PLANTS OF NEPAL: FACT SHEET

Rhododendron arboreum Sm.

(Lali Gurans - National flower of Nepal)

Government of Nepal
Ministry of Forests & Soil Conservation
Department of Plant Resources
Thapathali, Kathmandu

June 2012
 PLANTS OF NEPAL : FACT SHEET
Background
Background
Nepal,
Nepal, aa landlocked
landlocked country
country located
located in
in the
the central
central part
part ofof main
main Himalayan
Himalayan range
range isis
floristically
floristically characterized by the presence of six adjoining floristic regions, namely
characterized by the presence of six adjoining floristic regions, namely
central Asiatic ininthe
central Asiatic theNorth,
North,Sino-Japanese
Sino-Japanese in the
in the North North
East,East,
SouthSouth East
East Asia-
Asia-Malaysian
Malaysian in theinSouth the South
East, East,
IndianIndian
in the in the South
South Sudano-Zambian
Sudano-Zambian in the
in the South-
South-West and Irano-Turranean
West and Irano-Turranean in the in the West.
West. The altitudinal
The altitudinal variation
variation rangesranges from
from about
about 60m to the top of the world (8,848 m) has made Nepal a rich
60m to the top of the world (8,848 m) has made Nepal a rich country in plant bio- country in plant
bio-diversity.
diversity. It hasIt has
35 35 forest
forest types,7575vegetation
types, vegetationunits
units and
and 118
118 ecosystems.
ecosystems. Nepal's
Nepal's
botanical
botanical wealth
wealth isis conserved
conserved through
through various
various acts
acts and
and laws
laws and
and particularly
particularly protected
protected
in
in 10
10 National
National Parks,
Parks, 33 Wild-life
Wild-life Reserves,
Reserves, 11 Hunting
Hunting Reserve,
Reserve, 66 Conservation
Conservation Areas
Areas
and 12 Buffer
and 12 Buffer Zones
Zones as asin-situ conservation.Plants
in-situconservation. Plantsarearealso
also conserved,
conserved, as as a part
a part of
of ex-
ex-situ conservation,in innational
situ conservation, nationallevel
levelBotanical
Botanical Garden
Garden (National
(National Botanical
Botanical Garden,
Garden,
Godavari,
Godavari, Lalitpur)
Lalitpur) and
and 10 10 district
district level
level Botanical
Botanical gardens
gardens at at various
various parts
parts of
of the
the
country.
country.

Table 1
S.N. Plants Total No. of Species
1. Algae 807 species (Ref. 1)
2. Fungi 2,025 species (Ref. 1)
3. Lichens 771 species (Ref.1)
4. Bryophytes (Liverworts 395, Mosses 559) 1150 species (Ref. 1)
5. Pteridophytes 534 species (Ref. 1)
6. Non-flowering plants 4,462 species (Ref.
2,3,8,10,11,16)
7. Gymnosperms 31 (Ref. 16)
8. Angiosperms 6,653 species (Ref. 1)
9. Rhododendrons 31 species (Ref. 17)
10. Endemic plants :
a) Flowering 282 species (Ref.19,20,21)
b) Non-flowering 248 species (Ref. 2)
11. Medicinal plants 701 species (Ref. 7)
12. Medicinal plants prioritized for research 30 species (Ref. 16)
and development
13. Medicinal plants prioritized for 12 species (Ref. 16)
agro-technology development
14. Nepal flora in CITES Appendices Listed in table 5 (Ref. 5,6)
15. Protected plants 16 species (Ref. 13,14)
16. Threatened medicinal plants 60 species (Ref. 4)


 g]kfnsf
 
;+/lIft jg:kltx?
Protected
ProtectedPlants
Protected Plants
Plantsof of
Nepal
of (Ref.13,14)
Nepal
Nepal (Ref.13,14)
(Ref.13,14)
Table
Table 22
S.N.
S.N. Scientific
Scientific Name
Name Nepali
Nepali Name
Name
I.Banned for Collection, Transportation and Trade
1. Dactyloriza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo 
2. Bark of Juglans regia Linn. 
II. Banned for export outside the country without processing
(Not applicable for cultivated products)
1. Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb. 
2. Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz. 
3. Lichens 
4. Nardostachys grandiflora DC. 
5. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth.ex Kurz 
6. Taxus wallichiana Zucc. 
7. Valeriana jatamansii Jones 
8. Rock exudate 
III.Banned for felling, transportation and export
1. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 
2. Juglans regia Linn. 
3. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. 
4. Shorea robusta Gaertn. 
IV. Banned for Export without identification & certification
1. Neopicrorhizia scrophulariiflora (Pennell) 
D.Y. Hong


cg';
 Gwfg / ljsf;sf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt h8La'
 6Lx?

Medicinal plants prioritized for research and development (Ref.16)
Medicinal plants prioritized for research and development (Ref.16)
Table 3
S.N. Scientific Name Family Nepali Name
1 Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ranunculaceae 
2 Aconitum spicatum (Bruhl) Stapf Ranunculaceae 
3 Acorus calamus Linn. Araceae 
4 Asparagus racemosus Wild. Liliaceae 
5 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae 
6 Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Saxifragaceae 
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Lauraceae 
Hand.-Mazz.
88 Cinnamomum tamala
Cinnamomum (Buch-Ham.)
tamala (Buch-Ham.) Lauraceae
Lauraceae 
Nees &
Nees & Eberm.
Eberm.
 9 Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc Clavicipitaceae 
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo Orchidaceae 
11 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Dioscoreaceae 
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. Ericaceae 
13 Juglans regia Linn. Juglandaceae 
14 Lichens - 
15 Morchella spp. Pezizaceae 

16 Nardostachys grandiflora DC. Valerianaceae 
17 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora Scrophulariaceae 
(Pennell) Hong
18 Phyllanthus emblica Linn. Euphorbiaceae 
19 Piper longum Linn. Piperaceae 
20 Podophyllum hexandrum Royle6 Podocarpaceae 
21 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Apocynaceae 
ex Kurz
22 Rheum australe D.Don Polygonaceae 
Rheum moorcroftianum Royle
23 Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming Rubiaceae 
24 Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Sapindaceae 
25 Swertia chirayita (Roxb. Gentianaceae 
ex Fleming) Karsten
26 Tagetes minuta Linn. Asteraceae 
27 Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Taxaceae 
28 Tionospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Menispermaceae 
29 Valeriana jatamansii Jones Valerianaceae 
30 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Rutaceae 

v]
t
L k|
ljlw cg';
Gwfg sfo{s
f nflu k|
fyldstf 
k|fKt h8La' 6Lx?

Medicinal plants prioritized for agro-technology development (Ref.16)
Medicinal plants prioritized for agro-technology development (Ref.16)
Table 4
S.No Scientific Name Nepali Name
1. Asparagus racemosus Wild. 
2. Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz. 
3. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo 
4. Nardostachys grandiflora DC. 
5. Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) Hong 
6. Piper longum Linn. 
7. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 
 8. Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten 
9. Taxus wallichiana Zucc. 
8.
10.
Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. 
 
8.
9.
11.
chirayita (Roxb.
Swertiawallichiana
Taxus Zucc. ex Fleming) Karsten
Valeriana jatamansii Jones 


9.
10. sinensis Zucc.
Taxus wallichiana
Tinospora (Lour.) Merr. 


12. Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
10.
11. Valeriana jatamansii(Lour.)
Tinospora sinensis Jones Merr. 

11.
12. Valeriana jatamansii
Zanthoxylum armatum Jones
DC. 
  
Nepal's flora
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (Ref.5,6)
under CITES appendices
12. 
Nepal's
Table 5 flora
Nepal's underCITES
flora under CITES appendices
appendices (Ref.5,6)
(Ref.5,6)
Nepal's
S.N. flora under CITES Plantsappendices
Species (Ref.5,6) Nepali Name Appendix
Table
1. 5 Paphiopedilum insigne   I
Table 5
S.N. Plants Species Nepali Name Appendix
2.
S.N. PaphiopedilumPlants
venustumSpecies NepaliName Appendix I
1.
3.
1.
Paphiopedilum insigne
Ceropegia pubescens Wall. 

 

I
II
Cyathea spinulosa (Tree fern) Wall.ex Hook   
2. Paphiopedilum venustum I
4.
2.  II
3.
3.
5.
Ceropegia pubescens Wall.
Cycas pectinata (Cycas) Griff. 

 
  II
II
4. Cyathea spinulosa (Tree fern) Wall.ex Hook    II
4.
6. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb  II
5.
5.
7.
Cycas pectinata
Podophyllum (Cycas) Griff.
hexandrum
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Royle 

   IIII
II
6.
6.
8.
Dioscorea
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
deltoidea
(Orchids)
(Orchids)
Wall. ex Griseb 
   IIII
II
7.
7.
9
Podophyllum
Nardostachys grandiflora Royle
Nardostachyshexandrum
grandiflora DC.
DC. 

   IIII
II
8. Orchidaceae
Rauvolfia (Orchids)(Linn.) Benth ex Kurz 
serpentina  
  IIII
10. Rauvolfia serpentine (Linn.) Benth ex Kurz  II
9
9.
11.
Nardostachys
Taxus wallichiana
Taxus wallichiana Zucc. DC.
grandiflora
Zucc. 

  IIII
II
10. Rauvolfia
Gnetum montanum
12. Gnetum montanum Markgr.
(Linn.) Benth ex Kurz
serpentineMarkgr. 
 

 
  IIIII
III
11. Taxus
Meconopsis regia G.
wallichiana
13. Meconopsis regia G. Taylor
Taylor
Zucc. 
 IIIII
III
Podocarpus
12. Gnetum neriifolius
montanum D.Don
Markgr.
14. Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don 

 III
III
III
13. Meconopsis
13. regia G.Hook.
Talauma hodgsonii Taylorf. & Thomson 
   III
III
14. Talauma hodgsonii Hook. f. & Thomson
14. Tetracentron sinense Oliv. 
    
III
III
14. Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don
15. Tetracentron sinense Oliv. 
  III
III
14. Talauma hodgsonii Hook. f. & Thomson  III
Altitude wise species distribution with no. of endemic species (Ref. 22)
15. Tetracentron
Altitude
Altitude wisespecies
wise sinense Oliv. with
speciesdistribution
distribution withno. endemic
no.ofofendemic species
species (Ref. 22) III
(Ref.22)
Table 6
Altitude
S.No.6 wise species distribution
Table Zone with no. of endemic
Total no.species (Ref. 22) Endemic
of flowering
S.No. Zone Totalplants
no. ofspecies
flowering Endemic
species
Table
1. 6 Tropical Zone (0 - 100m) 1500 plants species 29species
S.No.
1.
2. Tropical Zone
Subtropical Zone
(0 -(1000-2000m)
Zone 100m) Total
2028 no. of flowering
1500 Endemic
29
50
3.
2. Temperate Zone
Subtropical Zone(2000-3000m)
(1000-2000m) 2000
2028plants species species
113
50
1.
4.
3. Tropical Zone
Sub-alpine Zone
Temperate (0 - 100m)
(3000-4000m)
(2000-3000m) 1500
1650
2000 29
180
113
2.
5.
4. Subtropical ZoneZone
Alpine & Nival
Sub-alpine (1000-2000m)
(3000-4000m)(> 4000m) 2028 1075
1650 50
190
180
3.
5. Temperate ZoneZone
Alpine & Nival (2000-3000m)
(> 4000m) 2000 1075 113
190
4. Sub-alpine (3000-4000m) 1650 180
5. Alpine & Nival Zone (> 4000m) 1075 190

4
Largest
LargestFamilies
Familiesofof
Nepal Flora
Nepal (Ref.
Flora 22)22)
(Ref.
Table 7
Compositae (Asteraceae) 395 sp.
Graminae (Poaceae) 366 sp.
Orchidaceae 381 sp.
Leguminosae 304 sp.
Rosaceae 192 sp.
Cyperaceae 191 sp.
Scrophulariaceae 167 sp.
Labiatae 150 sp.
Ranunculaceae 143 sp.
Umbelliferae 123 sp.

LargestGenera
Largest Genera(Ref.
(Ref. 22)
22)

Table 8
Saxifraga 84 sp.
Carex 66 sp.
Primula 62 sp.
Pedicularis 62 sp.
Impatiens 49 sp.
Gentiana 47 sp.
Ficus 36 sp.
Aconitum 33 sp.
Berberis 32 sp.
Poa 28 sp.

Highestno.
Highest no.ofofendemic
endemic species
species in in Genera
Genera (Ref.
(Ref. 23)23)

Table 9
Saxifraga 24 sp.
Aconitum 15 sp.
Pedicularis 12 sp.
Primula 12 sp.
Corydalis 10 sp.
Cotoneaster 9 sp.
Saussurea 8 sp.
Oxytropis 7 sp.
Kobresia 7 sp.
 Ecosystemidentified
Ecosystem identifiedand
and their
their representation
representation in protected
in protected areas
areas (Ref.
(Ref.
(Ref. 8) 8)
8)

Table 10
Physiographic Zone Total no. of Ecosystem No. in Protected
Protected Area
Area
TeraiTerai 10 10
10
Siwaliks
Siwaliks 13 55
Midhills
Midhills 52 53
53
Highlands
Highlands 38 30
30
Others
Others 5 22
TotalTotal 118 80
80

Threatenedmedicinal
Threatened medicinal and
and aromatic
aromatic plants
plants in Nepal
in Nepal (Ref.
(Ref. 4) 4)

Table 11
S.N. Plant Species Family Nepali
Nepali Threat
Threat
Name
Name Category
Category
CAMP
CAM IUCN
IUCN
1. Acacia catechu (L.F.) Leguminosae  ......P T
1. Willd. catechu (L.F.)
Acacia Leguminosae  ...... T
2. Aconitum balangrense
Willd. Ranunculaceae  EN ......
2. Lauener balangrense
Aconitum Ranunculaceae  EN ......
3. Aconitum bisma
Lauener Ranunculaceae  DD ......
3. (Buch.-Ham.)
Aconitum bismaRapaics Ranunculaceae  DD ......
4. Wall.
Aconitum feroxRapaics
(Buch.-Ham.) Ranunculaceae  DD T
4. ex Seringeferox Wall.
Aconitum Ranunculaceae  DD T
5. Aconitum
ex Seringegammiei Ranunculaceae  ...... T
5. Stapf
Aconitum gammiei Ranunculaceae  ...... T
6. Aconitum
Stapf Ranunculaceae  V R
6. heterophyllum Wall.
Aconitum Ranunculaceae  V R
7. Aconitum laciniatum
heterophyllum Wall. Ranunculaceae  ...... T
7. (Bruhl) Stapf
Aconitum laciniatum Ranunculaceae  ...... T
8. Aconitum
(Bruhl) spicatum
Stapf Ranunculaceae  V T
8. (Bruhl) Stapf
Aconitum spicatum Ranunculaceae  V T
9. Allium hypsistum
(Bruhl) Stapf Liliaceae  V ......
9. Stearn hypsistum
Allium Liliaceae  V ......
10. Allium
Stearn Liliaceae  ...... V
10. przewalskianum Regel
Allium Liliaceae  ...... V
11. Alstonia neriifolia
przewalskianum Regel Apocynaceae  EN R
11. D.Don neriifolia
Alstonia Apocynaceae  EN R
12. D.Don scholaris (L.)
Alstonia Apocynaceae  V R
12. R.Br. scholaris (L.)
Alstonia Apocynaceae  V R
13. Arisaema costatum
R.Br. Araceae  LC ......
13. (Wall.)
ArisaemaMart. ex
costatum Araceae  LC ......
Schott
6
14. Arnebia benthamii Boraginaceae  V ......
(Wall. ex G.Don)
I.M.Johnston)
15. Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae  V ......
Willd.
16. Bergenia ciliata Saxifragaceae  ...... T
(Haw.) Sternb.
17. Butea monosperma Leguminosae  V EN
(Lam.) Kuntze
18. Corydalis megacalyx Papavaraceae  EN ......
Loudlow 
19. Crateva unilocularis Capparaceae  EN R
Buch.-Ham.
20. Curculigo orchioides Hypoxidaceae  V ......
Gaertn.
21. Dactylorhiza Orchidaceae  EN ......
hatagirea (D.Don)
Soo.
22. Dalbergia latifolia Leguminosae  ...... V
Roxb.
23. Delphinium himalayai Ranunculaceae  V ......
Munz
24. Dioscorea deltoidea Dioscoreaceae  EN T
Wall.
25. Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpaceae  ...... V
sphaericus (Gaertn.)
K. Schum.
26. Ephedra intermedia Gnetaceae  EN ......
Schrenk & Meyer
27. Ephemerantha Orchidaceae  V ......
macraei (Lindl.) P.F.
Hunt & Summerh.
28. Fritillaria cirrhosa Liliaceae  V ......
D.Don
29. Gloriosa superba Liliaceae  EN ......
Linn. 
30. Heracleum lallii Umbelliferae  EN ......
C.Norman
31. Jurinea dolomiaea Compositae  NT ......
Boiss.

32. Lilium nepalense Liliaceae  DD ......

D.Don
33. Maharanga bicolor Boraginaceae  DD ......
(Wall. ex G.Don)
A.DC.
34. Maharanga emodi Boraginaceae  DD K
(Wall.) A.DC.
35. Meconopsis dhwojii G. Papavaraceae  NT ......
Taylor ex Hay
36. Michelia champaca Magnoliaceae  CR EN
Linn.
37. Nardostachys Valerianaceae  V V
grandiflora DC.
38. Neopicrorhiza Scrophulariaceaae  V ......
scrophulariiflora
(Pennell) Hong
39. Operculina turpethum Convolvulaceae  EN ......
(L.) S.Manso
40. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Bigoniaceae  EN ......
Kurz
41. Otochilus porrectus Orchidaceous  EN ......
Lindl.
42. Paeonia emodi Wall. Paeoniaceae  ...... V
43. Panax pseudo-ginseng Araliaceae  V ......
Wall.
44. Paris polyphylla Smith Liliaceae  V V
45. Piper longum Linn. Piperaceae  V ......
46. Pistacia chinensis Anacardiaceae  ...... R
Bunge subsp.
integerrima (J.L.
Stewart) Rech.f.
47. Podophyllum Berberidaceae  V V
hexandrum Royle
48. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Leguminosae / DD K
Pierre
49. Pterocarpus Leguminosae  CR -
marsupium Roxb.
50. Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae  CR EN
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz
51. Rheum australe D.Don Polygonaceae  V V
52. Rheum Polygonaceae  NT ......
moorcroftianum Royle
53. Rheum nobile Hook.f. Polygonaceae  V R
& Thoms. 
54. Rubia manjith Roxb. Rubiaceea  V ......
ex Fleming
55. Swertia angustifolia Gentianaceae  EN ......
Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
56. Swertia chirayita Gentianaceae  V V
(Roxb. ex Fleming)
Karsten
57. Swertia multicaulis Gentianaceae  DD ......
D.Don
58. Taxus walllichiana Taxaceae  EN ......
Zucc..
59. Tinospora sinensis Menispermaceae  V ......
(Lour.) Merr.
60. Valeriana jatamansii Valerianaceae  V ......
Jones

CR = Critically endangered, DD = Data deficient, EN = Endangered, K = Insufficiently

Known, NT = Nearly threatened, V = Vulnerable, R = Rare and T = Threatened



 /fli6«o jgaf6

 
;+slnt h8La'
6Lx?sf]
 
kl/df0f tyf p7]
 s f] /fh:j

 
-@)%( 
b]lv @)^^÷)^&_

Revenue by NTFPs collection from national forests
Revenue by NTFPs collection from national forests
Table 12

S. Year Eastern DR Central DR Western DR Mid Western DR Far Western DR Total

No.
Amount Revenue Amount Revenue Amount Revenue Amount Revenue Amount Revenue Amount Revenue Rs.
Kg Rs. kg Rs. Kg. Rs Kg. Rs. Kg Rs. Kg.

1. 2059/60 313756.5 1162267.6 897560 13610798.5 78659.5 365544.9 2597364.8 11444893.8 981527.5 3784446 4868868.3 30367950.8

2. 2060/61 272517 486555.3 717897.6 2735360.2 50371.5 309843.3 1430266.8 10465328.6 385721.1 1989120.3 2856773.9 15986207.7

3. 2061/62 254578 942919 627628 2334117.5 45881 254590.3 1390165.1 7648950 666772 2370624 2985024.1 13551200.8

4. 2062/63 101510 659564 209464.5 1710083 78162 291973.5 2170416.1 12118433.2 766118 2206992.5 3325670.6 16987046.2

5. 2063/64 174484 955332 118988 764805 44823 332366 1301308.4 10310916.2 1024303.7 4278596 2663907.1 16642015.2

6. 2064/65 166476 1187907 243289 1414435 52791 998222.5 1769743.9 15233740.8 1148557.2 9946629 3380857.1 28780934.3

7. 2065/65 238417 1727087.1 73914.8 1369684.5 35677.1 373912.3 965477 19106533.5 867146.9 16352801.6 2180632.8 38930019

8. 2066/67 140468 665991 113510.5 1002083 78857.5 777421.5 352534.5 2814393 1486151.8 15590873.9 2171522.3 20850762.4

Source: DOF 2012

Source: DOF 2012
 References:
1. Kunwar, R.M, Shrestha K, Dhungana S.K, Shrestha P.R and Shrestha K.K. (2010). Floral Biodiversity of
Nepal: An Update. J.Nat.Hist.Mus.Vol.25, PP 295
2. Adhikari, M.K. (2000). Collection and Studies of Plant Diversities with Special Reference to Nepalese Fungi and Role of
Department of Plant Resources, Nepal. Proceedings of the First and Second Symposium on Collection Building and
Natural History Studies in Asia, Eds. K. Matsuura, pp.
107-123, National Science Museum Monographs, No 18, Tokyo.
3. Baral, S.R. 1999. Algae of Nepal, In: Nepal Nature's Paradise (Eds. T.C. and R.K. Majupuria), M. Devi, Gwalior, India,
pp. 655-681.
4. Bhattarai, N.K. Tandon, V, and Ved, D.K. (2002). Highlights and Outcomes of the Conservation
Assessment and Management Planning (CAMP) Workshop, Pokhara, Nepal. In: Proceedings of the Regional
Workshop held at Pokhara, Nepal, 21-23 January 2001 Sharing local and national experience in Conservation of
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in South Asia edited by Nirmal Bhattarai and Madhav Karki, IDRC South Asia Regional
Office, New Delhi, India. pp. 46-53.
5. CITES Appendix I, II, III (03/04/2012) p.32
6. DNPWC (2003) . Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna Nd Flora-CITES, Compiled
by Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
7. DPR (2007). Medicinal plants of Nepal (Revised), Bull. Department of Plant Resources No. 28, Thapathali
Kathmandu,Nepal.
8. DPR (2000). Pteridophytes of Nepal. Bull. Dept. P1. Res. No. 19. Nepal.
9. GON (2009). Nepal fourth National Report to the convention on Biological Diversity. Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
10. His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (HMGN), (2002). Nepal Biodiversity
Strategy, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu.
11. Kattel, L.P. (2002). Liverorts of Nepal (List & Rererence), Kathmandu, Nepal, p.81.
12. Kattel, L.P. and Adhikari M.K. (1992). Mosses of Nepal, Natural History Society of Nepal, Kathmandu,
Nepal, p.107.
13. Nepal Rajpatra (Part 3), Section 51, No. 36, Date B.S. 2058-9-16.
14. Nepal Rajpatra (Part 3), Section 53, No. 31, Date B.S. 2060-8-1.
15. Paudel, H.R. (2011). Plants diversity in Nepal: Data Sheet. Hamro Sampada, 1 (2068) 11:105.
16. Plant Resources Newsletter. B.S. 2060 Chaitra (April 2004), Vol. No. 3, pp. 3-4.
17. Rajbhandari, K.R. and Watson M.F. (2005). Rhododendrons of Nepal, Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali,
Kathmandu, Nepal, p. 42.
18. Sharma, L.R. (1995). Enumeration of the Lichens of Nepal, Biodiversity Profile Project Publication No. 3, Department of
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, HMGN, Kathmandu, Nepal.
19. Rajbhandari, K.R. and Dhungana, S.K. 2011. Endemic Flowering Plants of Nepal Part 3. Department of Plants Resources
Bulletin-Special Publication No. 3, Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
20. Rajbhandari, K.R. and Dhungana, S.K. 2010. Endemic Flowering Plants of Nepal Part 2. Department of Plants Resources
Bulletin-Special Publication No. 2, Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
21. Rajbhandari, K.R. and Adhikari, M.K. 2009. Endemic Flowering Plants of Nepal Part 1. Department of Plants Resources
Bulletin-Special Publication No. 1, Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
22. Shakya et al (1997) Shakya, P.R., Adhikari, M.K., Rajbnandari, K.R. Chaudhary, R.P and Shrestha, K.K.
1997. Flora of Nepal: Country paper, presented at international seminar in flora of Nepal (April 15-16, 1997)
Kathmandu
23. Shrestha, K.K (2001) : Flora of Nepal : Characteristics and Taxonomic treatments. Botanica Orientalis (P.P 52-60)
Central Department of Botany, T.U. Kathmandu
24. Annual Reports, Hamro Ban, Department of Forest.

Photo (Laligurans): Sanjeev Kumar Rai, Revised by: Saroja Adhikari, Sabita. Poudel, Dol Raj Luitel
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Forests & Soli Conservation
Department of Plant Resources
G.P.O. Box 2270, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel: 4251160, 4261966, 4261967, Fax: 977-1-4251141
Email: department_plantresources@yahoo.com
info@dpr.gov.np.
URL: www.dpr.gov.np.