(Removed for

2023-24)

(Removed for
(Removed for 2023-24)
2023-24)

(Removed for
2023-24)

(Removed for
2023-24)

(Qualitative Study)
(Qualitative Study)

APNI KAKSHA 1
 MAGNETISM AND MATTER

Introduction
• The earth behaves as a magnet with the magnetic field pointing approximately from the
geographic south to the north.
• When a bar magnet is freely suspended, it points in the north-south direction. The tip which
points to the geographic north is called the north pole and the tip which points to the
geographic south is called the south pole of the magnet.
• Like poles of the magnet repel and unlike poles attract.
• We cannot isolate the north, or south pole of a magnet. If a bar magnet is broken into two
halves, we get two similar bar magnets with somewhat weaker properties. Unlike electric
charges, isolated magnetic north and south poles known as magnetic monopoles do not exist.
• It is possible to make magnets out of iron and its alloys.
Bar magnet
A bar magnet is rectangular piece of magnet which has two poles. One pole is designated as the
north pole and the other as the south pole. When suspended freely, these poles point towards
the magnetic north and south poles, respectively.

Magnetic field lines

• The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or a solenoid) form continuous closed loops. This is
unlike the electric dipole where these field lines begin from a positive charge and end on the
negative charge or escape to infinity.
• The tangent to the field line at a given point represents the direction of the net magnetic field
B at that point.
• The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the magnitude of
the magnetic field B. In Fig., B is larger around region (ii) than in region(i).
• The magnetic field lines do not intersect, for if they did, the direction of the magnetic field
would not be unique at the point of intersection.

APNI KAKSHA 2
Note:
1. For a bar magnet (or a current carrying solenoid) the direction of magnetic field is from the
north pole to the south pole outside the magnetic and from the south pole to the north pole
inside the magnet.
2. Unlike in electrostatics, the magnetic field lines do not indicate the direction of force on a
moving charge.
Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (Removed for 2023-24 , Remember only Formula)
All magnetic phenomena can be explained in terms of circulating currents. The resemblance
of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet and a solenoid suggest that a bar magnet may be
thought of as a large number of circulating currents in analogy with a solenoid.
consider a solenoid of length 2𝑙 and radius a, carrying current I, having no of turns per unit
length as 𝑛. Let us calculate the field at a point P on its axis at a distance 𝑟 from its center. In
fig.(a), consider a differential element of thickness 𝑑𝑥 at a distance 𝑥 from the center. It
consists of 𝑛𝑑𝑥 turns. We know the expression for field due a to a circular element at a point
on its axis-
μ0 ndxIa2
dB =
2[(r − x)2 + a2 ]3/2
μ0 nIa2 l dx
⇒ B = ∫ dB = ∫ 2 2 3/2
2 −l [ (r − x) + a ]

For r ≫ a, r ≫ l;
[(r − x)2 + a2 ]3/2 ≈ r 3
μ0 nIa2 l μ0 nIa2
⇒B= ∫ dx = × 2𝑙 … (1)
2r 3 −l 2r 3
∵ Magnetic moment = m = n(2𝑙)I(πa2 )
μ0 2m
∴ B= ⋅
4π r 3
• This is also the magnetic field for a bar magnet a point far on its axis (obtained
experimentally). Thus, a bar magnet and a solenoid produce similar magnetic fields. The
magnetic moment of a bar magnet is thus equal to that of an equivalent solenoid which
produces the same magnetic field.
Dipole in a uniform magnetic field (Removed for 2023-24)
In fig.(b), consider a magnetic needle of magnetic moment 𝑚 and moment of inertia I kept in a
magnetic field B making an angle θ with the field. The needle experiences a torque which is given

by- ⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗B ⇒ τ = mBsinθ

τ⃗ = m ( Remember this Formula )

APNI KAKSHA 3
Here τ is restoring torque and θ is the angle between m and B.
d2 θ
Therefore, in equilibrium, I 2 = −mBsinθ
dt
For small angular displacements (θ → 0), sin θ → θ therefore,
d2 θ mB d2 θ mB
2
= − θ ⇒ 2
+ ( )θ = 0
dt I dt I
this represents a simple harmonic motion with angular frequency (ω),

mB
where, ω = √
I

I
Time period, T = 2π√
mB

Magnetic potential energy (Removed for 2023-24)

Potential energy of dipole in magnetic field can be calculated similar to that in electrostatic field.
the potential energy Um is given by-

Um = ∫ τ(θ)dθ = ∫ mBsin θdθ = −mBcos θ

⃗⃗⃗ ⋅ ⃗B
Um = −m
Note: The zero of potential energy is taken when the dipole is perpendicular to the field i.e. θ =
90∘. Potential energy is minimum at θ = 0∘ (stable equilibrium) and it is maximum at θ =
180∘ (unstable equilibrium).

Magnetic pole strength/Magnetic charge (𝐪𝐦 )

• It is called magnetic charge and is analogous to electric charge
• It’s SI unit is A-m (ampere-meter).
• It depends on area of cross-section and intensity of magnetization.
• North pole has a magnetic charge +qm and south pole has −qm .
• Magnetic moment of a bar magnet of length 2l can be written as –
m = qm (2𝑙)

• Consider a solenoid of length 𝑙, current I and 𝑛 is no of turns per unit length. Its magnetic
moment can be written as- m = n𝑙IA and also m = qm 𝑙
⇒ qm 𝑙 = n𝑙IA
⇒ qm = nIA
μ qm
The magnetic field strength due to qm at a distance r can be written as B = 4π0 ⋅ r2

APNI KAKSHA 4
Electrostatic Analog (Removed for 2023-24, Do only formula)
The equation for magnetic field due to bar magnet of moment m can be obtained from the
equation of field due to an electric dipole of moment p by making the following replacements
E → B, p → m, 1/4πε0 → μ0 /4π
The field at equatorial position (BE ) of a bar magnet at a distance r(r >> L), where L is the
length of the magnet-

μ0 (−m
⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗BE = ⋅ 3
4π r
The field at axial position (BA ) of a bar magnet at a distance r(r ≫ L), where L is the length of
the magnet-

μ0 (2m
⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗BA = ⋅ 3
4π r
The following table summarises the analogy between electric and magnetic dipoles.

Quantity Electrostatics Magnetism

1/ε0 μ0

Dipole moment ⃗
p ⃗⃗⃗
m

Equatorial field ⃗ /4πε0 r3

−p ⃗⃗⃗ /4πr 3
−μ0 m

Axial field ⃗ )/4πε0 r 3

(2p ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ /4πr3
μ0 (2m)

Torque ⃗
⃗ ×E
p ⃗
⃗⃗⃗ × B
m

Potential Energy −p ⃗
⃗ ⋅E −m ⃗
⃗⃗⃗ ⋅ B

Q. What is the magnitude of the equatorial and axial fields due to a bar magnet of
length 𝟓. 𝟎 𝐜𝐦 at a distance of 𝟓𝟎 𝐜𝐦 from its mid-point? The magnetic moment
of the bar magnet is 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝐀 𝐦𝟐. [NCERT Exercise]
μ0 m 10−7 × 0.4
𝐒𝐨𝐥. BE = =
4πr 3 (0.5)3
10−7 × 0.4
= = 3.2 × 10−7 T
0.125
μ (2m)
From Eq. BA = 0 3
4πr
= 6.4 × 10−7 T

APNI KAKSHA 5
Gauss's law of magnetism (Removed for 2023-24)
Gauss' law in magnetism states that the net flux through any closed surface is zero

∮ ⃗B ⋅ ds = 0
This follows from the fact that magnetic field lines always form closed loops so for any given
gaussian surface, the no of field lines entering the surface will be equal to the number of field
lines exiting the surface. Gauss' law for magnetism is a reflection of the fact that magnetic
monopoles do not exist.

Earth's magnetism (Removed for 2023-24)

The earth's magnetic field is thought to arise due to electric currents produced by convection
and rotation of molten metallic fluids (nickel and iron) in the outer core of the earth. This is
known as the dynamo effect. The magnetic field lines of the earth resemble that of a hypothetical
magnetic dipole located at the center of the earth. The axis of this dipole is at angle of 11.3∘ to
the axis of rotation of the earth. The pole near the geographical north pole is called the north
magnetic pole and that near the geographical south pole is called the south magnetic pole
But the field lines enter the earth from the north magnetic pole and exit from the south magnetic
pole. This convention came around because magnetic north was the direction in which the north
pole of a magnet pointed. Thus, in reality the north magnetic pole of earth behaves like the south
pole of a bar magnet and vice-versa.
Geographic meridian
Vertical plane containing the longitude circle and the axis of
rotation of the earth is called the geographic meridian.
Magnetic meridian
Vertical plane approximating a great circle passes through north
and south magnetic poles is called magnetic meridian. At a given place it is a vertical plane
containing a freely suspended magnet.
Declination(𝛉) - Angle between the magnetic meridian and the geographic meridian is
called declination. The declination is greater at higher latitudes and smaller
near the equator.
Note-
• Earth's magnetic field is vertically upwards at magnetic south pole.
• Earth's magnetic field is vertically downwards at magnetic north pole.
• Earth's magnetic field is parallel to surface at equator.
• Earth's magnetic field is inclined above the horizontal in southern hemisphere.
• Earth's magnetic field is inclined below the horizontal in northern hemisphere.

APNI KAKSHA 6
Angle of dip/Inclination(𝛅) (Removed for 2023-24)
It is the angle that a freely suspended magnet makes with the horizontal. The earth's magnetic
field BE at a point can be resolved into a horizontal component HE and a vertical component ZE .
The angle that BE makes with HE is the angle of dip δ.

HE = BE cosδ
ZE = BE sinδ
Z
tan δ = E
HE

BE = √HE2 + ZE2

• Dip in the northern hemisphere is positive & southern hemisphere is negative

• Dip needle- it is a compass pivoted to move in a vertical circle containing the magnetic field
of the earth.
• The range of dip is from −90∘ (at the south magnetic pole) to +90∘ (at the north magnetic
pole). It is 0∘ at magnetic equator.
• Compass needle will point downward in the northern hemisphere (positive dip) and will
point upward in the southern hemisphere (negative dip).

Q. In the magnetic meridian of a certain place, the horizontal component of the

earth's magnetic field is 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝐆 and the dip angle is 𝟔𝟎∘. What is the magnetic
field of the earth at this location? (Removed for 2023-24) [NCERT Exercise]
Sol. Using formula, HE = BE cos δ, we have
1
0.26 = BE × cos 60∘ ⇒ 0.26 = BE × ⇒ BE = 0.52G
2

Time period of oscillation in earth's magnetic field (Removed for 2023-24)

For a compass in the horizontal plane, time period is given by

I
T = 2π√
mHE

Neutral points
Neutral points are those points where field
due to a magnet cancels out the horizontal
component of the earth's magnetic field at
that point.

APNI KAKSHA 7
In Case (1); The field due to the magnet will be opposite to HE along the axial line, and there
will be two neutral points, both of which will be on the magnet's axial line or axis.
In Case (2); Field due to the magnet will be opposite to HE in the equatorial plane, and there
will be infinite neutral points in the equatorial plane.

Magnetisation and Magnetic intensity

⃗⃗⃗ ) - It is a characteristic of material. The magnetic moment of various
Magnetisation (𝐌
electrons in a bulk material can add up vectorially and give a non-zero
net magnetic moment. The magnetization of a sample is defined as the
net magnetic moment per unit volume.

⃗m
⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ =
M
V
• It is a vector quantity.
• It's SI unit is A/m and dimensional formula is [L−1 A].
⃗⃗ )
Magnetic intensity (𝐇
The capability of a magnetic field to magnetize a material medium is called its magnetic intensity
• It's SI unit is A/m.

B
H=
μ

Relation between 𝐇, 𝐁 and 𝐌

Let B0 be magnitude field in the interior of a solenoid. If the interior of the solenoid is filled with
a material with non-zero magnetization, the field inside the solenoid will be greater than B0 . the
net field B may be expressed as-
B = B0 + Bm
Where Bm is the field contributed by the material core. It is found that this additional field is
directly proportional to M-

Bm = μ0 M
B
Also; H = −m
μ0

or B = μ0 (H + m)

APNI KAKSHA 8
Here we see that the net magnetic field inside the solenoid is due to two factors. One, due to
external factors like current in the solenoid which is represented by H, and two, due to nature of
magnetic material represented by M. mathematically, we can write-

M = χm H
Where χm is a dimensionless quantity called magnetic susceptibility. So, we can write-
B = μ0 (1 + χm )H = μ0 μr H ⇒ B = μH

Where μ = μ0 μr = μ0 ( 1 + χm )
Magnetic susceptibility (χm ) –
It is a dimensionless quantity and measure of how a magnetic material responds to an external
field.
Relative magnetic permeability (𝛍𝐫 )-
It is a dimensionless quantity given by-
μr = 1 + χm
It is the analog of dielectric constant in electrostatics. The magnetic permeability of a substance
thus can be written as-

μ = μ0 μr = μ0 ( 1 + χm )

Calculation of Magnetic field intensity

(1) Solenoid - Consider a solenoid with number of turns per unit length n and carrying
current I. We know,
B = μ0 nI and B = μ0 H
equating both; μ0 H = μ0 nI
⇒ H = nI
(2) Toroid - Consider a toroid of total turns N and current I. we know,
μ0 NI
B= and B = μ0 H
2πR
μ NI
equating both; μ0 H = 0
2πR
NI
⇒ H=
2πR
Magnetizing current (𝐈𝐌 )
It is the additional amount of current that needs to be passed through the windings of the
solenoid in absence of the core which would give the value of B as in the presence of the core.

B = μr μo nI = μ0 n(I + IM )

APNI KAKSHA 9
 Q. A solenoid has a core of a material with relative permeability 400. The windings
of the solenoid are insulated from the core and carry a current of 𝟐 𝐀. If the
number of turns is 1000 per metre, calculate (a) 𝐇, (b) 𝐁, (c) 𝐌 and (d) the
magnetising current 𝐈𝐦 . [NCERT Exercise]
Sol. (a) The field H is dependent of the material of the core, and is
H = nI = 1000 × 2.0 = 2 × 103 A/m.
(b) The magnetic field B is given by
B = μr μo H = 400 × 4π × 10−7 (N/A2 ) × 2 × 103 (A/m) = 1.0 T
(c) Magnetisation is given by
M = (B − μ0 H)/μ0 = (μr μ0 H − μ0 H)/μ0 = (μr − 1)H = 399 × H ≅ 8 × 105 A/m
(d) B = μ0 n(I + IM ). Using I = 2 A, B = 1 T.
1 = 4π × 10−7 × 1000 × (2 + IM ), we get IM = 794 A.

Magnetic properties of Material

(1) Diamagnetism
• The substances which are weakly repelled by magnetic field are called diamagnetic
substances.
• They move from a region of stronger field to a weaker field.
• The resultant magnetic moment of a diamagnetic atom is zero.
E.g. Bismuth, Copper, Lead, Silicon, Nitrogen (STP), Water, NaCl
Explanation of diamagnetism
when an external field is applied, those electrons having orbital magnetic moment in the same
direction slow down and those in the opposite direction speed up. This happens due to induced
current in accordance with lenz's law. Thus, the substance develops a net magnetic moment in
direction opposite to that of the applied field and hence repulsion.
Susceptibility
For diamagnetic materials, it is small and negative. It is independent of temperature.
Superconductors
They are the most exotic diamagnetic materials. They are metals which when cooled to very low
temperatures exhibit perfect conductivity and perfect diamagnetism. Here, the magnetic field
lines are completely expelled out of the substance. For a superconductor -
χ = −1, μR = 0

The phenomenon of diamagnetism in super conductors is called Meissner effect. They are used
to make magnetically levitated superfast trains.

APNI KAKSHA 10
(2) Paramagnetism
• They are substances which weakly magnetized when kept in an external field. They are
weakly attracted towards the field.
• They move from a region of weak field to strong field.
E.g. Aluminum, Sodium, Calcium, Oxygen (STP), Copper Chloride
Explanation of paramagnetism
The individual atoms/ions/molecules of a paramagnetic material have a permanent magnetic
dipole moment. In the absence of an external field, due to random thermal motion of the
constituent atoms, the net magnetic moment of a paramagnetic material is zero. But, in the
presence of an external field Bo and at low temperatures, the magnetic moments of constituent
atoms align in the direction of field and we get a net magnetic moment in the direction of external
field. The field lines get concentrated inside the material and the field inside the material gets
enhanced.
Susceptibility
For paramagnetic materials, it is small and positive.
Curie's Law
The magnetisation of a paramagnetic substance is inversely proportional to absolute
temperature.
B0 μ
M=C or χ = C 0 , where C is curie′s constant
T T
Note:
As the field is increased or the temperature is lowered, the magnetization increases until it
reaches its saturation Ms at which point the dipoles are perfectly aligned with the field. Beyond
this point, curie's law is no longer valid.
(3) Ferromagnetism
• They are materials which get strongly magnetized when placed in an external magnetic field.
• They move from region of weak field to region of strong field i.e. they are strongly attracted .
Explanation of ferromagnetism
The constituent atoms/ions/molecules of ferromagnetic substances possess a permanent dipole
moment and they align themselves in a common direction over a macroscopic volume called
domain (a domain contains about 1011 atoms). In absence of external field, the orientation of the
domains is random and hence there is no net magnetic moment. In the presence of external field,
the domains orient themselves in its direction.
Hence, the field inside the ferromagnet
becomes stronger and the field lines inside
become extremely dense.

APNI KAKSHA 11
Hard ferromagnets
When external field is removed, in some ferromagnetic substances, the magnetization persists.
E.g. Alnico(an alloy of iron, aluminum, nickel, cobalt and copper) and lodestone. They are used
to make permanent magnets like compass needle.
Soft ferromagnets
when external field is removed, the magnetization is also removed. E.g. Soft Iron
Susceptibility- for ferromagnetic substances, it is very large and positive.
Curie-Weiss Law
At temperatures above Curie Temperature ( Tc ), ferromagnets become paramagnetic. The
domain structures disintegrate with increase in temperature. The susceptibility above the cur ie
temperature is described as-
c
χ= (This C is NOT curie′s constant)
T − Tc
here ε is a small positive number.

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

−1 ≤ χ < 0 0<χ<ε χ≫1

0 ≤ μr < 1 1 < μr < 1 + ε μr ≫ 1

μ < μ0 μ > μ0 μ ≫ μ0

Hysteresis curve (Removed for 2023-24)

Hysteresis means 'lagging behind'. Let us study the relation between
B and H . Consider a unmagnetized ferromagnetic substance kept
inside a solenoid.
• As the current in the solenoid is increased, the value of B also rises
and becomes saturated as shown in the curve oa. At this point all
the domains are aligned with external field.
• Now, when H (or I) is decreased to zero, we see that B does not
come down to 0, represented with curve ab. This value of B at H = 0 is called retentivity or
remanence.
• Next, the current in solenoid is increased in the opposite direction till the value of B becomes
0, represented by curve bc. The value of H when B = 0 is called coercivity.
• Therefore, we conclude that for a given value of H, B is not unique but depends on the
previous history of the sample. This phenomenon is called hysteresis.
• The area under B-H curve of hysteresis cycle gives loss of energy per unit volume during a
cycle of magnetization and demagnetization.

APNI KAKSHA 12
Permanent Magnets (Removed for 2023-24)
Substances which at room temperature retain their ferromagnetic property for a long period of
time are called permanent magnets.
Preparation
1. Hammering an iron rod kept in the north-south direction.
2. Stroking a steel rod with one end of a bar magnet in the same sense repeatedly.
3. Placing a ferromagnet in the center of a solenoid and pass a current. The magnetic field of the
solenoid magnetizes the rod.
Properties of materials used as permanent magnets
1. High retentivity- so that magnet is strong.
2. High coercivity- so magnetization is not removed by stray fields, temperature fluctuations or
minor mechanical damage.
3. High permeability
e.g.- steel, alnico, cobalt, steel and ticonal (alnico + Titanium)

Electromagnets (Removed for 2023-24)

They are ferromagnetic materials which are made into magnets by passing a current through it
using a coil.
Properties of materials used to make electromagnets
1. High permeability
2. Low retentivity e.g.- soft iron
3. The area under hysteresis curve should be small so that loss of energy in cycle of
magnetization and demagnetization is less e.g. in the case of transformer cores and telephone
diaphragm.
4. high resistivity- to lower eddy current losses.
Uses- electric bells, loudspeakers, telephone diaphragm, cranes.

APNI KAKSHA 13
NCERT Practice Questions
Q.1 The primary origin(s) of magnetism lies in
(a) atomic currents.
(b) Pauli exclusion principle.
(c) polar nature of molecules.
(d) intrinsic spin of electron.
Sol. (A, D)
Orbital motion of an electron is analogous to the current carrying loop and also a spin
magnetic moment associated with it due to electron itself spinning on its own axis. hence
atomic currents and intrinsic spins of electrons are responsible for origin of Magnetism.
Q.2 Let the magnetic field on earth be modelled by that of a point magnetic dipole at
the centre of earth. The angle of dip at a point on the geographical equator
(a) is always zero. (Removed for 2023-24)
(b) can be zero at specific points.
(c) can be positive or negative.
(d) is bounded.
Sol. (B, C, D)
Points where magnetic equator crosses geographical equator, angle of dip will be zero.
The range of dip is from −90∘ (at the south magnetic pale) to +90∘ (at the north magnetic
pole). It is 0∘ at magnetic equator. It's value is bounded between −90∘ to 90∘.
Q.3 A permanent magnet in the shape of a thin cylinder of length 10 cm has
𝐌 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐀/𝐦. Calculate the magnetisation current I M.
m Im
Sol. M= = ⇒ Im = M × 𝑙 = 106 × 0.1 = 105 A
V 𝑙

Q.4 A paramagnetic sample shows a net magnetisation of 𝟖𝐀𝐦−𝟏 when placed in an

external magnetic field of 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐓 at a temperature of 𝟒 𝐊. When the same sample is
placed in an external magnetic field of 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐓 at a temperature of 𝟏𝟔 𝐊 , the
magnetisation will be
𝟑𝟐 𝟐
(A) 𝐀𝐦−𝟏 (B) 𝐀𝐦−𝟏 (C) 𝟔 𝐀𝐦−𝟏 (D) 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐀𝐦−𝟏 .
𝟑 𝟑

Sol. (B)
Using Curie's law of Magnetisation,
B
M∝
T
M1 B1 T2 8 0.6 × 16 2
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ M2 = A/m
M2 B2 T1 M2 0.2 × 4 3

APNI KAKSHA 14
Q.5 Consider the plane 𝐒 formed by the dipole axis and the axis of earth. Let 𝐏 be point
on the magnetic equator and in 𝐒 . Let 𝐐 be the point of intersection of the
geographical and magnetic equators. Obtain the declination and dip angles at 𝐏
and 𝐐. (Removed for 2023-24)

Sol. Since points P and Q lie on magnetic equator, hence angle of dip for both will be zero.
∵ p lies on a plane which contains both dipole axis and axis
of earth, hence angle between the magnetic meridian and
geographic meridian will be zero. At point P, declination is
zero. at point Q , declination is 11.3∘ because both
magnetic meridian & geographic meridian inclined 11.3∘
to each other.
Q.6 A vector needs three quantities for its specification. Name the three independent
quantities conventionally used to specify the earth's magnetic field.
Sol. To describe the magnetic field of the earth at a point on its surface, we need to specify
three quantities, the declination D, the angle of dip or the inclination I and the horizontal
component of the earth's field HE . These are known as the element of the earth's magnetic
field. (Removed for 2023-24)
Q.7 A bar magnet of magnetic moment 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐉 𝐓 −𝟏 lies aligned with the direction of a
uniform magnetic field of 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝐓.
(a) What is the amount of work required by an external torque to turn the magnet
so as to align its magnetic moment: (Removed for 2023-24)
(i) normal to the field direction, (ii) opposite to the field direction?
(b) What is the torque on the magnet in cases (i) and (ii)?
Sol. ⃗⃗⃗ ⋅ ⃗B = −mBcosθ
Magnetic potential energy = −m
(a) work done by an external torque = −mB(cosθ2 − cosθ1 ).
(i) work done = −mBcos 90∘ + mBcos 0∘ = mB = 1.5 × 0.22 = 0.33 J
(iii) work done = −mBcos 180∘ + mBcos 0∘ = 2mB = 0.66 J
(b) Torque = |m ⃗ | = mBsin θ
⃗⃗⃗ × B
(i) τ = 1.5 × 0.22 × sin 90∘ = 0.33Nm, (ii) t = 1.5 × 0.22 × 0 = 0
Q.8 A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 𝟑𝟎∘ with a uniform external magnetic
field of 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐓 experiences a torque of magnitude equal to 𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐉. What is the
magnitude of magnetic moment of the magnet?
Sol. ⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗B| = mBsin θ
Torque experienced by magnet = |m
⇒ 4.5 × 10−2 = m × 0.25 × sin 30∘
1 1
⇒ 4.5 × 10−2 = m × × ⇒ m = 0.36 Am2
4 2
APNI KAKSHA 15
Q.9 A Rowland ring of mean radius 𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐦 has 3500 turns of wire wound on a
ferromagnetic core of relative permeability 800 . What is the magnetic field 𝐁 in
the core for a magnetising current of 𝟏. 𝟐 𝐀 ? (Removed for 2023-24)
μ0 μr nI
Sol. Magnetic field = 2πR

4π × 10−7 × 800 × 3500 × 1.2

=
2π × 15 × 10−2
= 448 × 10−2 = 4.48 T
Q.10 A closely wound solenoid of 800 turns and area of cross section 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐦𝟐
carries a current of 𝟑. 𝟎 𝐀. Explain the sense in which the solenoid acts like a bar
magnet. What is its associated magnetic moment?
Sol. A current - carrying solenoid produces a magnetic field along it's axis and hence solenoid
acts like a bar magnet.
Magnetic moment = nIA = 800 × 3 × 2.5 × 10−4 = 0.6 J/T
Q.11 A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic
meridian has its north tip pointing down at 𝟐𝟐∘ with the horizontal. The horizontal
component of the earth's magnetic field at the place is known to be 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝐆 .
Determine the magnitude of the earth's magnetic field at the place.
Sol. Horizontal component of Magnetic field (BH ) = Bcos δ It is given that;
BH = 0.35G, δ = 22∘ (Removed for 2023-24)
⇒ 0.35 = B × cos 22∘
0.35 0.35
⇒ B= ∘
≈ ≈ 0.37G
cos 22 0.93
Q.12 A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 𝐉 𝐓 −𝟏. Give the direction and
magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the magnet at a distance of 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐦
from the centre of the magnet on (a) the axis, (b) the equatorial lines (normal
bisector) of the magnet.
μ 2m
⃗⃗⃗
Sol. (a) ⃗B (axial ) = 4π0 ⋅ r3
2×0.48
∣ ⃗B( axial ) ∣= 10−7 × (0.1) 3
= 0.96 × 10−4 T = 0.96G

⇒ Magnitude of magnetic field on the axis is 0.96G directed along the direction of
magnetic moment.
μ0 |−m
⃗⃗⃗ |
(b) ∣ ⃗B (equatorial) ∣= ⋅ = 0.48G.
4π r3

⇒ Magnitude of magnetic field on the equatorial lines is 0.48G directed opposite to the
direction of magnetic moment.

APNI KAKSHA 16
Q.13 A certain region of space is to be shielded from magnetic fields. Suggest a method.
Sol. A certain region of space can be shielded from magnetic fields if it is surrounded by a soft
iron rings. In such arrangements, the magnetic lines are drawn out of the region.
Q.14 A magnetic dipole is under the influence of two magnetic fields. The angle between
the field directions is 𝟔𝟎∘, and one of the fields has a magnitude of 𝟏. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐓. If
the dipole comes to stable equilibrium at an angle of 𝟏𝟓∘ with this field, what is the
magnitude of the other field?
Sol. since magnetic dipole tends to rotate in external magnetic field, hence at the stable
equilibrium,
Torque due to B1 = Torque to due B2 .
mB1 sin 15∘ = mB2 sin 45∘
B1 sin 15∘ 1.2 × 10−2 × 0.259
⇒ B2 = = = 1.2 × 10−2 × 0.366
sin 45∘ 1
( )
√2
Hence, magnitude of other magnetic field is 4.39 × 10−3 T

APNI KAKSHA 17