CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS

Nature of Solids
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the

students should be able to:
1. compare the structure of
crystalline solids with amorphous
solids; and
2.relate the properties of solids to
their structure and bonding.
Properties of Solid Matter
• Solids have a definite shape
and volume.
• Atoms in solids are closely
packed.
• Solids have stronger
attractive forces between the
particles than those in liquids and
gases.
• Solids can be crystalline or
PROPERTIES OF SOLID MATTER
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Two general ways that the solids can be
arranged:
• they can form a regular repeating three-
dimensional structure called a crystal
lattice, producing crystalline solids.
• they can form with no particular long-
range order, and form an amorphous
solid.
Crystalline Solids
• Crystalline solids are
arranged in well-defined
and fixed geometric
patterns or lattices.
• They usually have flat
surfaces, or faces, and
sharp angles and they have
Crystalline Solids Examples
Crystalline Solids
• Crystal lattice - s a
repeating three-
dimensional pattern of
atoms or groups of atoms
in a crystal.
Amorphous Solids
• They have a random
orientation of particles
thus, they do not have the
well-defined faces and
shapes of a crystal.
• The solid “looks”
inconsistent and
irregular at the
microscopic level.
Amorphous Solids Examples
Crystalline an Amorphous Solids
The difference in the behavior of the solid
when heated is due to the presence or
absence of long-range order in the structure
of solids.
Crystals become liquids at a
specific temperature that is,
their melting point. Crystalline
solids change sharply at
their melting point.
Crystalline an Amorphous Solids
The difference in the behavior of the solid
when heated is due to the presence or
absence of long-range order in the structure
of solids.
When heated, amorphous
solids soften as they tend to
melt over a wide range of
temperature.
Crystalline Solids
Crystalline solids can be classified based on
the arrangement of their particles due to
attractive forces between them.
Ionic crystals are made of ions (cations

and anions). These ions form strong
electrostatic interactions that hold the
crystal lattice together and these
interactions are called ionic bonds.
Crystalline Solids
Molecular crystals consist of atoms, noble
gases, or molecules, such as sugar. They are
held together by intermolecular forces such as a
mix of hydrogen bonding/dipole-dipole and
dispersion forces and these attractive forces are
broken when the crystal melts.
They are poor electrical conductor in both the

solid and molten states and are poor heat
conductor.
Crystalline Solids
Metallic crystals are made of atoms that
readily lose electrons to form positive ions
(cations), but no atoms in the crystal would
readily gain electrons. The metallic solids
have atoms that
are packed close together.
Metallic solids are good electrical

conductors and good heat conductor.
Also, they are malleable, ductile, and
I Learned This
I have learned that solids are either
crystalline or amorphous. 1. ___________
solids have regular geometric arrangement
giving the solids regular shapes while 2.
___________ solids have random particle
arrangement giving them solids that have
random shapes.
I Learned This
Particles in crystalline solids have highly
ordered unit cells that form repeated
patterns called 3.__________. Particles
in amorphous solids are not arranged in
an orderly manner.
I Learned This
Crystalline solids can be classified based on
the arrangement of their particles due to
attractive forces between them.
4. ___________ are made of ions (cations and

anions). These ions form strong electrostatic
interactions that hold the crystal lattice
together and these interactions are called
ionic bonds.
I Learned This
On the other hand, molecular solids are
made up of atoms or molecules, joined by
intermolecular forces. On the other hand, 5.
___________ are made of atoms that readily
lose electrons to form positive ions (cations),
but no atoms in the crystal would readily
gain electrons.
THANK YOU!
Phase Diagram
Water and Carbon Dioxide
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Phase Diagram
A phase diagram is a graph that relates

pressure and temperature to the state
of matter.
Phase Diagram
Lines in the graph are boundaries that

signify the dynamic equilibrium
between two or three phases.
Phase Diagram
The triple point is the point where at

a certain pressure and temperature at
equilibrium all three phases of a
substance co-exist.
Phase Diagram
A critical point corresponds to a

specific pressure and temperature
above which the fluid has both
properties of liquid and vapor.
Phase Diagram
The use of a phase diagram is that it

can help us easily identify and tell the
state of a substance at a given
temperature and pressure.
Phase Diagram of Water
A triple point is shown at which all three phases of water can exist at equilibrium
in 0.006 atm and 0.01°C. Another is that, at a point of 1.00 atm and 0°C as you
extend the line their intersection is in its freezing point and melting point. Now if
we increase the temperature up to 100°C at a constant pressure of 1 atm, the
water will be in its boiling point and ready to become a gas. This will give us a
conclusion that at 1 atm water exist at all phases.
Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide
We see that at 1 atm, carbon dioxide sublimes directly to gas. In other

words, carbon dioxide at a constant pressure of 1 atm as temperature
increases from -78°C can be seen in solid and gas states not in the
liquid phase.
The boundary between carbon dioxide's solid and liquid

states is on a positive slope. This positive slope would
convey that solid carbon dioxide is denser than liquid
carbon dioxide.
Solid carbon dioxide does not melt at 1 atm pressure but

instead sublimes to yield gaseous CO2.

CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS

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Nature of Solids

At the end of the lesson, the

Ionic crystals are made of ions (cations

They are poor electrical conductor in both the

Metallic solids are good electrical

4. ___________ are made of ions (cations and

A phase diagram is a graph that relates

Lines in the graph are boundaries that

The triple point is the point where at

A critical point corresponds to a

The use of a phase diagram is that it

We see that at 1 atm, carbon dioxide sublimes directly to gas. In other

The boundary between carbon dioxide's solid and liquid

Solid carbon dioxide does not melt at 1 atm pressure but

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