ES311 Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1
Simple Stress
Intended Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, you must be able to:

1. Calculate normal and shearing stresses caused by the resultant of
the loadings on the regular shaped rigid body.
Stress is the expression of force applied to a unit area of surface. It is

measured in psi (English unit) or in MPa (SI unit). Stress is the ratio of force
over area.
stress = force / area
Simple Stresses
There are three types of simple stress namely; normal stress, shearing stress,
and bearing stress. These stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied
force divided by the resisting area or
σ = Force / Area.
It is the expression of force per unit area of structural members that are
subjected to external forces and/or induced forces. Finding stresses is the
precursor that leads to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation
of a body. Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and
bearing stress. Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular
to the cross-sectional area of the material. If the force is going to pull the
material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive stress develops
when the material is being compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is
developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area. Another
condition of shearing is when we twist a bar along its longitudinal axis. This
type of shearing is called torsion and covered in Chapter 4. Another type of
simple stress is the bearing stress, it is the contact pressure between two
bodies. .
Normal Stresses
Normal stress is a stress in which the resisting area is perpendicular to the
applied force, thus the term normal. Basically, there are two types of normal
stresses, these are the tensile stress and compressive stress.
ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies - Compiled by: Engr. Saque J. Amilbahar

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where σ = stress
P = applied force
A = affected cross-sectional area
Tensile Stress
The stress that tends to elongate a certain material is called tensile stress. As
a normal stress the resultant force P must act at the centroid of the cross
sectional area of the material. The force P when acting at the centroid of cross
sectional area is called axial load. See illustration below.
Fig. 1.1 Axially loaded body showing tensile stress and the cross sectional area.
where σT = tensile stress

P = applied force (must be perpendicular to the cross sectional area)
Compressive Stress
The effect of compressive stress is opposite of that of the tensile stress. Instead
of elongation, compressive stress tends to shorten or compress the material.
The force P also must acts at the longitudinal axis of the material particularly
at the centroid. See illustration below.
Fig. 1.2 Body showing compressive stress and the cross sectional area.

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where σC = compressive stress
P = applied force (must be perpendicular to the cross sectional area)
Bearing Stress
Bearing plates, washers, bolts, pins and rivets, create stresses in the body
they connect, along the surface of contact or commonly called bearing surface.
Consider the block A as shown in Fig. 1.3 below fitted with bolt CD. The bolt
exerts on block A a force P equal and opposite to force F exerted by the block
on the bolt. The force P represents the resultant of elementary forces
distributed on the inside surface of a half cylinder of diameter d and length t
equal to the thickness of the block A. Since the distribution of these forces,
and the corresponding stresses - is quite complicated, one uses is practice an
average nominal value σB of the stress, called the bearing stress, and is
obtained by dividing the load P by the area of the rectangle representing the
projection of the bolt on the block shown. Thus bearing stress is given by:
where σB = bearing stress

P = applied force (must be carefully examined)
A = contact surface (bearing surface usually projection)
Fig. 1.3 Bearing stress created by bolt CD to the block A.
Considering the case above the bearing stress created by the bolt CD to the
block A is given by:

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Shearing Stress
We have discussed stresses created by the internal forces which are

perpendicular to the affected area (the normal stresses - tensile and
compressive). A very different type of stress which is also considered as
simple stress is obtained when transverse forces P (and its equal opposite)
acts on a member. In other words it is a stress created by a force parallel to
the affected area, this is called shearing stress. Shearing stress has an effect
of tearing a member (from the word shear) - see Fig. 1.4 below. These
elementary internal forces which is parallel to the affected area are called
shearing forces, and the magnitude of P of their resultant is the shear in the
section. The stress created by a shear force is shearing stress. Shearing
stress is given by:
where τ = shearing stress

P = applied force (must be parallel to the affected area)
Fig. 1.4 Sheared area caused by parallel force P.
Considering the case in Fig. 1.4 shearing stress in the affected area is given
by:
where τ = shearing stress

P = applied force to the plate AB
bt = the area being sheared by the force P

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Actual photo of sheared area is found in Fig. 1.41. Shearing stresses are
commonly found in plates, bolts, pins, and rivets used to connect various
members and machine component. Shear effects on a bolt vary with the
connection type, single shear for one area directly affected and double shear
for two areas directly affected as shown in Fig. 1.42 and Fig. 1.43.
Fig. 1.41 Actual location of sheared area.
Fig. 1.42 Single shear bolt connection.
Fig. 1.43 Bolts subjected to double shear.

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Design Considerations
In the preceding sections you learned to determine the stresses in rods, bolts,
plates, and pins under simple loading conditions. In later chapters you will
learn to determine stresses in more complex situations. In engineering
applications, however, the determination of stresses is seldom an end in itself.
Rather, the knowledge of stresses is used by engineers to assist in their most
important task, namely, the design of structures and machines that will safely
and economically perform a specified function.
a. Determination of the Ultimate Strength of a Material. An important

element to be considered by a designer is how the material that has been
selected will behave under a load. For a given material, this is determined by
performing specific tests on prepared samples of the materials. For example,
a test specimen of steel may be prepared and placed in a laboratory testing
machine to be subjected to a known centric axial tensile force. As the
magnitude of the force is increased, various changes in the specimen are
measured, for example, changes in its length and its diameter.
Eventually the largest force which may be applied to the specimen is reached,
and the specimen either breaks or begins to carry less load. This largest force
is called the ultimate load for the test specimen and is denoted by Pu. Since
the applied load is centric, we may divide the ultimate load by the original
cross-sectional area of the rod to obtain the ultimate normal stress of the
material used. This stress, also known as the ultimate strength of the material,
is
b. Allowable Load and Allowable Stress; Factor of Safety. The maximum

load that a structural member or a machine component will be allowed to
carry under normal conditions of utilization is considerably smaller than the
ultimate load. This smaller load is referred to as the allowable load and,
sometimes, as the working load or design load. Thus, only a fraction of the
ultimate load capacity of the member is utilized when the allowable load is
applied. The remaining portion of the load-carrying capacity of the member is
kept in reserve to assure its safe performance. The ratio of the ultimate load
to the allowable load is used to define the factor of safety. We have
An alternative definition of the factor of safety is based on the use of stresses:

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The two expressions given for the factor of safety in the previous page are
identical when linear relationship exists between the load and the stress. In
most engineering applications, however, this relationship ceases to be linear
as the load approaches its ultimate value, and the factor of safety obtained
does not provide the true assessment of the safety of a given design.
Nevertheless, the allowable-stress method of design, can still be used for
simple regular shaped materials.
Chapter 1 Summary
● When a body subjected to external loads is sectioned, there s a
distribution of force acting over the sectioned area which holds each
segment of the body in equilibrium. The intensity of this internal force at a
point in the body is referred to as stress.
● Stress is the limiting value of force per unit area, as the area approaches
to zero. For this definition, the material is considered to be continuous and
cohesive.
● The magnitude of the stress components at a point depends upon the
type of loading acting on the body, and the orientation of the element at
the point.
● When a prismatic bar is made from homogeneous and isotropic material,
and is subjected to an axial force acting through the centroid of the cross-
sectional area then the center region of the bar will deform uniformly. As a
result, the material will be subjected only to normal stress. This stress is
uniform or averaged over the cross-sectional area.
● Uniform stress distribution that caused by axial load can be determined
from:
● Shearing stresses and bearing stresses are also computed by dividing the
load by the resisting area, the results represent average values. In
particular, the bearing area of a rivet against a plate is given by the
projected area of the rivet hole.
Method of Problem Solution

Problems involved in this course represent an actual engineering situation
due to the fact that we consider bodies to deformable. Using your own
experience and intuition, you will find it easier to understand and formulate the
problem. Once the problem has been clearly stated, there is no place in its
solution for your particular fancy. Your solution must be based on the
fundamental principles of statics and on the principles you will learn in this
course. Every step you take must be justified on that basis, leaving no room
for your “intuition.” After an answer has been obtained it should be thoroughly
checked. Here again, you may call upon your common sense and personal
experience. If not completely satisfied with the result obtained, you should
carefully check your formulation of the problem, the validity of the methods
used in its solution, and the accuracy of your computations.

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Illustrations
ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

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9
10
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12
13
14
15
16
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Exercise 1
Answer the following problems following using good solving problem strategy.
Always draw free body diagrams clearly for easy equation formulation.
(answers will be posted later)

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(answers will be posted later)

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Chapter 1 References
[1] Hibbeler, R. C. (2011). Mechanics of Materials (8th Edition). New Jersey:
Pearson Prentice Hall
[2] Gere, J. M. (2004). Mechanics of Materials (6th Edition). California:
Brooks/Cole-Thompson Learning, Inc.

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CHAPTER 1

Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of this chapter, you must be able to:

Stress is the expression of force applied to a unit area of surface. It is

stress = force / area

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies - Compiled by: Engr. Saque J. Amilbahar

where σT = tensile stress

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies - Compiled by: Engr. Saque J. Amilbahar

where σB = bearing stress

Fig. 1.3 Bearing stress created by bolt CD to the block A.

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies - Compiled by: Engr. Saque J. Amilbahar

We have discussed stresses created by the internal forces which are

where τ = shearing stress

Fig. 1.4 Sheared area caused by parallel force P.

where τ = shearing stress

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies - Compiled by: Engr. Saque J. Amilbahar

Fig. 1.41 Actual location of sheared area.

Fig. 1.42 Single shear bolt connection.

Fig. 1.43 Bolts subjected to double shear.

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies - Compiled by: Engr. Saque J. Amilbahar

a. Determination of the Ultimate Strength of a Material. An important

b. Allowable Load and Allowable Stress; Factor of Safety. The maximum

An alternative definition of the factor of safety is based on the use of stresses:

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies - Compiled by: Engr. Saque J. Amilbahar

Method of Problem Solution

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies - Compiled by: Engr. Saque J. Amilbahar

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

(answers will be posted later)

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

ES 311: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

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