal ions in a sea of delocalized
electrons. These electrons are evenly spread out
throughout the crystal.
  Due to the presence of free and mobile electrons,
they are responsible for high electrical and thermal
conductivity.
 They are conductors in both solid and molten
state.
 The physical nature of these solids are hard but
they are malleable and ductile.
 They have high melting point than ionic solids.
 Examples: Fe, Cu, Ag, Mg, etc.

 Covalent or Network Solids

A wide range of crystalline solids of non-metal
form covalent bond between adjacent atoms throughout
the crystal and form a giant molecule or large molecules.

 These solids are hard like diamond and soft like

graphite which are isotopes of carbon.
 They are insulators as in the case of a diamond
but in case of graphite due to free electrons, they
conduct electricity and act as a conductor.

 Amorphous Solid State

Amorphous solid-state comprises of those solids which
have the property of rigidity and incompressibility but to a certain
extent. They do not have a definite geometrical form or long
range of order. Examples include glass, rubber, plastic, etc.
 Properties of Amorphous Solids

o Amorphous solids are gradually softened over a range of

temperature and they can be moulded into different
shapes on heating.
o Amorphous solids are pseudo solids or super cooled
liquids which means they have a tendency to flow very
slowly. If you observe that the glass pans which is fixed to
windows of old buildings they are found to be slightly
thicker from the bottom than at the top.
o Amorphous solids have irregular shape i.e. their
constituent particles do not have definite geometry of
arrangements.
o When amorphous solids are cut with a sharp edge tool
they form pieces with irregular surfaces.
o Amorphous solids do not have definite heat of fusion due
to its irregular arrangement of the particles.
 o Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature which means
the value of any physical property would be same along
any direction because of the irregular arrangement of
particles.

 Amorphous Solids Uses

Amorphous silicons which is one of the best photovoltaic
material converts sunlight into electricity.

C. Application

Group the students into five groups and let them observe the
things that assigned to them. List all of its properties and identify if it
is a crystalline solid or amorphous solid.

Group 1: Baby Powder

Group 2: Sugar
Group 3: Rock
Group 4: Plastics
Group 5: Gel

D. Generalization

Topic : Coulomb’s Law

Physicist : Charles Augustin de Coulomb
Year : 1785
Formula : q1 q 2
F=K 2
r
Important Details :  The force between two charges
gets stronger as the charges move
closer together.
 The force also gets stronger if the
amount of charge becomes larger.
 The force between two charges is
directed along the line connecting
their centers.
 Electric forces always occur in
pairs according to Newton’s third
law, like all forces.
 The force between charges is
directly proportional to the
magnitude, or amount, of each
 charge.
 Doubling one charge doubles the
force.
 Doubling both charges quadruples
the force.
 The force between charges is
inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between
them.
 Doubling the distance reduces the
force by a factor of 22 = (4),
decreasing the force to one-fourth
its original value (1/4).
 This relationship is called an
inverse square law because force
and distance follow an inverse
square relationship.

IV. Evaluation

A. Direction: In a ¼ sheet of paper, answer the following

questions.

1. The formula of Coulomb’s Law.

2. Who was the person who published the Coulomb’s Law?
3. What year did the Coulomb’s Law published?
4. Another name of Coulomb’s Law.
5. What will happen to force if one of the charges double
up?
6. What will happen to force if both of the charges double
up?
7. What is the equivalent of k in the formula?
8. Opposite charges attract one another.
9. Like charges repel.
10. It relates the force between single charges separated by
a distance.

B. Direction: Solve the following problems in one (1) whole

sheet of paper.

1. What is the magnitude of the force a 1.5 x 10 -6 C charge

exerts on a 3.2 x 10 -4 C charge located 1.5 meters
away?
 2. Two equal charges of magnitude 1.1 x 10 -7 C experience
an electrostatic force of 4.2 x 10 -4 N. How far apart are
the centers of the two charges?
3. Two balloons are charged with an identical quantity and
type of charge: - 0.0025 C. They are held apart at a
separation distance of 8 m. Determine the magnitude of
the electrical force of repulsion between them.
4. Two charged boxes are 4 meters apart from each other.
The blue box has a charge of 0. 000337 C and attracting
the red box with a force of 626 N. Determine the charge
of a red box. Remember to indicate if it is positive or
negative.
5. Two coins lie 1.5 meters apart on a table. They carry
identical electric charges. Approximately how large is the
charge on each coin if each coin experiences a force of
2.0 N?

V. Assignment
Direction: In a ½ crosswise paper, answer the following
problem.

1. Two balloons are charged with an identical quantity and type of

charge: -0.0025 C. They are held apart at a separation distance
of 8 m. Determine the magnitude of the electrical force of
repulsion between them.

2. Two coins lie 1.5 meters apart on a table. They carry identical
electric charges. Approximately how large is the charge on
each coin if each coin experiences a force of 2.0 N?