Instant Scorer – I PUC- Most Important Ques….

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

Q.No Marks
1. Name the drug used in the treatment of AIDS
Sol. Azidothymidine (AZT) 1
2. Name the drug used in the cancer therapy
Sol. 1. Cisplatin 2. Taxol 1
3. What is atomic mass unit?
Sol. Atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly equal to 1/12th the mass of one 1
carbon 12 atom
4. Define molecular mass
Sol. Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a molecule 1
5. What is limiting reagent?
Sol. Out of various reactants in a reaction, a reactant that is completely consumed in a 1
chemical reaction is called limiting reagent.
6. Define molality
Sol. Molality is the number of moles of solute present in one Kg of solvent 1
7. Define molarity, what is the expression to calculate molarity
Sol. It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one litre of solution 1
W × 1000 1
molarity =
mloecular mass × given volume
8. Define normality
Sol. Normality can be defined as gram equivalent mass of the substance present in one 1
dm3 of the solution
9. Define mole
Sol. Mole can be defined as the amount of a substance that contains as many particles 1
or entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 gms of carbon – 12 isotopes.
10. Write the equation to give relationship between oC and oF
Sol. 𝑜 9 1
𝐹 = 𝑜𝐶 + 32
5
11. What is the Value of 1 a.m.u
Sol. 1 a.m.u = 1.66056 x 10-24 g 1
12. What is homogeneous mixture? Give an example.
Sol. Homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the components are completely mix
with each other and its composition is uniform throughout the solution 1+1
Ex: sugar solution, air, sodium chloride solution
13. What is heterogeneous mixture? Give an example.
Sol. It is a mixture in which the components are not completely mix with each other
and its composition is not uniform throughout the solution. 1+1
Ex: mixture of salt and sugar, grains and pulses
14. Give the units of S.I. systems for the following
a) Electric current b) Amount of substance c) density
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Sol. a) Electric current – Ampere (A) 1

b) Amount of substance – Mole (mol) 1
c) Density – kg/m3 or kgm-3 1
15. Express the following into scientific notation
a) 0.00016
b) 33693.68
Sol. a) 0.00016 = 1.6 x 10-4 1+1
b) 33693.68 = 3.369368 x 104
16. How many significant figures are present in the following?
a) 6.005
b) 6.002 x 1023
Sol. a) 6.005 = Four [because the zeroes between the non 0 digits are significant 1+1
figures]
b) 6.022 x 1023 = Four [because the exponential term is not considered.]
17. State Law of Definite proportion
Sol. It states that a given compound always contains exactly same proportion of 1
elements by weight.
18. State Law of Multiple proportions
Sol. Law of multiple proportions can be defined as if two elements can combine to
form more than one compound the masses of one element that combines with a 2
fixed mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
19. State Gay Lussac’s law of Gaseous volumes
Sol. It can be defined as when gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction,
they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at same temperature 2
and pressure.
20. State Avogadro Law
Sol. It can be defined as equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure 1
should contain equal no of molecules
21. What are isotopes? Mention the isotopes of carbon
Sol. Atoms having same atomic number with different mass number are called 1+1
isotopes. Isotopes of carbon are C-12, C-13, C-14
22. Define Avogadro Number and mention its values
Sol. The number of particles present in one mole of a substance. 1+1
Its value is 6.022 x 1023
23. How many seconds are there in 3 days
Sol. 1 day = 24 hours
1 hour = 60 minutes 2
1 minute = 60 seconds
3 day = 3 x 24 Hrs x 60 min x 60 sec = 259 200 seconds
24. Calculate the formula mass of Calcium Carbonate
Sol. Calcium carbonate: CaCO3
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40 + 12 + 3 x 16 = 40 +12+ 48 = 100 u 2
25. Calculate the amount of water in gm produced by the combustion of 8 gms of
Ethane
Sol. Reaction: C2H6 (g) + 3½ O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (g)
30 g of ethane = 1 mole, it produces 3 moles of H2O 1
1 mole of H2O = 18 gm of H2O
3 moles of H2O = 18x3 = 54 g of water 1
30 g of ethane produced = 54 g of water
8×54 1
Therefore 8 g ethane produced = = 14.4 g
30
26. How many moles of methane required to produce 88 g of CO 2 after
combustion
Sol. Combustion reaction: CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
16 g of Methane = 1 mole = 44 g of CO2 1
44 g of CO2 is produced from 1 mole of methane 1
88 g of CO2 is produced from 88/44 x 1 = 2 moles
27. Write any four postulates of Daltons atomic theory
Sol. 1) Matter consists of indivisible atoms 1
2) All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical 1
mass. Atoms of different elements differ in mass.
3) Compounds are formed when Atoms of different elements combine in a fixed 1
ratio.
4) Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms these are neither created 1
nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
28. An Organic compound contain 57.14% of carbon, 6.16% Hydrogen, 9.52%
Nitrogen 27.18% oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula and molecular
formula. If its molecular mass is 294.3 gm/mole.
Sol. Element % At Moles of the Simplest molar Nearest
mass element ratio Whole
number
Carbon 57.14% 12 57.14/12 = 4.76 4.76/0.68 =7 7
Hydrogen 6.16% 1 6.16/1 = 6.16 6.16/0.68=9.06 9
Nitrogen 9.52% 14 9.52/14 = 0.68 0.68/0.68=1 1 2
Oxygen 27.18% 16 27.18/16 = 1.698 1.698/0.68=2.5 2
Empirical formula = C7H9N1O2
Empirical formula mass = 12x7 + 1x9 + 1x14 + 2.5x16 = 147
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n
Molecular formula mass 294.3 1
n= = =2
Empirical formula mass 147
Molecular formula = 2 x C7H9N1O2 = C14H18N2O4 1

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29. Compound contains 4.07% Hydrogen 24.27% Carbon and 71.65% chlorine.
Its molecular mass is 98.96 gm what are its empirical formula and molecular
formula?
Sol. Element % At Moles of the Simplest Nearest
mass element molar ratio Whole
number
Carbon 24.27 % 12 24.27/12 = 2.022 2.022/2.018 1
=1.0019 2
Hydrogen 4.07 % 1 4.07/1 = 4.07 4.04/2.018 2
=2.01
Chlorine 71.65 % 35.5 71.65/35.5 = 2.018/2.018 1
2.018 =1
Therefore, Empirical formula = H2C Cl = CH2Cl 1
Empirical formula weight = 1x12 + 2x1 + 35.5x1 = 12+2+35.5 = 49.5
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n 1
n = 98.96/ 49.5 = 2
Therefore, molecular formula = (CH2Cl)2 = C2H4Cl2
30. Calculate the molality of glucose solution prepared by dissolving 18 g glucose
in 250g water (given molar mass of glucose is 180g )
Sol. number of moles of solute 1
molality = × 1000
mass of solvent
18⁄
= 180 × 1000 = 0.4 M
250 1
31. Define molar volume? what is its value at STP
Sol. Volume occupied by one mole of gas is called molar volume. 1
At STP, molar volume = 22.4 dm3 or 22.4 litre or 22,400 cm3 1
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Q. No Marks
1. What is photoelectric effect?
Sol. The ejection of electrons from metal surface when radiation strikes it. 1
2. State Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Sol. It is impossible to determine simultaneously the exact position and exact 1
momentum of an electron.”
3. State Aufbau principle.
Sol. “In the ground state of the atom orbitals are filled in the order of their increasing 1
energies”.
4. State Pauli’s exclusion principle.
Sol. “No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers”. 1
5. State Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.

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Sol. “Pairing of electrons in the orbital’s belonging to the same sub shell does not 1
takes place until each orbital belonging to that sub shell has got one electron
each.”
6. What are nucleons?
Sol. Protons and neutrons present in the Nucleus of an atom. 1
7. What are isobars?
Sol. Atoms of different elements having same mass No. but different atomic No. 1
8. Define wave number.
Sol. Number of wave lengths per unit length is called wave number. 1
9. What is Zeeman effect
Sol. The splitting of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field. 1
10. What is Stark effect?
Sol. The splitting of spectral lines in an electric field. 1
11. Write de Broglie equation.
Sol. h h
λ= =
mv p 2
Where m is the mass of the particle, v is the velocity of the particle
12. State Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle? Write the mathematical form
Sol. It is impossible to accurately determine the exact position and momentum of an 1
electron simultaneously
∆x x ∆P ≥ h/4π 1
13. Write any two limitations of Bohr’s model of an atom.
Sol. It fails to accounts for the finer details of the hydrogen atom spectrum. 1
It could not explain the ability of atom to form molecules by chemical bonds 1

14. Write the electronic configuration of the following elements:

(a) Cr (Z=24)
(b) Cu (Z=29)
Sol. a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
15. Using s, p, d, notations, write the orbitals having following quantum
numbers:
(a) n=4, l=0;
(b) n=5, l=1;
(c) n=3, l= 2.
Sol. a) 4s
b) 5p
c) 3d
16. What is the significance of
(a) principal quantum number(n);
(b) azimuthal quantum number (l);
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(c) magnetic quantum number (m);

(d) spin quantum number (s)?
Sol. a) It determines the size and energy of the orbital.
b) It determines the three-dimensional shape of the orbital.
c) It gives the spatial orientation of the orbital
d) It refers to orientation of the spin of the electron.
17. Describe Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom.
Sol. The positive charge and most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a small
region called nucleus
The nucleus is surrounded by electrons
The Electrons move around the nucleus in circular paths called orbits.
The Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic force of
attraction
18. Name the series of lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen.
Sol. Lyman series
Balmer Series
Bracket series
Paschen series
Pfund series
19. Distinguish between orbit and orbital.
Sol. Orbit Orbital
It is a circular path around the It is the three-dimensional region of
nucleus in which an electron moves. space where the probability of
finding the electron is maximum 1+1
Maximum number of electrons that Maximum number of electrons in an
can be accommodated is equal to 2n2 orbital is 2.

20. What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom?

Sol. i. The electron in the hydrogen atom can move around the nucleus in a circular 1
path of fixed radius and energy called orbits
ii. The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time 1
iii. The angular momentum of an electron in a given stationary state is integral
multiple of h/ 2π 1
iv. The frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs
between two stationary states that differ in energy by ∆ E is given by γ= ∆ E/ h 1
21. Write the possible values of l, m and s when n=2
Sol. When n=2, l= 0,1 1
When l=0, m= 0 and s= + ½ 1
When l=1, m = -1 ,0, +1 and s= + ½ 1
22. Calculate the energy of one mole of photon whose frequency is 5 x 10 14 hz
Sol. E = hυ = 6.626 x 10-34 x 5 x 1014 1

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E = 3.313 x 10-19 J 1
For one mole, E = 3.313 x 10-19 x 6.022 x 1023 = 199.51 KJmol-1 1
23. The vivid Bharati station of All India radio broadcasts on a frequency 1368
kHz. Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted by
transmitter. which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does it belong to?
Sol. c 3 × 108 2
𝜆= = = 219.3 m
υ 1368 × 103 1
This is a characteristic Radio wavelength
24. Calculate the wavelength of spectral lines obtained by the transition of an
electron from 3rd level to 2nd level of hydrogen atom
[Given RH = 1.07 x 107 m-1]
Sol. 1 1 1
wave number ( ) = 𝑅𝐻 ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 𝑛1 𝑛2
1 1 1
wave number ( ) = 1.07 × 107 ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 2 3

1 5
wave number ( ) = 1.07 × 107 ( ) = 1.486 × 106
𝜆 36
Therefore wavelength (λ) = 0.6756 x 10-6 or 675.6 nm

******

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Q.No Marks
1. State Mendeleev’s periodic law.
Sol. Properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic weight 1
2. State modern periodic law.
Sol. Physical and chemical properties or properties of the elements are periodic 1
functions of their atomic numbers
3. Write the atomic number of the element unniltrium
Sol. 103 1
4. Give the IUPAC name of the element whose atomic number is 109?
Sol. Unnilennium 1
5. The position of helium is in 18th group of p block and not in 2nd group of s
block of long form of periodic table. Justify the statement.
Sol. It has completely filled value shell (1s2) and has properties characteristic of 1
noble gases
6. What are ‘representative elements?
Sol. s and p block elements are called representative elements 1
7. Write the general valence electronic configuration of first group elements.
Sol. ns1 1

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8. Which group elements in the periodic table are called as noble gases?
Sol. Group 18
9. Write the general electronic configuration of p-block elements.
Sol. ns2 np1-6
10. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of d-block elements.
Sol. (n-1) d1-10 ns1-2 1
11. Why are d block elements also called transition elements?
Sol. They act as a bridge between chemically most active metals of s-block and less 1
active elements of groups 13 and 14.
12. Write the general outer electronic configuration of f-block elements.
Sol. (n−2) f1−14 (n−1) d0−1 ns 2 1
13. What are trans uranium elements?
Sol. Elements appearing after uranium 1
14. What is the trend in the metallic character of elements down a group?
Sol. Metallic character increases 1
15. Name the element that is diagonally related to beryllium.
Sol. Aluminium 1
16. Name the most electronegative element in the periodic table
Sol. Fluorine or F 1
17. Which alkali metal is the strongest reducing agent?
Sol. Lithium 1
18. Size of the cation is smaller than the parent atom. Give reason.
Sol. It has fewer electrons and nuclear charge remains same 1
19. Size of the anion is larger than the parent atom. Give reason.
Sol. It has more electrons and effective nuclear charge decreases 1
20. Define electron gain enthalpy.
Sol. It is the enthalpy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral 1
gaseous atom
21. What is electronegativity for an atom?
Sol. It is the ability of an atom in a compound to attract the shared electrons to itself 1
22. Mention any two differences in the properties of metals and non-metals.
Sol. Metals Non-metals
Have high melting point Have low melting point. 2
Good conductor of heat and Bad conductor of heat and electricity
electricity
Malleable and ductile Not malleable and ductile
23. How does atomic radius vary along a period and down a group in the
periodic table? Provide appropriate reason
Sol. It decreases along a period 1
It increases down a group 1

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24. What are isoelectronic species? Give example.

Sol. Species containing same number of electrons. E.g.: Na+ , Mg+2 2
25. Mention any two characteristic properties each for s and p block elements.
Sol. s block: They are metals. 2
They form basic oxides.
p block: They are non-metals. 2
They form acidic oxides.
26. What is Ionisation Enthalpy? How does ionisation enthalpy vary along a
period and down the group? Give reason.
Sol. It is the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom in 1
its ground state. 1
It increases along a period because of Increase in nuclear charge
It decreases down the group because of Increase in shielding effect or decrease
in nuclear charge. 1
27. How does electronegativity vary along a period and down a group? Give
reason
Sol. It increases along a period as atomic radius decreases 1
It decreases down the group as atomic radius increases 1
28. Give reason:
i. Ionic radius of F– (fluoride ion) is more than atomic radius of F (fluorine
atom).
ii. Ionization enthalpy of nitrogen is more than that of oxygen. Give reason.
Sol. i. As the number of electrons in its outer most orbit is increased, the nuclear
force of attraction on each electron is thus decreased, hence the radius of 1
fluoride ion is larger than the fluorine atom.
ii. Nitrogen has half-filled p – subshell and is more stable than oxygen, so the
Ionization enthalpy of nitrogen is more than that of oxygen. 1
*********

CHEMICAL BONDING
Q.No Marks
1. Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules and ions.
CO32-, H2S, BeF2,
Sol.

1+1+1
Lewis Structure of CO32- Lewis Structure H2S Lewis Structure BeF2

2. In the periodic table, the group of highly electronegative elements is

Sol. Halogens 1

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3. Write the shape and bond angle of sp hybrid orbitals?

Sol. Linear shape, bond angle-180o 1+1
4. Write the shape, hybridization and bond angle of a) NH3 and, b) H2O
Sol. NH3 H2O 1+1+1
Shape: Pyramidal Shape: V shape or angular shape
3
Hybridization: sp Hybridization: sp3 1+1+1
Bond angle: 107o Bond angle: 104.5o
5. Define hydrogen bond.
Sol. Hydrogen bond is defined as the attractive force which binds hydrogen atom of 1
one molecule with the electronegative atom (F, O or N) of another molecule.
6. Define Octet rule
Sol. The tendency of an atom in a molecule to have eight electrons in their valence
Shell is known as octet rule 1
7. What do you mean by Dipole moment?
What is formula to calculate Dipole moment, What is its SI unit?
Sol. The product of magnitude of charges (+ve, or -ve) and distance between them is 1
called dipole moment. It is usually denoted by µ.
μ = q x d., The SI unit of dipole moment is Coulomb meter. 1+1
8. The dipole moment in BF3 is zero. Explain
Sol. In BF3 µ = 0, although the B-F bonds are oriented at an angle of 120o to one
another. This is because the bond moments give a net sum of zero as the 2
resultant of any two is equal and opposite of third.
9. The net dipole of NH3 is greater than that of NF3. Why?
Sol. In case of NH3 the orbital dipole due to lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom,
is in the same direction as the resultant dipole moment of N-H bonds, where as 2
in NF3, it is in the direction opposite to resultant dipole moment of 3 N-F bonds.
The orbital dipole decreases the effect of the resultant N-F bond moments
which reduces dipole moment of NF3.
10. Write the conditions which favour the formation of ionic bond.
Sol. (i)Lower ionization enthalpy 1
(ii)Higher is the electron affinity, 1
11. Distinguish between bonding molecular orbital and anti-bonding molecular
orbital.
Sol. Bonding molecular orbital Anti-bonding molecular orbital
Formed by symmetric combination Formed by asymmetric combination 1
of atomic orbitals. of atomic orbitals.
Has more electron density between Has less electron density between the 1
the nuclei nuclei.
12. Define bond order and write the formula to calculate bond order using
Molecular orbital Theory

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Sol. It is half of the difference between the number of electrons present in bonding
molecular orbitals and the number of electrons present in the antibonding 1
molecular orbitals.
Bond order = ½ [Number of electrons in B.M.O-Number of electrons in A.B.M.O] 1
13. What type of H-bonding is present in o-nitrophenol
Sol. Intra-molecular H-Bonding 1
14. Distinguish between atomic orbital and molecular orbital.
Sol. Atomic orbital Molecular orbital
Atomic orbitals are monocentric. Molecular orbitals are polycentric 1
Atomic orbitals have simple shapes Molecular orbitals have complex
like spherical or dumb-bell. shapes. 1
15. Explain the conditions for the combination of atomic orbitals to form
molecular orbitals.
Sol. 1. The combining atomic orbitals must have same or nearly the same energy. 1
2. The combining atomic orbitals must have the same symmetry about the
molecular axis. 1
3. The combining atomic orbitals must overlap to the maximum extent. 1
16. Write the electronic configuration of H2 molecule, what is its bond order
Sol. σ 1s2 1
Bond order = ½ [Nb – Na] = ½ [2-0] = 1 1
17. Show the non-existence of helium molecule based on molecular orbital
theory.
Sol. It is formed by the combination of the two helium atoms.
Each helium atom has two electrons in 1s orbital. 1
The molecular orbital configuration is σ 1s2, σ *1s2
The bond order is calculated as follows 1
Bond order = ½ [Nb – Na] = ½ [2-2] = 0
Helium molecule is unstable and does not exist. 1
18. Show that oxygen molecule is paramagnetic based on molecular orbital
theory.
Sol. It is formed by the combination of the two oxygen atoms.
Each oxygen atom has eight electrons and its electronic configuration is
1s2, 2s2, 2px2, 2py1, 2pz1. 1
Hence there are 16 electrons in oxygen molecule.
The molecular orbital configuration is
σ 1s2, σ *1s2, σ 2s2, σ *2s2, σ 2pz2, π2px2 = π2py2, π*2px1 = π*2py1 1
The bond order is calculated as follows
Bond order = ½ [Nb – Na] = ½ [10-6] = 2
Oxygen molecule is paramagnetic since there are unpaired electrons. 1
19. Explain the sp2 hybridization with the example of BCl3.
Sol. In BCl3 molecule,
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The ground state electronic configuration of central boron atom is 1s 2 2s2 2p1.
In the exited state, one of the 2s electrons is promoted to vacant 2p orbital as a 1
result boron has three unpaired electrons.
These 3 orbitals (one 2s and two 2p) hybridize to form three sp 2 hybrid orbitals. 1
The three hybrid orbitals overlap with 2p orbitals of chlorine to form three
B – Cl bonds.
It has a trigonal planar geometry with bond angle of 120 o. 1

20. Explain the formation of SF6 using sp3d2 hybridization.

Sol. In SF6 the central sulphur atom has the ground state configuration: 3s23p4,
One electron each from 3s and 3p orbitals is promoted to 3d orbitals. 1
These six orbitals get hybridised to form six sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.
Each of these sp3d2 hybrid orbitals overlaps with 2p orbital of fluorine to
form S−F bond.
Thus, SF6 molecule has octahedral structure with bond angle 90o 1

21. Define Lattice energy. How is Lattice energy influenced by?

(i) Charge on the ions (ii) Size of the ions?
Sol. Lattice energy is defined as the energy released when one mole of crystalline 1
solid is formed by the combination of oppositely charged ions.
(i) As the magnitude of charge on an ion increases greater will be the value of 1
Lattice energy,
(ii) Smaller the size of the ions greater will be the Lattice energy, 1
22. Calculate the formal Charge on oxygen atoms in ozone molecule
Sol.

1
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23. What is Bond enthalpy? How is related to bond order

Sol. “Amount of energy required to break one mole of bonds of a perticular type 1
between two atoms in a gaseeous state.” 1
Bond enthalpy is directely proportional to Bond order.
24. Give any two differences between sigma and pi bonds.
Sol.

25. a) What are sigma and pi bonds? b) Why is a sigma bond stronger than a
pi bond?
Sol. a) Covalent bond found by head-on/axial/end to end overlapping of 1
bonding orbitals along the inter nuclear axis is called sigma bond. 1
Covalent bond found by parallel/lateral overlapping of bonding orbitals
perpendicular to the inter nuclear axis is called pi bond. 1
b) Because in case of sigma bond the extent of overlapping of orbitals is
more than that in a pi bond.

********

CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Q. No Marks
1. What is an isolated system? Give one example
Sol. A system is said to be isolated if it neither exchanges matter nor energy.
Example: Coffee taken in a thermos flask. 1
2. What is an extensive property? Give example.
Sol. Extensive properties of a system are the properties which depend upon the 1
quantity of the matter present in the system. Example: Volume, internal energy, 1
Enthalpy, heat capacity etc.
3. What is an intensive property? Give example.

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Sol. Intensive properties of a system are the properties which do not depend upon 1
the quantity of the matter present in the system. Example: pressure, 1
temperature, density, specific heat, surface tension etc
4. What is isothermal process?
Sol. A process is said to be isothermal if the temperature of the system remains 1
constant. (dT = 0)
5. What is an adiabatic process?
Sol. A process is said to be adiabatic if no heat exchange between the system and 1
surroundings takes place. (dq = 0)
6. State I law of Thermodynamics, Write mathematical expression
Sol. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can be transformed from one 1
form to another.
∆U = q + w, 1
7. State Hess’s law of constant heat summation.
Sol. The heat change that takes place in a chemical reaction is independent of time
taken and number of intermediate steps involved. 1
8. What is spontaneous process?
Sol. A process that can take place on its own with or without initiation is called
spontaneous process. 1
9. Define entropy. Write the S.I. Unit of entropy.
Sol. Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder of a system. 1
Joule / Kelvin / mole or JK-1 mol-1 1
10. Give the mathematical form of Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
Sol. G = H – TS. 1
G = free energy H = Enthalpy S = Entropy T = Temperature on Kelvin scale
11. What is the state of a chemical reaction when?
i) ∆G = 0 ii) ∆G > 0 iii) ∆G<0
Sol. i) Reaction attains equilibrium 1
ii) Reaction is non spontaneous 1
iii) Reaction is spontaneous 1
12. State III-Law of thermodynamics.
Sol. Entropy of perfectly crystalline solid at absolute zero is zero 1
13. What is the value of standard enthalpy of formation of an element
Sol. Zero 1
14. What is molar heat capacity, Write the relation between Cp and Cv
Sol. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole mole of substance 1
by 1o C
Cp-Cv=R 1
15. What are Thermochemical equations
Sol. A balanced chemical equation that indicates physical states of reactant and 1
products along with heat change involved during a reaction.
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Instant Scorer – I PUC- Most Important Ques….

16. What happens to entropy when?

i) a liquid crystallizes into a crystal
ii) Temperature of a crystalline solid is raised from 273 K to 298 K
Sol. i) Entropy decreases 1
ii) Entropy increases 1
17. In a process, 701J of heat is absorbed by a system and 394J of work is done
by the system. What is the change in internal energy for the process?
Sol. Heat absorbed by the system, q = 701J 1
Work done by the system, w = -394J
Change in internal energy (∆U) = q + w = 701 – 394 = 307J 1
18. Define specific heat capacity,
Sol. It is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram 1
of a substance by 1oC or 1 K.
19. Describe enthalpy of a system
Sol. Enthalpy of a system is the total heat content of the system. It is measured as 1
the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.
H = U + PV. 1
20. Derive the relation between Cp and Cv
Sol. At constant volume, qV = n CV∆T = ∆U
1
At constant pressure, qP = n CP∆T = ∆H

We know that for one mole (n=1) of an ideal gas, 1

∆H = ∆U + R ∆T
Substituting the values of ∆H and ∆U from above in the former equation,
CP∆T = CV∆T + R ∆T 1
CP = CV + R
CP – CV = R
21. Write the relation between
i. Enthalpy (H) and Internal Energy (U)
ii. Cp and Cv
iii. Free energy (G), Enthalpy(H) and Entropy (S)
Sol. i. Enthalpy (H) and Internal Energy (U)
∆H = ∆U + ∆ngRT
ii. Cp and Cv
CP – CV = R
iii. Free energy (G), Enthalpy(H) and Entropy (S)
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
22. What is lattice enthalpy? Calculate the lattice enthalpy of Sodium Chloride
using Born-Haber’s Cycle

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Instant Scorer – I PUC- Most Important Ques….

Sol. The change in enthalpy associated with the formation of one mole of an ionic 1
compound from its elements gaseous state under standard conditions is known
as lattice enthalpy.

23. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH3OH (l) from the
following data.
CH3OH (l) + 3/2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (l); ∆fHΘ = -726 kJ mol-1 -------(i)
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g); ∆cHΘ = -393 kJ mol-1 ----------(ii)
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O (l); ∆fHΘ = -286 kJ mol-1 --------(iii)
Sol. Equation for the formation of CH3OH (l)
C(s) + 2H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → CH3OH (l) ; ∆fHΘ = ?
Multiplying equation (iii) by 2 and adding equation (ii)
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O (l); ∆fHΘ = -572 kJ mol-1 1
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g); ∆cHΘ = -393 kJ mol-1
We get,
C(s) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l); ------ (iv)
∆HΘ = (-572) +(-393) = -965 kJ mol-1
Reverse equation (i) and add it to equation (iv)
CO2(g) + 2H2O (l) → CH3OH (l) + 3/2 O2(g) ∆fHΘ = +726 kJ mol-1 1
C(s) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l); ∆HΘ = -965 kJ mol-1
We get,
C(s) + 2H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → CH3OH (l); ∆fHΘ = - 239 kJ mol-1 1
24. Define,
i. Bond dissociation enthalpy
ii. Enthalpy of atomization (∆aHΘ)
iii. Enthalpy of a solution (∆solHΘ)
iv. Standard enthalpy of sublimation, (∆ subHΘ)
Sol. i. Bond dissociation enthalpy
It is the change in enthalpy when one mole of covalent bonds of the gaseous 1
covalent compound is broken to form products in the gaseous phase.
ii. Enthalpy of atomization (∆aHΘ)
It is the enthalpy change on breaking one mole of bonds completely to
obtain atoms in the gas phase. 1

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Instant Scorer – I PUC- Most Important Ques….

iii. Enthalpy of a solution (∆solHΘ)

It is the change in enthalpy when one mole of a substance is dissolved in a
specified amount of a solvent 1
iv. Standard enthalpy of sublimation, (∆ subHΘ)
It is the change in enthalpy when one mole of a solid substance sublimes at
a constant temperature and under standard pressure. (1 bar) 1
25. For the oxidation of Iron,
4 Fe (s)+ 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3 (s), at 298 K
Enthalpy change = -1538 kJ mol-1 and Entropy change = - 539.4 JK-1mol-1,
Calculate the free energy change for the reaction and comment on
spontaneity of the reaction?
Sol. ∆Go = ∆Ho - T∆So 1
= -1538 x 103 - ( 298 x -539.4)
∆Go = -1538 x 103 + ( 160.74 x 103) = -1377 x 103 1
As ∆Go is negative , the reaction is spontaneous 1
26. If water vapour is assumed to be a perfect gas, molar enthalpy change for
vaporization of 1 mol of water at 1 bar and 100oC is 41 KJmol-1, calculate
the internal energy change when 1 mol water is vapourised at 1 bar
pressure and 100oC
Sol. H20 (l) → H2O (g) 1
∆ng = 1-0 =1
∆H = ∆U + ∆ngRT
∆U = ∆H - ∆ngRT 1
∆U = 41.00 – (1 x 8.314 x 10-3 x 373)
= 41.00 – 3.101 = 37.808 kJ mol-1 1
27. Calculate ∆Go for the conversion of 3/2 O2 (g) → O3 at 298 K .
Given Kp = 2.47 x 10-29 and R = 8.314 J K-1mol-1
Sol. ∆Go = - 2.303RTlog Kp 1
= - 2.3030 x 8.314 x 298 x log 2.47 x 10-29) 1
= 163 KJmol-1 1
28. What is free expansion? What is the work done during the isothermal
expansion of an ideal gas both in reversible and irreversible process?
Sol. Expansion of a gas in vacuum is called free expansion.
The work done during the isothermal expansion of an ideal gas both in 1
reversible process
𝐕𝟐 1
𝐖 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝐧𝐑𝐓𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝐕𝟏
The work done during the isothermal expansion of an ideal gas both in
irreversible process 1
W= -Pext ∆V

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Instant Scorer – I PUC- Most Important Ques….

*******

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Q. No Marks
1. State law of mass action.
Sol. It states that “rate of a reaction is directly proportional to active masses of the 1
reactants at constant temperature.”
2. Write the relationship between Kp and Kc.
Sol. Kp = Kc(RT)∆n 1
3. The equilibrium constant for the reaction A+B ↔ C + D is 10. If the initial
concentration of A and B is doubled then what is the value of equilibrium
constant?
Sol. It remains same 1
4. What is the effect of catalyst on the equilibrium in a reversible reaction?
Sol. Catalyst has no effect. 1
5. Give the relationship Gibb’s free energy change and equilibrium constant
Sol. ∆Go = - 2.303 RTlogK 1
6. Give the conjugate acid of H2O, CO32-, HSO4-, O2- and CH3COO- .
Sol. Conjugate base Conjugate acid
H2O H3O+ 1 mark
CO32- HCO3- each
HSO4- H2SO4
O2- OH-
CH3COO- CH3COOH
7. The pKa values of acids x, y and z are 4.2, 9.8 and 6.1 respectively. Which
among the above acid is strongest?
Sol. X 1
8. An aqueous solution of NH4Cl is acidic. Why?
Sol. NH4Cl upon hydrolysis gives ammonium hydroxide, a weak base and strong 1
acid HCl.
9. State le Chatelier’s principle?
Sol. If a system under equilibrium is subjected to change in temperature, pressure or 1
concentration then the equilibrium shifts itself in such a way so as to neutralize
the effect of the change.
10. Discuss the effect of increase in temperature on the rate an exothermic
reversible reaction.
Sol. Increase in temperature decrease the rate of forward reaction which is 2
exothermic. The rate of backward reaction increases on increasing temperature
since the reverse reaction is endothermic.
11. Write any two characteristics of equilibrium?

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Instant Scorer – I PUC- Most Important Ques….

Sol. a) Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system at constant temperature. b) 1

All measurable properties of the system remain constant. 1
12. State Henry’s law?
Sol. It states that the mass of a gas dissolved in a given mass of solvent is
proportional to pressure of the gas above the solvent at given temperature. 1
13. Explain amphoteric substance with an example?
Sol. Substance which act as acid in presence of a base and base in presence of an
acid is called amphoteric substance. 1
Example: CH3COOH + H2O → CH3COO- + H3O+ (water acts as base)
NH3 + H2O → NH4 + + OH- (water acts as acid) 1
14. Show that pH+ pOH = 14 at 298K
Sol. WKT, [H+ ][OH- ] = 10- 14 at 298K 1
Taking negative logarithm on both sides
-log [H+ ] –log[OH- ] = -log 10-14 1
pH +pOH = -(-14)log10
Therefore pH+ pOH = 14 1
15. Explain common ion effect with an example
Sol. The suppression in degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte by the addition 1
of strong electrolyte having common ion is called common ion effect.
Example: the ionization of acetic acid [weak electrolyte] is suppressed by
addition of sodium acetate [strong electrolyte] containing common acetate ion. 1
16. What is a buffer solution? Give an Example.
Sol. It is a solution that has ability to resist change in pH upon addition of small 1
amount of acid or base.
Example: Mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. 1
17. For the reaction N2(g) +3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g), What is the effect of
a) addition of NH3
b) addition of H2 on the reaction
Sol. a) The increase in concentration of ammonia increases the rate of backward
reaction. b)The increase in concentration of hydrogen increases the rate of
forward reaction.
18. Explain the factors affecting acidic strength of acids
Sol. The important factors affecting acidic strengths are 2
1)The bond strength of H-A: The strength of H-A bond is weak in case of
strong acids hence cleavage of bond becomes easier, whereas the strength of H-
A bond is high in case of weak acids.
2) Polarity of H-A bond: In case of strong acids the electronegativity difference
between H and A is large, hence H-A bond become more polar therefore 2
cleavage of bond becomes easier, whereas polarity of H-A bond is less in case
of weak acids.

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19. For the synthesis of ammonia N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) the KP value is 41
at 400K. Calculate K C for the reaction? (R = 0.0831bar litre / mol K)
Sol. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)
For the above reaction, nP= 2 , nR = 4
∆n = nP – nR = 2 – 4 = -2 1
KP = Kc (RT)∆n
Kp 41 1
Kc = =
(RT)∆n (0.831 × 400)−2
K c = 41 × (0.831 × 400)2 = 45300.8 1
20. Calculate pH of 0.02M H2SO4 solution.
Sol. Since H2SO4 is a dibasic acid [H+] =2 x 0.02 = 0.04 = 4 x 10-2
pH = -log[H+] 1
pH = -log [4 x 10-2] = - [log4 - 2log10] = +2 – 0.6021
pH = 1.3979 1
21. The ionization constant 0.05M propanoic acid is 1.3 x 10-5 . Calculate
degree of ionization.
Sol. Given Ka=1.3 x 10-5
C =0.05M

𝐾𝑎 1.3 x 10−5
𝛼= √ = √ 1
𝐶 0.05

𝛼 = √2.6 × 10−4 = 1.61 × 10−2 1

22. Find the pH of 0.05M acid which is 10% ionised at 298K.
Sol. Given c = 0.05
α = 10% = 10/100 = 0.1 1
wkt, [H+] = Cα = 0.05 x 0.1 = 0.005 = 5 x 10-3M
pH = -log[H+] 1
pH = -log [5 x 10-3] = - [log5 - 3log10] = +3-0.6990 = 2.301 1
23. What are Lewis acid and base, Give an example?
Sol. According to Lewis concept
“Acid is an electron pair acceptor.” Ex: BF3 1
“Base is electron pair donor”. Ex: NH3 1

******

REDOX REACTIONS
Q. No Marks
1. What is the oxidation state of an element in its free state
Sol. Zero 1
2. Define ‘oxidation’ in terms of electron transfer.
Sol. Loss of electron(s) by any species is called oxidation. 1

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3. Give the electronic interpretation of ‘reduction’

Sol. Gain of electron(s) by any species is called reduction. 1
4. Calculate the oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72-
Sol. Oxidation number of oxygen = -2.
Let, oxidation number of Cr, (x) in Cr2O7 2-
Hence in Cr2O7 2- = 2x + 7(-2) = 0, 1
x = +6
5. Calculate the oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 .
Sol. Oxidation number of K = +1, oxygen, O = -2.
Hence, oxidation number of Mn, (x) in KMnO4 = (+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0, 1
x = +7
6. What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in hydrides?
Sol. -1 1
7. Using Stock notation, represent the following compounds:
Fe2O3, CuO, MnO and MnO2
Sol. Fe2O3 :- Fe2(III)O3 , 1
CuO :- Cu(II)O 1
MnO :- Mn(II)O, 1
MnO2 :- Mn(IV)O2. 1
8. What is disproportionation reaction? Give an example
Sol. A specific type of redox reaction in which a single species gets oxidized and
reduced simultaneously to form two different products is called 1
disproportionation reaction.
2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + O2(g) 1
9. Balance the following equation by the oxidation number method.
Cr2O7 2– + SO2(g) → Cr3+ (aq) + SO4 2– (aq) (in acidic solution)
Sol. Step 1: Write skeletal equation with O.N of each element Undergoing change in
oxidation number.

Step 2: Multiply SO2 by 3 and Cr3+ by 2 on RHS.

Cr2O72– + 3SO2(g) → 2Cr3+ (aq) + 3 SO42– (aq) 1
Step 3: Balance charges by adding 8H+ on LHS and balance oxygen by adding
4 H2O on RHS
Cr2O72– + 3SO2(g) + 8H+ → 2Cr3+ (aq) + 3 SO42– (aq) + 4 H2O 1
10. Balance the following redox reaction by oxidation number method.
MnO4- (aq) + Br- (aq) → MnO2(s) +BrO3-(aq) (in basic medium)

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Sol.

Reduction equation x 2: 2MnO4-→ 2 MnO2 (2 x3 =6)

Oxidation equation x 1: Br → BrO3
- -
(1 x 6 = 6)
As the reaction occurs in the basic medium, and the ionic charges are not equal
on both sides, add 2 OH– ions on the right to make ionic charges equal. 1
2MnO4- (aq) + Br- (aq) → 2MnO2(s) +BrO3-(aq) + 2OH–
Finally, count the hydrogen atoms and add appropriate number of water
molecules (i.e. one H2O molecule) on the left side to achieve balanced redox 1
change.
2MnO4- (aq) + Br- (aq) + H2O → 2MnO2(s) +BrO3-(aq) + 2OH– 1
11. Balance the following redox reaction using half reaction method
Fe2++ Cr2O72– → Cr3++ Fe3+ (acidic medium)
Sol.

Step 2:
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + 1e- x 6
Cr2O72– + 6e- → Cr3+ x 1
Step 3: Balance the atoms other than O and H in each half reaction individually.
1
6Fe2+ → 6Fe3++ 1e-
Cr2O72– + 6e- → 2Cr3+
Step 4: For reactions occurring in acidic medium, add H2O to balance O atoms
1
and H+ to balance H atoms.
Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Step 5: Add the two half reactions to achieve the overall reaction and cancel the
electrons on each side.
6Fe2++ Cr2O72– + 14 H+ →2Cr3++ 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
1
12. Permanganate (VII) ion, MnO4 – in basic solution oxidises iodide ion, I– to
produce molecular iodine (I2) and manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2). Write a
balanced ionic equation to represent this redox reaction.
Sol. Step 1: First we write the skeletal ionic equation, which is
MnO4 – (aq) + I – (aq) → MnO2(s) + I2(s)
Step 2: The two half-reactions are:

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Step 3: Balance the O atoms in reduction half-cell by adding 2 H2O on LHS and
balance the H atoms by adding 4 OH- on RHS
MnO4 –(aq) + 2 H2O→ MnO2(S) + 4 OH-
Step 4: Balance the charges on both the half cells by adding electrons on 1
respective sides
MnO –(aq) + 2 H2O + 3 e- → MnO2(S)+ 4 OH-(aq)
2I – → I2(S) + 2 e-
Step 5: Now to equalise the number of electrons, we multiply the oxidation 1
half-reaction by 3 and the reduction half-reaction by 2.
MnO4 –(aq) + 2 H2O + 3 e- → MnO2(S)+ 4 OH- (aq) x 2
2I – (aq) → I2 (S)+ 2 e- x 3
Step 6: Add two half-reactions to obtain the net reactions after cancelling
electrons on both sides.
2MnO4 – (aq) + 4 H2O + 6I –(aq) → 2MnO2 (S)+ 8 OH- (aq) + 3 I2(S) 1

13. A solution of silver nitrate turns blue slowly on stirring with a copper rod
which in turn gets coated with a white deposit of silver. Write a chemical
reaction for this observation and identify the oxidizing and reducing agents
in it.
Sol.

In this reaction, Cu is giving two electrons to Ag+ and so it is a reducing agent.

1
Ag+, in turn, is accepting the electrons from Cu to undergo reduction and so it is
an oxidizing agent.
1

*****

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES

Q. No Marks
1. What is a functional group?
Sol. Functional group may be defined as an atom (or) group of atoms which
determine the properties of an organic compound. 1
2. Write the IUPAC name of the compound CH3- CH2 –CH2 – CH2- CHO

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Sol. 1–Pentanal 1
3. Write the structural formula of 4-chloro-2-hexene.
Sol. Cl

CH CH CH3 1
H3C CH CH2

4. What is Inductive effect?

Sol. Polarity caused in a molecule due to displacement of sigma electrons across a
bond. 1
5. Define mesomeric (Resonance) effect.
Sol. Permanent polarity produced in a molecule due to delocalization of phi
electrons or lone pair of electrons in a conjugated system. 1
6. What is Electromeric effect?
Sol. It is the complete transfer of Pi – electrons of a multiple bond to one of the
atoms in the presence of attacking reagent. 1
7. What is homologous series? What are the characteristics of Homologous
series?
Sol. A series of organic compounds which can be represented by a general formula
is called Homologous series. 1
8. Name two classes of compounds in which kjeldahl’s method cannot be used
for estimation of nitrogen.
Sol. Nitro compounds, Azo compounds & compounds containing nitrogen in ring 1
9. What is steam distillation?
Sol. The method used to separate organic compounds from non-volatile organic or
inorganic impurities by distillation with steam. 1
10. What is hyperconjugation?
Sol. It is due to overlapping of ߪ - bonding orbital with adjacent ߨ-orbital or p-
orbital. It is also known as “no bond resonance” or “Baker-Nathan effect”. 1
11. Give the bond line format of the compound 2-methyl-1-pentene
.
Sol.
1
. .

12. Give an example of non-benzenoid compound

Sol. Tropolone 1
13. How can carbon & hydrogen have detected by copper oxide method?
Sol. The compound is mixed with dry cupric oxide & is taken in a hard glass test
tube.
The hard glass test tube is fitted to one end of delivery tube containing 1
bulb (containing anhydrous CuSO4) & other end of the delivery tube is dipped
in a test tube container lime water. The mixture is strongly heated.
Carbon present in compound is oxidized to CO2 & turns lime water
milky. 1

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Hydrogen present in compound is oxidized to water & turns white

anhydrous CuSO4 to blue hydrated salt. 1
14. Give the difference between Inductive effect & Mesomeric effect
Sol. Inductive effect Mesomeric effect
It operates in saturated compound It operates in conjugated double
bonded compounds 1
It involves displacement of sigma It involves delocalization of phi
electrons electrons 1
Partial charges are developed Complete charges are developed
15. Give the difference between Inductive effect & Electromeric effect
Sol. Inductive effect Electromeric effect
It operates in saturated compound It operates in double bonded
compounds 1
It involves displacement of sigma It involves delocalization of phi
electrons electrons
Permanent effect Temporary effect 1
Attacking agent is not required Operates in presence of attacking
agent
Any 2
16. What is Electrophile? Give example
Sol. The electron deficient species or positively charged ions which are capable 1
of accepting an electron from substrate molecule.
Ex: Positive electrophiles: H+, Cl+, Br+, etc. 1
Neutral electrophiles: SO3, BF3, AlCl3 etc.
17. What are nucleophiles? Give example.
Sol. The electron rich species or negatively charged ions which are capable
of donating an electron pair. 1
Ex: Cl‐, Br‐, OH‐, NH3 etc 1
18. What is Homolytic fission? Give example
Sol. Symmetrical breaking of a covalent bond, in which each of the two species 1
contain one electron of shared electron pair is called homolytic fission or
homolysis.
Ex: Cl – Cl → Clo + Clo (Chlorine free radicals) 1
19. What is Heterolytic fission?
Sol. Un symmetrical breaking of a covalent bond, in which one the species carry
bonded electron pair is called heterolytic fission or heterolysis. 1
20. What are free radical? Give example?
Sol. Free radicals can be defined as an atom or group of atoms having an unpaired 1
electron.
Cl – Cl → Clo + Clo (Chlorine free radicals) 1

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21. Why is nitric acid added to sodium extraction before adding silver nitrate
for testing halogens?
Sol. It is added to decompose NaCN to HCN & Na2S to H2S
22. What is position isomerism? Give an example.
Sol. Two or more compounds having same molecular formula but differ in position
of the same functional group.
Example:
HO
CH2 OH
CH CH3 H3C CH2
H3C
propan~ 2~ol propan ~ 1 ~ ol
23. What is Functional isomerism? Give example
Sol. Two or more compounds having same molecular formula but differ in the
functional group
O CH2
H3C CH3 H3C
OH

Ether Alcohol

24. What is Chain isomerism? Give example

Sol. Two or more compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their
chain length.
CH3

CH2 CH3
CH
H3C CH2
H3C CH3

butane iso butane

25. Explain the estimation of Nitrogen in organic compound by Dumas’s

method?
Sol. Organic compound containing nitrogen when strongly heated with copper oxide
in presence of carbon dioxide, The carbon and hydrogen present in the organic
compound get converted to carbon dioxide and water whereas the nitrogen gets 1
converted to free nitrogen gas.
Calculation
Let the amount of organic compound = m g
Let the amount of nitrogen gas collected = V1ml 1
Room temperature = T1ml
Room Pressure = P1 mm of Hg = (P-f)
where P is atmospheric pressure & f is aqueous tension
22400 ml of N2 at STP weighs 28 g of N
28×V1
V ml of N2 at STP = g
22400
1
28×V1 ×100
% of N = 22400×w

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26. How is the estimation of halogens done by Carius method?

Sol. The organic compound containing halogens is treated with silver nitrate in
presence of concentrated nitric acid in a hard glass sealed tube called Carius 1
tube.
Carbon and hydrogen of the compound are oxidized to CO2and H2O and the
halogen present in the organic compound gets precipitated as silver halide
which is filtered washed collected and dried.
The mass of dry ppt is noted and used to calculate the amount and percentage of
Halogen present in the organic compound.
Calculation
Let the mass of organic compound taken = wg
1
Let the mass of silver halide (AgX) formed = mg
1 mole AgX contains 1 mole of X
At.mass of X ×m
Then, mass of X in ‘m’ g of AgX = molar mass of AgX
At.mass of X ×m×100 1
therefore % of Halogen present = [molar mass of AgX ×w
27. How is the percentage of nitrogen determined in an organic compound by
kjeldahl’s process?
Sol. A known mass of organic compound containing nitrogen is heated with Conc.
H2SO4 in presence of CuSO4, The N is converted to ammonium sulphate. 1
The ammonium sulphate on heating with NaOH gives ammonia.
The ammonia formed is collected over a known volume of standard H 2SO4.
The amount of ammonia is formed by back titrating the final solution. 1
The percentage of N is calculated using the volume of ammonia formed.

Calculations:
Let the mass of organic compound taken = mg
Volume of 1 Molar Sulphuric acid taken = V ml 1
Volume of 1M NaOH used to neutralize excess of acid = (V1/2) ml of H2SO4
Volume of 1 M Sulphuric acid un reacted with NaOH = (V-V1/2) ml
Therefore, Volume of Ammonia formed = 2(V-V1/2) ml
1M 1000 ml ammonia contains 14 g of nitrogen 1
𝑉
14×𝑀×2(𝑉− 1⁄2)
Therefore % of nitrogen × 100
1000 ×𝑤

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28. How can carbon and hydrogen be estimated in the organic compound by
Liebig’s process
Sol. A known mass of organic compound is heated in presence of excess oxygen and
CuO in a closed furnace. 1
The Carbon and Hydrogen get converted to CO2 and H2O respectively are
absorbed in pre weighed potash bulb and U tube.
The mass of CO2 and H2O formed are used to calculate the percentage of C and
H in the given organic compound.
12 × mass of CO2 × 100
% of C =
44 × mass of organic compound 1

2 × mass of H2 O × 100
% of C =
18 × mass of organic compound 1
29. C CH
HC CH3 CH
For the compound
i) Write its complete structure.
ii) Identify the number of sigma and pi bonds
iii) Identify the type of hybridisation of each carbon atom.
iv) Write the bond line formula of the compound.
v) Mention whether the compound in saturated or unsaturated
Sol. H
H
H C C
C C C 1
H
H
i) H

ii) 10 sigma, 03 phi 1

H H
sp
2
H C sp C 3
C C 2 sp
sp C
sp H 1
iii) H H

. .
. . . 1
iv)

v) Unsaturated
1
30. Give the principle and the formula involved in the estimation of sulphur by
Carius method?
Sol. The organic compound containing sulphur is heated with Na2O2 or fuming
HNO3 in a hard glass sealed tube called Carius tube, The sulphur in it is
1
oxidized to H2SO4 it is precipitated as Barium sulphate on treating with
Barium chloride. The precipitate is filtered washed collected and dried. The

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Instant Scorer – I PUC- Most Important Ques….

mass of dry ppt is noted and used to calculate the amount and percentage of
Halogen present in the organic compound.
Calculation
Let the mass of organic compound taken = wg
Let the mass of Barium sulphate (BaSO4) formed = mg 1
We know that 1 mole of Barium sulphate (BaSO4) = 1 mole of sulphur
At.mass of S ×m
Then, mass of ‘S’ in ‘m’ g of BaSO4 = molar mass of BaSO4
1

At.mass of S ×m×100
Therefore % of Sulphur = molar mass of BaSO4 ×w

******

HYDROCARBONS
Q. No Marks
1. Which conformation of ethane is most stable?
Sol. Staggard 1
2. Trans-2-butene has higher melting point than cis-2-butene, why?
Sol. Due to symmetry 1
3. Write the expanded form of CNG?
Sol. Compressed Natural Gas 1
4. What happens when ethyne is hydrated with dilute solution of HgSO4 and
H2SO4?
Sol. Ethanal is formed. 1
5. Name the reagent used in decarboxylation reaction
Sol. Soda lime or NaOH and CaO or Caustic soda and Quick lime 1
6. Write a chemical reaction to show acidic nature of acetylene.
Sol. Acetylene when treated with Sodium metal forms sodium ethynide liberating
Hydrogen gas. 1
7. Which hydrocarbon is main constituent of CNG?
Sol. Methane 1
8. Explain decarboxylation of sodium benzoate with chemical equation.
Sol.

Sodium benzoate on treatment with soda-lime undergoes decarboxylation to give

1
benzene
9. State Markovnikov’s rule.

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Sol. Negative part of the attacking agent attaches to the carbon containing least
number of H-atoms across a double bond. 1
10. Draw cis and trans isomer of 2-butene.
Sol.

1+1

11. Give an example for m- directing group

Sol. -COOH, -NO2, -CHO or any other example 1
12. Explain cyclic polymerisation of acetylene
Or
How is benzene prepared from ethyne
Sol.
1

Ethyne when passed through red hot iron tube at 873 K to give benzene.
13. Explain Wurtz reaction with an example
Sol. Alkyl halides on treatment with sodium metal in dry ether solution give higher
alkanes. This reaction is known as Wurtz reaction. 1

14. State Anti-Markovnikov’s rule.

Sol. Negative part of the attacking agent attaches to the carbon containing most
number of H-atoms across a double bond. 1
15. How does chlorine react with benzene in presence of sunlight
Sol. Cl
Cl Cl
Sunlight
+ 3 Cl 2

Cl Cl
1+1
Benzene Cl
Benzene hexachloride
Benzene reacts with chlorine in presence of sunlight to give benzene
hexachloride (Gammaxene or lindane)
16. Name the product obtained when phenol is treated with Zn dust, write the
reaction
Sol. Benzene.
1

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OH

Zn dust
+ ZnO

Benzene
Phenol
17. Explain ozonolysis of propene
Sol. Propene reacts with ozone to form ozonide , which on Zinc hydrolysis gives
ethanal and methanal
1
1

18. Write the reaction when ethene is treated with Baeyer’s reagent (KMnO4)
Sol.
1

19. Write the reaction for acidic dehydration of ethanol

Sol. OH
Conc. H2SO4
H3C CH2 H2C CH2 + H2O 1

ethanol ethene
1
Ethanol on treatment with conc.H2SO4 undergoes dehydration to give ethene.
20. Write the free radical mechanism for chlorination of methane
Sol. Step 1: Initiation
1

Step 2: Propagation
1

Step 3: Termination
1

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21. Write the mechanism for Addition of HBr to propene

Sol. CH3 CH3
CH3 HBr H2C CH2
H3C CH
H2C CH + 1
Br Br
Propene 1 - bromopropane
2 - bromopropane
major minor

Mechanism
+ -
H Br H + Br
+
Step 1: Attack of H
+
CH CH3 H H3C CH3 +
CH
+
+ H2C CH3 1
H2C o CH2
2 carbocation o
Propene 1 carbocation
major minor
-
Step 2: Attack of Br
H3C CH3
H3C CH3 -
Br CH 1
+
CH
o
2 carbocation Br
major 2 - bromopropane
major
22. Write the mechanism to show antimarkonikov’s addition
Sol. Br
CH HBr CH2 CH
H3C CH2 (C6H5COO)2
H3C CH2 + H3C CH3
Br 1
Propene 1 - bromopropane 2 - bromopropane
major minor

Mechanism
O O

C O C6H5 C -CO2
homolysis o
H5C6 O C 0 C6H5
H5C6 O
1
O
0
o H Br C6H6 + Br
C6H5 +
Bromine free radical

Br
. .
Br CH CH
CH
H3C CH2
H3C CH2
. + H3C CH2
1
0 Br
1 Free radical 0
Propene 2 Free radical
minor major

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.
CH CH2
H3C HBr
CH2 H3C CH2
Br Br
0
2 Free radical 1 - bromo propane 1
major major

Br
Br
CH
CH HBr
. H3C CH3
H3C CH2
0 2- bromo propane
1 Free radical
minor
minor
23. Write the mechanism for nitration of benzene
Sol.

Mechanism
Step 1: Generation of NO2+ ion

1
Step 2: Attack of NO2+ ion

Step 3: Loss of H+

24. Write the mechanism for chlorination of benzene

Sol.

Mechanism
Step 1: Generation of Cl+ ion

Step 2: Attack of Cl+ ion

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Step 3: Loss of H+

1
25. Write the mechanism for Friedel craft methylation of benzene
Sol.

Mechanism
Step 1: Generation of CH3+ ion

1
+
Step 2: Attack of CH3 ion

Step 3: Loss of H+

26. Write Friedel Craft Acylation reaction

Sol.

Benzene reacts with acetoyl chloride to give acetophenone 1

All the best Guys … Refer the Text book to score out of out…….

34 | P a g e Javed I Moodi, M.Sc., B.Ed., SET