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Detection of Organic Functional Groups

This document describes several chemical tests that can be used to detect various organic functional groups. The tests involve adding reagents to samples and observing any reactions or precipitates formed. For example, the bicarbonate test can detect carboxylic acid groups by observing effervescence from carbon dioxide production. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test detects carbonyl groups through the formation of an orange or yellow precipitate. Overall, the various tests allow inference of functional groups like carboxylic acids, aldehydes, phenols, amines, nitro groups and more based on the observed reactions.

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61 views

Detection of Organic Functional Groups

This document describes several chemical tests that can be used to detect various organic functional groups. The tests involve adding reagents to samples and observing any reactions or precipitates formed. For example, the bicarbonate test can detect carboxylic acid groups by observing effervescence from carbon dioxide production. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test detects carbonyl groups through the formation of an orange or yellow precipitate. Overall, the various tests allow inference of functional groups like carboxylic acids, aldehydes, phenols, amines, nitro groups and more based on the observed reactions.

Uploaded by

hk2405232
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Detection of Organic functional groups:

Experiment Observation Inference


Test for Carboxylic
acid group (-COOH)
1. Bicarbonate
Test:
A small amount of Effervescence due to the evolution of -COOH group
organic sample is CO2 may be
sprinkled over present.
aqueous solution of
NaHCO3.

2.Esterification
Test:
0.5 g of organic Characteristic sweet fruity smell of ester
sample and 1 ml of is obtained.
ethanol is taken in dry -COOH group
test tube, 2 to 3 drops is confirmed.
of conc H2SO4 is
added, heated for 5
minutes in a hot water
bath. The mixture is
then poured into a
beaker containing
large volume of
Na2CO3 solution.
Experiment Observation Inference
Test for Carbonyl group
(>C=O):
2,4DinitrophenylHydrazine
Test:
Take 0.1 g of organic sample A yellow or orange ppt is formed. Carbonyl
in a test tube and dissolve it group is
in ethanol or methanol and 4 confirmed.
ml of Brady’s reagent (2,4-
DNP solution) is added to it
and shaken vigorously and
then it is warmed in a hot
water bath for 5 to 10
minutes.

Test For Aldehyde (-CHO)


Fehling’s Test:
2 ml of Fehling’s solution Yellow or rust red ppt is formed. -CHO
(equal volume of Fehling A group
+ Fehling B solution) is confirmed.
added to 0.1 g of organic
sample and heated in a water
bath for 5 to 10 minutes.
Test For Phenolic -OH
group:
1.FeCl3 Test:
Few drops of freshly Violet or green coloration is observed. Phenolic
prepared FeCl3 solution is -OH,
added to aqueous solution or group may
alcoholic solution of organic be present.
sample.

2.Back Dye Test: Red dye is obtained. Phenolic


A few drops of aniline is -OH
dissolved in dil. HCl , cooled group
in ice water, few drops of confirmed.
cold dil. NaNO2 solution.
The clear solution is added
to cold solution of organic
sample in NaOH.
Test For Primary aromatic
Amino group (Ar-NH2):
Dye Test:
0.1 g of organic sample is Red or Orange dye is formed. Ar-NH2
dissolved in 5 ml of dil. HCl group
and cooled at 273K – 278K confirmed.
in an ice-bath. 2 ml of ice-
cold dil. NaNO2 solution is
added and the mixture is
added to ice-cold alkaline
solution of β-naphthol.

Test For Amido group


(-CONH2 ):
Hydrolysis Test:
0.2 g of organic sample is Characteristic smell of NH3 , which turns -CONH2
heated with 4 ml of 50% copper sulphate paper deep blue. group
NaOH solution. confirmed.
Experiment Observation Inference
Test For Nitro group
(-NO2)

Mulliken and Barker’s


Test:
0.1g of organic sample is
dissolved in 5 ml 50%
alcohol, a little solid
NH4Cl or 10% CaCl2
solution and pinch
amount of Zn dust is
added to it. The mixture is
boiled for a few minutes,
cooled and allowed to
stand for 5 minutes and
then filtered. With the -NO2
filtrate, the following 3 group
tests are performed: confirmed.

a. A portion of the A silver mirror or black or grey ppt is


solution is added to formed.
Tollen’s reagent and then
warmed in a water-bath.

b. Two drops of benzoyl A wine-red colour of ferric hydroxamate is


chloride and 2 drops of formed.
conc HCl are added to
another portion of the
filtrate followed by 1-2
drops of FeCl3 solution.
c. The last portion of the Red ppt is obtained.
filtrate is warmed with
little Fehling’s solution
(equal mixture of Fehling
A and Fehling B
solution).

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