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BGCSE
GEOGRAPHY
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Table of Contents

MODULE 1: RESEARCH AND MAP READING ............................................................................... 1

RESEARCH........................................................................................................................................ 1
MAPS.................................................................................................................................................. 1
MODULE 2: THE PHYSICAL WORLD .............................................................................................. 7
EARTH STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................... 7
MODULE 3: UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ...................... 13
UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER ..................................................................... 13
UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WILD ANIMALS, RANGE-LANDS, FOREST AND
VELD PRODUCTS .......................................................................................................................... 16
UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER, COAL AND SUN AS SOURCES OF
ENERGY .......................................................................................................................................... 19
MODULE 4: ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................ 23
AGRICULTURE AND TOURISM .................................................................................................. 23
TOURISM ........................................................................................................................................ 25
PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN BOTSWANA AND THE SADC REGION ........... 29
TRADE AND INDUSTRY .............................................................................................................. 29
MINING............................................................................................................................................ 35
MODULE 5: POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT STUDIES.......................................................... 41
POPULATION STUDIES ................................................................................................................ 43
SETTLEMENTS STUDIES ............................................................................................................. 45
ANSWERS ........................................................................................................................................... 50
MODULE 1: RESEARCH AND MAP READING ......................................................................... 50
RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................. 50
MODULE 2: THE PHYSICAL WORLD ........................................................................................ 52
EARTH STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................. 52
MODULE 3: UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES .................. 55
UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER ................................................................. 55
UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WILD ANIMALS, RANGE-LANDS, FOREST
AND VELD PRODUCTS ............................................................................................................ 57
UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER, COAL AND SUN AS SOURCES OF
ENERGY ...................................................................................................................................... 61
MODULE 4: ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................ 64
AGRICULTURE AND TOURISM .............................................................................................. 64
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PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN BOTSWANA AND THE SADC

REGION ....................................................................................................................................... 68
MINING ........................................................................................................................................ 70
MODULE 5: POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT STUDIES...................................................... 72
POPULATION STUDIES ............................................................................................................ 72
SETTLEMENT STUDIES ........................................................................................................... 74
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MODULE 1: RESEARCH AND MAP READING

RESEARCH
A research is a careful study or investigation about an issue or a problem.

Methods of collecting data

These are the different ways of collecting data e.g.

• Observation – the researcher observes by taking part in the activity and writes
down his / her experiences

• Questionnaire – the researcher writes questions on pieces of paper and gives

them to respondents to answer.

• Documents or written materials – these are books, diaries, or journals that the
researcher reads.

• Interview – the researcher asks people questions and they answer orally.

MAPS
A map is a drawing representing all or a part of the earth’s surface.

ATTRIBUTES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF MAPS

1. Title – shows us what the map is about.

2. Scale – is used to calculate the ground distance between places on a map.
Scale shows the relationship between real life ground distance and distances on the
map.
3. Key (Legend) and symbols – The key / legend explains the meaning of symbols used
on the map. Symbols show information and physical features on the ground.
4. Direction sign – Shows us where north is.

Difference between a map and a plan

• Maps provide general information while plans give detailed and specific
information about a small area.
• Plans are drawn to a large scale while maps are drawn to a small scale.

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Difference between maps and aerial photographs

• Maps are drawings made by hand while aerial photographs are photos taken using
a camera.
• Maps only show the information that the mapmaker wants to show while aerial
photographs show everything that is on the surface at the time the picture is taken.
• Maps have a key and symbols while aerial photographs don’t.

Difference between maps and satellite images

• Maps are drawn on hand while satellite images are taken by a satellite orbiting
around the earth.
• Maps only show what the mapmaker wants to show but satellite images show
everything that is on the way of the camera when the picture is taken.
• The altitude and slope of the land can easily be shown on a map but these are
difficult to show on satellite images.

Map Scale

There are three types of scale

a) Statement scale – This type of scale is written in the form of a statement. For
example, one centimetre represents hundred kilometres.

How to use statement scale to calculate ground distance

Given a map scale 1centimeter represents 100 kilometres. Measured map distance
between the two places = 10cm. The calculated ground distance = 100km x 10cm
Answer = 100km.

b) Linear Scale – This type of scale is shown in the form of a line or a bar.E.g.

How to use linear scale to calculate ground distance

Measuring distance along a straight line

You take a piece of paper or a ruler; place it along the line that you are measuring.
Mark each of the distance and hold it along the linear scale.

Measuring distance along curved lines

Take a straight-edged piece of paper. Mark the starting point then move it until it
touches the shortest straight section of the curved line. Make a mark on the piece of
paper and the line that you are measuring. Continue doing this until the end of the line
that you are measuring. Place the marked piece of paper carefully against the linear
scale to find the exact distance.

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c) Ratio Scale / Representative Fraction scale – This type of scale is written in ratio form
e.g. 1: 20 000. This means that 1centimeter on the map represents 20 000 centimetres
on the ground. Note that the units of the scale for the map distance and ground
distance are the same. It can also be in the form of a fraction e.g. ½0 000.

How to use ratio scale to calculate ground distance

Ratio: 1: 50 000
Map distance between two places = 10cm
Calculate the ground distance
Answer: 10cm * 50 000cm = 500 000cm
Now convert 500 000cm to kilometres
500 000 / 100 000 = 5km.
The ground distance = 5km.

Map Directions

We use an instrument known as the compass to find the direction of one place from
another.

Cardinal Points

The main compass directions are north, south, east and west. Between the main directions are
intermediate points; north-east, south-east, south-west and north-west.

NW North

NE

West East

SW SE

South

Giving direction

When holding a book upright, always note that the top of the book is where your north is. The
bottom is the south, the right side of the book is the east and the left side is west.

When giving direction always imagine that you are standing at the place mentioned
immediately after the word from. For example, find the direction of X from T below. This is
like saying if you stand at T and point at X where would you be pointing. The answer is
North West.

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Location Places using Latitude and longitude lines.

Latitude lines

These are horizontal lines. All latitude lines begin at the line of equator. This is the zero
degrees (0º) line; it divides the earth into northern and southern hemisphere.

Other latitude lines are the:

i) Tropic of Capricorn - 23½ºS. This line passes in Botswana near Mahalapye.

ii) Tropic of cancer - 23½ºN.
iii) Arctic Circle – 66½º N
iv) Antarctic Circle – 66½º S

Lines of Longitude (meridians)

These are vertical lines. The zero degrees (0º) longitude line is known as the Greenwich
meridian or prime meridian. This line divides the earth into eastern and western hemispheres.

How to locate using latitude and longitude lines

• Always start by giving the latitude. Then find the longitude.

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The latitude of Gaborone in the above map is 24ºS

The longitude of Gaborone in the above map is 25 º E

Grid References

A grid reference is a network of uniformly spaced horizontal and vertical lines used to locate
places on a topographic map. The horizontal lines of a grid reference are called northings
because their numbers / values increase as one move northwards. The vertical ones are called
eastings because their values increase as one move eastwards.

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REVISION QUESTIONS

1. A group of students carried out a shoppers count at two supermarkets in a town. They
recorded their findings as shown in Fig 1.1.

Location Time of each count

0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
to to to to to to to to to to
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
Supermarket X 70 92 98 110 120 170 196 150 110 75
Supermarket Y 74 94 63 82 28 84 95 30 38 19
Fig 1.1

a) State the period of time when the volume of shoppers was highest at supermarket X.
b) What is the total number of shoppers who entered supermarket X from 0900hrs to
1400hrs?
c) State the method of data collection used
d) Give two limitations of the method stated above
e) Construct a line graph to show the volume of shoppers at supermarket Y from
0900hrs to 1800hrs.
f) State two other methods that could be used to present the data.
g) From the data collected, the students deduced the fact that shoppers prefer buying
goods from supermarket X rather than supermarket Y.
(i) Suggest three possible reasons why supermarket X had more shoppers than
supermarket Y.
(ii) Design a questionnaire to be used with shoppers entering the two
supermarkets. The questionnaire needs to find out information about shoppers
and their shopping habits.
(iii)Give three advantages and three disadvantages of using a questionnaire for
collecting the specified data.
(iv) State a method you would use over a questionnaire to collect the specified data
and give two reasons why.

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MODULE 2: THE PHYSICAL WORLD

EARTH STRUCTURE

Plate tectonics

TECTONIC PLATES

• Oceanic crust: younger, heavier, can sink and is constantly being destroyed and
replaced.
• Continental crust: older, lighter, cannot sink and is permanent
• Plate movement is caused by convection currents in the mantle

PLATE BOUNDARIES

I. Collision
It occurs when two continental plates move towards each other.

II. Constructive
It occurs when two plates move away from each other.

III. Conservative
It occurs when two plates past each other.

IV. Destructive
It occurs when oceanic plate is subducted by a continental plate.
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FOLD MOUNTAINS

Formation process of Fold Mountains

They are formed when plates move towards each other this forces the earth’s crust to be
pushed upwards.

Examples are mount Chimanimani, Atlas Mountain, Table Mountain, Cape mountains and
the Drankensburg Mountain.

BLOCK MOUNTAINS

Formation process of a Block Mountain

Formed where there are two faults in the earth’s crust. Plates move away from each other
causing the block on either side of the fault to fall. The middle block remains higher than the
surrounding land.

Examples of such mountains are Khara in Namibia, Harz Mountains in Germany and
Ruwenzori in east Africa.

VOLCANOES
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➢ A vent in the earth's surface where magma, gas or ash escapes onto the earth's surface
or into the atmosphere.
➢ Causes:
- At constructive margin: plates move away from each other; magma rises to
fill the gap;
- At destructive margin: oceanic crust melts from friction and heat from
mantle; newly formed magma is lighter so it rises to surface
• Volcanic plug: lava shoots up, falls down into the vent and solidifies
• Explosive eruptions can produce mud flows called lahars
• Active Volcano: A volcano that has erupted recently.
• Dormant Volcano: A volcano that has not erupted in recent history but may erupt
again in the future.
• Extinct Volcano: A volcano that is unlikely to ever erupt again, because no magma is
being produced under it.

Positive impacts of volcanoes Negative impacts of volcanoes

• Tourism attraction: employment and • Destruction of land, property, jobs,
income homes, transport
• Creates fertile soils: good agricultural • Rebuilding costs
land to grow crops. • Fire breakout
• Geothermal heating: • Gas from eruption suffocates
- Natural renewable resource • Diseases from poor sanitation
- Heating (hot water)
- Geyser and mud baths
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VALLEYS

Formation process of a valley

A valley is a low lying area between two high lands.

When plates move away from each other, they cause the land above to crack. This causes the
land between the two faults to crack and sink.

Examples of rift valleys are the Great Rift Valley, Baikal Rift Valley (Europe) and The Rhine
Rift Valley (Europe)

Diagram of a Valley

Human Uses of Valleys / Importance

• Their banks have fertile soils so people practice arable farming.

• Their gentle slopes enable people to construct roads.
• They are a tourist attraction.
• They are a source of water
• People fish in them.
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REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Fig 1.1 shows landforms associated with movement of plates

Fig 1.1

a) Identify the features labelled A ,B ,C and D

b) Describe how block mountains can be formed
c) Explain how block mountains can be of benefit to people living in the same vicinity

2. Study Fig 2.1 which shows different types of faults labelled P, Q and R.

Fig 2.1
a) Identify the faults illustrated above
b) With reference to Fig 2.1 describe how rift valleys are formed
c) Explain how rift valleys can influence human activities
d) Collision of crustal plates is associated with fold mountains
(i) Name any two mountains formed in this manner
(ii) Describe five characteristics of fold mountains
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(iii)Describe how fold mountains are formed

3. Fig 3.1 shows a composite volcano use it to answer the questions that follow

Fig 3.1
a) Identify the parts labelled A, B and C
b) Describe the formation of a composite volcano
c) Composite volcanoes tend to erupt now and then, thus they are active
(i) State four economic activities that can develop due to volcanic
activity
(ii) Describe the negative impacts of volcanic eruptions on the
natural environment
(iii)Describe measures that could be taken to minimise the impacts
of volcanic eruptions
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MODULE 3: UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL

RESOURCES
UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER

WATER USES

• Agriculture: to water the plants etc.

• Domestic: cooking, cleaning and drinking
• Industrial: heated to make steam in order to turn turbines, and for cooling down
reactors

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY WATER SHORTAGES

• Drought: below average supply of water over a prolonged period.

• Famine: crops fail & livestock die due to water shortage
• Groundwater supply deplete and aquifers begin to dry up
• Conflict arise if there is a limited supply of water and water resources are shared
• People may be forced to relocate due to famine and drought
• Stagnant dirty water = increased risk of waterborne diseases
• Eutrophication due to run-off from farms containing fertilizer
• Dirty water and eutrophication may cause loss of biodiversity

WATER CYCLE

Also referred to as the hydrological cycle, it shows the various processes that lead to the
supply of water from the atmosphere as precipitation and loss of water back to the
atmosphere as by evaporation, transpiration or respiration.
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It begins with the direct effect of the suns radiation on water sources.

i) Evaporation; change of water from liquid to gaseous state to form part of the
atmosphere.
ii) Transpiration; the loss of water into the atmosphere from plant through leaves
iii) Condensation; change of water vapour into liquids to form clouds
iv) Precipitation; water returning back to earth surface as rain, fog or hail
v) Infiltration; when water droplets reaching the earth enters the soil
vi) Percolation-process by which water seeps underground
vii) Runoff; water which does not enter the soil or evaporate runs across the land into
streams or rivers which then runs into lakes, pans and lake.
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REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Study Fig 1.1 and answer questions that follow

Fig 1.1

a) Name the process shown above

b) Name two examples of water sources shown in the diagram
c) Identify processes A, B and C
d) Identify variable types of wetlands
e) Wetlands play an important role in all forms of life
(i) Give three examples of wetlands in Botswana
(ii) Describe four benefits of wetlands
(iii) Identify four problems facing wetlands
(iv) State two aims of the Botswana’s wetland policy
f) Botswana is a landlocked country hence water been a scarce resource
(i) Explain what is meant by Botswana been a landlocked country
(ii) List five ways is which water can be conserved
g) Suggest any two uses of water
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UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WILD ANIMALS, RANGE-LANDS,

FOREST AND VELD PRODUCTS

Range- It is the vegetation that grows naturally on the rangeland. The area is not fenced and
the vegetation is indigenous (local).

Pasture- it is a land area planted with plant species of high forage value. The area is fenced
and the vegetation is made up exotic species e.g. grasses and legumes

Rangeland- It is an extensive land area covered with natural vegetation which is dominated
by grasses.

Range/ Pasture management it is a way in which range/range land is used to obtain maxim
um livestock production.

FACTORS AFFECTING RANGE MANAGEMENT

- Drought
- Knowledge and skill of farmers
- Veld fires
- Type of livestock
- Temperature
- Soils

NATURAL VEGETATION

Physical vegetation; soil, pans, water

Biotic vegetation; includes plants & animals

IMPORTANCE OF WOODLANDS AND GRASSES

- protecting range land from soil erosion

- encourage water intake into the soil
- Some provide browse of animals
- trees provide shade for the animals

CLASSIFICATION OF GRASSES

Class Description
Degreasers- These are grass species that - They are liked/desired by livestock
decrease as grazing pressure increases. - Highly palatable and nutritious
- Perennial grasses
e.g. guinea grass, star grass, weeping love
grass

Increasers- these are grass species that - They are less palatable
increase with the pressure of grazing - Less nutritious
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- Less desired by animals

These are the reasons why they escape being
grazed. E.g. cough grass
Invaders- These are plant species that invade - Unpalatable
the area as increasers & degreasers are - Unnutritious
reduced by constant grazing - Some are poisoners to livestock

e.g. broom love grass, poison leaf grass

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Land is one of the appreciating commodities hence highly valuable

a) What conflicts may arise between the management of wild animals and other land
use activities
b) Describe the importance of wild animals to the economy of Botswana
c) List five areas of wild life management in Botswana

2. Fig 2A and 2B show a range land that has changed over time

Fig 2

a) what is a rangeland
b) Identify two major ways in which the environment changed as time passed from fig
2A to fig 2B
c) What name is given to process that lead to the change shown in diagram
d) Suggest three human activities that may have caused the changes shown
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e) Suggest two other changes that might have occurred to the rangeland over the most
recent 40 years
f) Suggest four ways to avoid the changes shown in the diagram

3. Study fig 3.1 which shows the distribution of some veld and forest products found in
Botswana

Fig 3.1
a) Define the following terms
(i) Veld
(ii) Forest
b) Give four uses of forest and veld products
c) Using fig 3.1 describe the distribution of forest and veld products in Botswana
d) Commercialisation of forest and veld products often leads to over-harvesting.
Suggest ways in which over-harvesting of forest and veld products may be
reduced
e) Suggest two roles stakeholders can play in the sustainable use of forest and veld
products
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UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER, COAL AND SUN AS SOURCES

OF ENERGY

METHODS OF POWER GENERATION

I. THERMAL POWER STATION

A thermal power station is the one that uses heat to produce steam to power the dynamos that
produces electric current. Example of a thermal power station in Botswana is The Morupule
Power Station.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF A THERMAL POWER STATION

• Needs geologically stable ground (away from plate margins and earthquakes)
• Needs flat land which is easier to build on
• Needs to be near a large coal supply as coal is heavy to transport and a lot is needed
• Needs impermeable rock
• Needs to be close to a railway to bring in large amounts of fuel
• Needs a water source
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I. HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION

A hydroelectric power station is built at the bottom of a high dam wall.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF A HYDROELECTRIC POWER

STATION

• Needs high rainfall and low evaporation levels

• Needs a steep sided valley
• Needs impermeable rock
• Needs to be away from large centers of population
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REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Use Fig 1.1 to answer questions that follow

Fig 1.1

a) Identify the method of power generation shown above

b) Name one power plant which uses the method identified above
c) With reference to Fig 1.1 describe the process of generating power from coal
d) With evidence from the diagram only explain what happens to the used steam
e) List two factors that influence the location of a power plant of these nature
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2. Study Fig 2.1 which shows a Hydro Electric Power station

Fig 2.1
a) Identify parts P, Q and R
b) Name one hydroelectric power station in Africa
c) State four factors that influence the location of a hydroelectric power station
d) Give four advantages of generation power from water
e) What strategies may be used to conserve energy in Botswana
f) Another way of generating power is from the sun (solar)
(i) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of generating power from the
sun
(ii) Explain how power is generated from the sun
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MODULE 4: ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

AGRICULTURE AND TOURISM

Agriculture in Botswana

The Importance of agriculture in Botswana’s economy

• Source of employment – Many people work as farmers or are employed by farmers to

provide livestock with food and water.
• Source of food – Farmers produce maize and beans that people need in order to live.
• Source of raw materials for other industries –Industries that processes and sell meat, sell
furniture and beer would not exist without Agriculture.
• Source of income – Meat that is sold to other countries provides Botswana with foreign
exchange.
• Provides investment opportunities – People can invest money in growing crops, rearing
livestock and fish farming.

Problems facing the Agriculture Sector in Botswana

• Low rainfall – Crops require about 500mm to grow. Most parts of Botswana receive less
than this.
• Frequent drought – This creates shortage of water and pastures for grazing.
• Poor soils – Botswana is mostly covered by poor sandy soils.
• Pests and diseases – Livestock and crops are affected by diseases such as foot and mouth
and corn crickets.
• Poor farming methods – Farming methods like mono cropping result in poor yields.
• Shortage of labour – Many young people are not interested in farming and are leaving
rural areas to cities

Solutions to the above problems

• Plant crop varieties and rear livestock that will still do well with little rainfall.
• Create and insurance fund for farmers so that they are paid compensation when there is a
drought.
• Encourage crop production in areas that have fertile soils.
• Farmers should rear livestock and grow crops that are resistant to common diseases.
• Sufficient Agriculture demonstrators should be employed to teach farmers good farming
methods.
• Create better opportunities for young people so that they are interested in training for
agriculture.
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Diversifying Agriculture in Botswana

The following activities must be done in order to diversify Agriculture in Botswana:

• Horticulture – Local farmers should produce enough vegetables and fruits in order to
meet the national demand.
• Oil Seed crops – Subsistence farmers must be encouraged to grow crops such as
sunflower and groundnuts.
• Dairy farming – Farmers must be encouraged to use the right farming methods and
technologies so that milk yields are high.
• Harvesting and processing veldt products – Veldt products like sengaparile, morula fruits
and mophane worms must be collected and sold.
• Game farming – Farmers must be encouraged to rear game animals like ostriches and
kudus.
• Bee keeping – Farmers must be encouraged to produce honey and bees wax to sell.

CLASSIFICATION OF FARMING TYPES

1. Specialisation
Arable (crops) Pastoral (animals) Mixed (both)
2. Economic status
Commercial ( for profit) Subsistence ( to survive)
3. Intensity of land use
Extensive Intensive
Normally a larger farm Normally a smaller farm
Few inputs per hectare High inputs per hectare
Few workers per hectare Lots of workers per hectare
Low yields per hectare High yields per hectare

4. Land tenure
Shifting and nomadic Sedentary
(where farmers from one area to another) (farm location is permanent)
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TOURISM
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN BOTSWANA

THE IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN BOTSWANA

• Tourism brings income from both foreign and local tourists.

• It generates employment mainly in rural areas.
• It promotes rural development by attracting the provision of various services such
as accommodation and electricity.
• It improves the quality of national life by providing educational and recreational
opportunities.
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• It advertises Botswana to the outside world.

OPPORTUNITIES IN THE TOURISM SECTOR

• Business opportunities –there are opportunities for investment in hotels, transport,

making & selling of arts & crafts.
• Encourages local supply of goods & services - since most of the goods in the
tourism industry are imported, there is an opportunity to reduce imports &
increase supplies obtained from local producers & suppliers.
• Development of new tourist attractions – there is an opportunity to develop &
market other tourist attractions e.g. historical sites, sports facilities & cultural
heritages.
• Development of domestic tourism (citizens or residents visiting tourist attractions)
– there is an opportunity to develop the domestic tourism market by making
tourist attractions more affordable & accessible to the local population.
• Increasing the number of Batswana employed in tourism – there is an opportunity
to increase the number of Batswana employed in tourism at higher levels by
training them in the skills required.

CHALLENGES IN THE TOURISM SECTOR

• Shortage of skilled manpower.

• Seasonality of tourism – tourists only visit in May & August when the grass is
short & animals gather at water sources.
• HIV & AIDS - the death of workers especially skilled ones, means more money &
time have to be spent training new workers.
• Lack of direct flights from tourist centre to another such as Maun and Kasane.
• Inadequate tourism information considering the amount of tourist attractions in the
country e.g. there isn’t enough information on hotels, hospitals etc.
• Inaccessibility of some tourist attractions during rainy seasons.
• Regional political instability e.g. Zimbabwe.

WAYS IN WHICH TOURISM IS ENHANCED IN BOTSWANA

• Educating tourist guides on best practices / developing a trained local workforce.

• Promote domestic tourism – locals must be offered special prices.
• Improve the accessibility to Botswana & tourist attractions by providing direct
flights to Botswana.
• Declaring some animals as protected and prohibiting their hunting and killing.
• Developing facilities for the tourism industry such as lodges, camp sites and tour
operations.
• Market & promote Botswana as a tourist destination.
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REVISION QUESTIONS

Fig 1.1 shows the Gezira Scheme, which is a irrigated plantation system

Fig 1.1
a) State three human inputs into the plantation system shown
b) Why is irrigation needed in the Gezira Scheme
c) Name the main cash crop in the Gezira
d) How does a plantation such as Gezira benefit the economy of a country
e) With reference to the map and own knowledge, describe five physical advantages
that the Gezira plains have for large scale commercial farming
f) Explain why plantation farming may create problems for a country and its people
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g) Livestock farming is more important than crop farming in Botswana, particularly

the rearing of cattle
(i) What are problems facing livestock farmers in Botswana
(ii) Suggest five ways in which livestock farmers can increase output from
their farms

1. Read the extract below and answer questions that follow

The Molopo Block cattle ranch is situated in southern Botswana. The aim of the ranch is to
supply quality weaned calves to ranch’s feedlot. At the feedlot the calves are provided with
feeds and water. The water comes from boreholes drilled on the ranch. The ranch employs
about 80 workers, which include truck drivers, foremen and general workers. The cattle are
given regular vaccines and dipped to control infectious diseases. Once the calves reach the
required weight, they are sent to the abattoir to be slaughtered

a) What is a ranch
b) State the main output from the feedlot
c) List three inputs of the Molopo Block cattle ranch mentioned in the extract
d) Tourism is now the fastest growing industry in Botswana
(i) Explain why tourism is growing rapidly
(ii) Describe the problems associated with the growth of tourism
(iii) Identify the positive impacts of tourism on the economy of Botswana
(iv) Name three tourist attraction sites in Botswana
(v) Differentiate between inland and coastal tourism
e) The Natal Province in South Africa is one of the sugar cane growing areas in Africa
(i) Name three outputs from a sugar cane plantation
(ii) Describe the main characteristics of a sugar cane plantation

2. Farming is one of the contributors to Botswana’s economy

a) Differentiate between arable and pastoral farming
b) State the impacts of pastoral farming on the environment
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PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN BOTSWANA AND THE SADC

REGION

TRADE AND INDUSTRY

Trade means the buying and selling of goods and services. An industry is an organized action
of making goods and services for sale.

Local trade is about buying & selling of goods & services within the country e.g. growing
maize in Botswana & selling it to people in Botswana.

International trade is about buying & selling goods to other countries. Countries buy & sell to
each other because no country can produce everything it needs. Some countries are able to
produce goods cheaper than others.

Demand is when people want to buy goods and have the money to spend.

Supply is when goods and services are produced and sold to people.

Inflation is a continued rise in prices. It is measured by studying the prices of a collection of

different goods and services.

WHY INFLATION HAPPENS

Inflation occurs when the demand for goods and services is more than the supply of goods
and services.

For example BMC sells its beef to local butcheries at P14 per kilogram. The butcheries then
sell the meat at P16 per kilogram. If more people demand for the beef, the butcheries will buy
more beef from the abattoir to meet the demand. If the abattoir cannot supply the butcheries
with enough beef and the butcheries really want that meat, the butcheries will be prepared to
pay more to the abattoir to get that supply of the meat. So, the price of the beef at the abattoir
will go up.

It can also be said that inflation is the decline in the value of money in relation to the goods
and services it will buy. For example, in January 2006 1kg of sugar cost P7. In January 2007
it cost P16. This means that in 2007, P7 could only buy less than half a kilogram of sugar.

Thus Inflation affects the value of money because as prices rise, the value of money goes
down. When prices of goods keep on rising, this may result in fewer people being able to
afford to buy certain goods & services. A business will end up having fewer customers &
make less profit.
 30

TERMS OF TRADE

This is the relationship between the price at which a country imports goods and the price at
which it exports its goods. It can also be described as the ratio of the price a country receives
for its exports to the price it pays for its imports.

The formula for calculating terms of trade is price received from exports divided by price
paid for imports multiplied by 100.

e.g. exports P500 * 100 = 200 %

imports P 250

• Favourable balance of trade – If the prices for the country’s exports are higher than
the prices for imported goods, the country is spending less money buying for imported
goods from outside and getting more money for what it sells.

exports

imports

• Unfavourable balance of trade - If a country spends more money on imports and

receives very little money for its exports, the terms of trade are not good because the
country is spending more that it is earning.

imports

exports

• Balance of trade – is the difference in monetary value between a country’s imports &
its exports. If Botswana exports goods with a total value of P200 million and imports
the goods it needs for P800 million, the monetary gap or difference between
 31

Botswana’s exports and imports is called the balance of trade. Given the situation
above Botswana’s balance of trade will be P600 million.
• Trade deficit – is when a country’s value of imports in monetary terms is greater than
the value of exports. For example Botswana imports about 80 % of its goods from
South Africa and exports very little to South Africa.
• Trade surplus – the monetary value of a country’s exports is greater than the monetary
value of a country’s imports.
• Exchange rate – This is the price at which one unit of currency of a country is
exchanged for one unit of currency of another country. It is how much one can get of
another currency using his / her own country’s currency.

If the exchange rate value of the local currency falls, export prices fall and the
prices of imports rises.

HOW EXCHANGE RATES AFFECT THE PRICES OF IMPORTS & EXPORTS

A rise in the value of local currency compared to other currencies leads to:

• Imports becoming cheaper – this is so because less of the local currency is needed to
pay for the same amount of goods.
• Exports becoming expensive - this is so because other countries will buy fewer goods
& services from that country.

TYPES OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN BOTSWANA

Financial institutions are companies & organizations that provide financial services.
These are
• Commercial banks. These banks provide services like opening of bank accounts,
lending money to customers, buying & selling foreign currencies. e.g. Barclays,
Standard Chartered, Capital bank, Bank Gaborone.
• Statutory banks – These are banks that were created by an act of parliament to
encourage Batswana to open savings accounts, save money & to provide loans to
people who want to run businesses. Examples are Botswana Savings Bank, National
Development bank & Botswana Building Society.
• Offshore Banks – These offers international banking services. e.g. BancABC,
Enterprise Banking Group & Kingdom Bank.
• Central banks - This is Botswana’s main or biggest bank. It keeps government money
safe, lends money to commercial banks, organizes printing & supply of money.
Supervises the operation of other banks in the country.
 32

NON BANKING FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

• Metropolitan Botswana
• Botswana Insurance Company
• Botswana Stock Exchange
• Micro – lenders e.g. Letshego & Alexander Forbes

ATTEMPTS MADE TO PROMOTE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

The Botswana government has developed policies, strategies and acts to guide
industrial development, citizen economic empowerment and economic diversification.
These strategies are as follows:

a) Industrial Development Policy It role is to:

• Encourage highly productive and efficient export industries that mainly use local
natural resources.
• Promote & expand manufacturers of products.
• Support rural entrepreneurs.

b) The Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises Policy (SMME)

Its aims are to:
• Foster or encourage citizen entrepreneurship.
• Foster citizen empowerment.
• Promote the export of SMME products.
• Achieve economic diversification.
• Encourage the SMME products to be competitive.

ATTEMPTS MADE TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION IN

BOTSWANA.

Economic diversification involves a country earning income & creating employment

from a variety of economic activities & resources.

Botswana is promoting economic diversification in order to reduce dependence on

mining. This is done by doing the following:

• Promoting the tourism sector.

• Promoting the development of commercial agriculture.
 33

• Adding value to rough gem diamonds by cutting & polishing them and using them to
make jewellery ( diamond beneficiation)
• Attracting Foreign Direct Investment through Botswana Development and Investment
Authority ( BEDIA).

BEDIA

• Encourages investors to open up businesses which aim at exporting goods to other

countries and attracting foreign currency.
• Attracts investors to come and invest in various trades and promote diversification.
• Campaigns for investors to use local available raw materials such as the use of leather
to produce shoes

GOVERNMENTAL SCHEMES THAT PROVIDE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO

ENTREPRENEURS IN BOTSWANA

Citizen economic empowerment is the idea that the government should have policies &
programmes that enable Batswana to meaningfully participate in & benefit from every aspect
of the country’s economy.

This is done through:

• Local enterprises Authority (LEA) - Batswana are trained, supported and mentored
on how to run businesses.
• Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA) – The government
encourages business competition among local businesses & provide low interest loans
to individuals who are interested in starting businesses.
• Localisation Policy – the government replaces expatriate workers with Batswana to
enable citizens to assume greater responsibility in the development & management of
the country.

1. Fig 1.1 shows some of the factors that influence the location of manufacturing
industries
 34

Fig 1.1
a) State three other factors that influence the location of manufacturing industries
b) Why are there few manufacturing industries in Botswana
c) Explain why some manufacturing industries are located next to their source of raw
materials
d) Name three governmental schemes that provide financial assistance to
entrepreneurs in Botswana

2. a) Distinguish between small and large scale industries

b) Give example of two small scale industries in Botswana
c) Differentiate between manufacturing and processing industries
d) State the importance of industries to the economy of a country
 35

MINING

METHODS OF MINING

Open cast

Advantages of Open Cast Mining

• It is cheap compared to shaft mining

• It is fairly safe because people work on the surface of the earth so there few accidents
occur.
• Minerals are extracted quickly.

Disadvantages of Open Cast Mining

• When it rains, water can collect in or flood the pit & interfere with extraction.
• The pit has to be abandoned once the mineral is too deep.

• Open pit scars the land.

• Dust from the open pit pollutes the air.
• A large area of land around the open pit is left unused.
 36

Shaft Method

Advantages of Shaft Mining

• The deepest mineral ores can be extracted.

• The land above the mine can be put to other uses such as building the processing plant.

Disadvantages of Shaft Mining

• Shaft mining is very expensive because transport, lighting and cool fresh air have to be
provided to miners working underground.
• It is dangerous working underground where accidents such as collapsing tunnels & gas
explosions may occur.
• It is difficult to rescue workers when accidents happen deep underground.
 37

• Shafts & tunnels of abandoned mines are not filled up; these become dangerous when
settlements are built above them as they may collapse.

THE EFFECTS OF MINING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTSWANA

• Improves infrastructure – The money earned from mining is used to develop the country
e.g. built schools and roads.
• Creates jobs – People are employed to do different jobs e.g. managers, engineers etc.
• Improves local skilled labour – People acquire skills in engineering, medicine etc.
• Creates opportunities for other businesses - Mining companies depend on other
businesses to supply them with services e.g. petrol stations, banks.
• Development of mining towns – Places that are villages develop into mining towns e.g.
Orapa, Phikwe, and Jwaneng.

OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MINING INDUSTRY

• It offers employment opportunities.
• Other people can start businesses to supply others with goods and services.
• People can invest in mining and share the profits that the company makes.
• Multiplier effect - Mining leads to the development of other industries because they
supply each other with goods & services.

CHALLENGES IN THE MINING INDUSTRY

• It is difficult to find ways of controlling negative impacts like pollution.

• Minerals are non-renewable and there is fear that one day they will run out.
• Mining companies have very little control over the prices of minerals and can go
bankrupt.
• There is shortage of skilled labour. Mining companies hire skilled people from other
countries.
• The soda ash mine faces stiff competition for a market with the United States which also
exports soda ash products.

THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT

• Pollution – Mining pollutes the air land and water. This damages plants and people’s
health.
• Damages landscape – Where open pit mining is used, plants as well as places where
animal live are destroyed.
• Noise from the mines – Loud noise is produced when drilling through the rocks & when
the rocks are blasted.
• Vibration from the mines – blasting of the rocks underneath causes the earth to vibrate.
This causes the houses to crack, shake & break.

Solutions of Mining

• Train citizens in the skills required by the mining sector.

 38

• Mount HIV / AIDS awareness campaigns for the workers.

• Adopt environmental protection and management measures to ensure environmental
damage is limited.
• Reduce costs of production so that minerals can be sold at competitive prices.
• Add value to minerals before exporting them, so that the country can earn more money.

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Study Fig 1.1 shows methods of mining used in Botswana

Fig 1.1

a) Name the mining methods labelled P and Q

b) State the factors that mining companies consider before they can start mining
c) State the conditions under which each mining method may be used
 39

2. Study Fig 3.1 which shows the rock types and mineral distribution in Botswana

key

a) Which mineral is the most mined in Botswana

b) Give two reasons why the mineral mentioned above is the most mined in Botswana
c) Suggest three reasons that may lead to some mines been disused
 40

d) Explain two reasons why certain mineral deposits are not mined
e) Define the term mining

3. Mining is one of the key contributors to Botswana economy

a) Why should an economy avoid dependence on minerals?
b) Identify four impacts of mining on the environment
c) Explain how mining affects people in the same vicinity as the mine
 41

MODULE 5: POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT STUDIES

Population dynamics in Botswana

The term population means the total number of people living in a specific area. Population
growth is an increase in the size of the population over time.

REASONS FOR POPULATION EXPLOSION

• Improved medical care – vaccinations, hospitals, doctors, new drugs and scientific
inventions
• Improved sanitation and water supply
• Improvements in food production (quality & quantity)
• Improved transport – moving food, doctors etc.
• Decrease in child mortality

MAIN COMPONENTS INFLUENCING POPULATION GROWTH

• Migration: movement of people (or animals) from one country or region to another
• Birth rate: average number of live births in a year for every 1000 people
• Death rate: average number of deaths for every 1000 people
• Fertility rate: The average number of children a female is expected to have in their
lifetime.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION GROWTH AND RESOURCES

• Population growth is related to the amount of resources available for example water,
wood and minerals
• Carrying Capacity: number of people the environment can support without there
being negative effects to the population.
• Optimum Population: amount of people that a region/country can ecologically
support, usually less than carrying capacity.
• Under-population: when country has declined too much that it can’t support its
economic system.
 42

• Overpopulation: too much population of an area: overcrowding, depletion of

resources.
• Population Density: number of people living in a given area (km2)
• Population Distribution: how a population is spread out around a country or an area
 43

POPULATION STUDIES

1. Fig 1.1 shows a cross section of an urban area depicting the relation between land
value, population and distance from the city centre

Fig 1.1
a) Describe how each of the following variables change with distance from the city
center;
Land value
Population

b) Define the following terms

(i) Optimum Population
(ii) Population Density
(iii) Population Distribution
(iv) Mortality Rate
(v) Under-Population
(vi) Population Growth

c) Migration can be either voluntary or forced

(i) Define migration
(ii) State four reasons for forced migration
(iii) Describe the problems that are likely to be faced by forced migrants in the
receiving area
 44

2. Fig 2.1 shows a demographic transition model

Fig 2.1
a) Describe the birth and death rates in Stage 2
b) In which stages is a decrease in population sometimes shown
c) In which are developed countries likely to be stage
d) Why does the death rate decline as time goes on
e) Suggest three reasons for the high death rate in Stage 1

3. Fig 3.1 shows population pyramids for rural and urban areas in Africa

Fig 3.1

a) State any three differences between the two pyramids

b) Suggest reasons for two of the given differences
c) Suggest how government can reduce the high rates of rural urban migration
 45

SETTLEMENTS STUDIES

SETTLEMENTS IN BOTSWANA

Settlements are places where people live.

Factors that influence settlements in Botswana

• Relief or physical appearance of land – People choose to settle on flat land and gently
sloping land as it is easy to construct shops and buildings.
• Water availability - Water is needed for human consumption and for economic
activities like flour milling and meat processing.
• Insect and disease prone areas – People want to settle in areas that have no diseases
and pests.
• Availability of Fertile soils – Fertile soils encourage settlement as they enable people
to practice different types of farming.
• Defence – People choose locations that can be defended easily e.g. hills.
• Availability of minerals – Areas where minerals have been discovered attracts
settlements e.g. Orapa and Jwaneng.

Difference between Rural and Urban Settlements

Rural Settlements Urban Settlements

Most of the land is used for growing crops Most of the land is used for building
and grazing industries and shopping centres.
There are few or no tarred roads & traffic Heavy traffic tarred and improved roads.
A lot of traditional houses Tall buildings
No or few recreational facilities More recreational facilities
Smaller population as people migrate to Highly populated.
towns

Opportunities and Challenges of Urban life

Challenges Opportunities
High crime rates Better education and health facilities
Increased traffic congestion Fast and efficient transport
High cost of living e.g. expensive medical More improved recreational and sporting
charges activities.
Increased pollution More business opportunities and markets.
Lack of accommodation and development of Better housing facilities with utilities.
squatter settlements
 46

Opportunities and Challenges of Rural life

Opportunities Challenges
Availability of plenty of agriculture land Low production yields as the young migrate
Opportunity to live in a clean & healthier Lack of business opportunities and markets
environment.
Cheaper accommodation Slow infrastructure
Production of arts & crafts for sale Lack of social entertainment centres.
It is easy to secure residential plots Unemployment and low paying jobs.

The link between rural and urban settlements

• Cities and towns provide services to nearby smaller rural settlements e.g. Gaborone
provides services to Oodi, Tlokweng, Gabane.
• People from rural areas go to towns for employment, banking and shopping.
• Livestock farmers sell their livestock to abattoirs in towns.
• Livestock farmers buy feeds in towns.
• Relatives in towns and those in villages visit each other.
• People in rural areas give grains to their relatives in urban areas.

Factors that have led to an increase in Urbanisation in Botswana

Urbanisation is the rapid and massive growth of towns and cities due to migration of people
in large numbers from rural to urban areas as well as development of industries and services.

• The unpredictable nature of rainfall – this makes agriculture difficult for people to
depend on so moving to towns to seek economic opportunities is the only solution.
• Increased service activities – Towns have entertainment, banking and catering that are
better than those in rural areas so these attract people.
• Lack of employment opportunities and low wages in rural areas – Young people go to
urban areas to seek for employment.
• Transport improvements – Better communication lines encourage the growth of towns
and cities. People move in large numbers to towns so that they can communicate and
move easily.
• Poor medical facilities in rural areas – People move to towns because hospitals there
have specialists’ doctors in different human ailments. Rural areas sometimes run out
of medicine.
 47

Locating points using grid references

A grid reference is a network of uniformly spaced horizontal and vertical lines used to locate
places on a topographic map. The horizontal lines of a grid reference are called northings
because their numbers / values increase as one move northwards. The vertical ones are called
eastings because their values increase as one move eastwards.

Locating Places using 4 figure grid reference

• Start with vertical lines (eastings).

• Find the horizontal line (northing)
• The position of any point will be described by the bottom left corner of the point
that you are locating or southwest corner of a square in which a particular point is
found.

e.g. 20 21 22 23

12

*K *P

11

The position of point K above is 2011

Locating places using 6 figure grid

• Inorder to give the exact position of a place we use 6 figure grid reference. Start
by giving the 4 figure grid of the place you are locating.
• For the 3rd number, subdivide the northing line into 9 equal parts as shown above
then subdivide the easting into 9 equal parts in order to get the 6th number.
The position of point P above will be 221116

NB the underline 1 is for the 3rd number while 6 is for the 6th number
 48

1. Study Fig 1.1 which shows the position of Gaborone

Fig 1.1

a) Describe the position of Gaborone with reference to the diagram

b) Explain what it meant by function of a settlement
c) List five economic activities taking place in Gaborone
 49

d) Fig 1.2 shows the settlement pattern of a small town

Fig 1.2

(i) Explain the absence of a settlement on the south western part of the map
(ii) List four services provided by the settlement
(iii) Name the settlement pattern in the area between the A317 and the A3682
(iv) What are the characteristics of a CBD?
 50

ANSWERS

MODULE 1: RESEARCH AND MAP READING

RESEARCH

1. a) 1500hrs to 1600hrs
b) 490 people
c) Observation
d)
▪ Easy change of state of phenomena
▪ Highly subjective
▪ Lack of accessibility
▪ Easily interrupted by unpredictable conditions e.g. bad weather

Supermarket Y
100
90
80
70
60
50
40 Supermarket Y

30
20
10
0
0900 to 1000to 1100 to 1200 to 1300 to 1400 to 1500 to 1600 to 1700 to
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

e)
▪ Bar graph
▪ Histogram

f)
(i) low prices
Good customer service
 51

High quality products

(ii)
1. Which supermarket do you visit the most?
………………………………………………………………..
2. How often do you visit the supermarket?
………………………………………………………………..
3. Why do you prefer this supermarket over the other?
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
4. During which hours do you visit the supermarket?
………………………………………………………………..

(iii) Advantages
• Responds are able to answer sensitive questions in the absence of
the researcher.
• Large coverage in a short period of time
• Respondents respond at their own time

Disadvantages

• Language barrier
• Lack of clarity
• Nonverbal behavior cannot be observed
(iv) Interview
• Nonverbal behavior is observed.
• Probing is possible
 52

MODULE 2: THE PHYSICAL WORLD

EARTH STRUCTURE

1. a)

A horst

B normal fault

C rift valley

D thrust fault

b) COMPRESSION

▪ The earth crust experiences movement due to compression forces

▪ Two parallel faults occur on either sides of a block of land
▪ The side blocks are forced to rise and form blocks thus forming block
mountains/horst

TENSION

▪ The earth crust experiences movement due to tension forces

▪ Two parallel faults occur on both sides of a block of land
▪ The middle block is forced to sink or subsides forming block mountains on
either side
c)
• Two parallel faults develop on the crust
• The compression forces cause the middle block to rise
• forming the horst (part that rises) hence a block mountain
d)
• Natural defense
• Have heavy rainfall which gives rise to important rivers
• Valuable forest resources (timber) used for lumbering e.g. Himalayas have
teak

2.
 53

a)
P normal fault
Q reverse fault
R Transcurrent/tear fault

b)
• compression forces produce parallel faults on the crust
• side blocks rise over the middle block
• rift valley is formed

c)

• Lakes for fishing

• Forest resources for lumbering
• Acts as Tourist attraction
• Mining due to valuable mineral deposits
• Lakes for irrigation
• Rich soils and abundant water supply for arable and pastoral farming

d) (i)

• Himalayas
• Atlas

(ii)

▪ They are very high (about 6000km high)

▪ They are snow capped
▪ The have deep, narrow valleys
▪ The have high peaks and steep slopes
▪ They have rivers at youthful stages
 54

(iii)

• Earth movement due to compression forces

• Compression forces cause the Continental and oceanic crust to collide
• Less dense continental plate overrides the oceanic plate at the subduction
zone
• The oceanic plate sinks and a trench is formed
• sediments accumulate in the trench
• sediments harden to become sedimentary rocks
• Due to compression forces sedimentary rocks fold and lift into fold
mountains

3. a)
A crater
B dyke
C Lava flow
b)
▪ Convection currents occur in the mantle
▪ Magma in the mantle comes under intense heat and pressure
▪ Earth movements taking place cause faulting/cracking on the crust
▪ Due to intense pressure in the mantle, the magma violently erupts to the
earth’s surface
▪ As it erupts the magma breaks into particles of ash
▪ Lava flows and covers the ash
▪ The lava cools and solidifies forming a composite volcano

c) (i)

• A source of tourism
• Volcanoes lead to mineral formation hence influencing mining
• Caldera lakes are a source of water supply for industrial purposes
• Volcanic features such as geysers influence the production of geo-thermal
power.
 55

• High volcanic mountains influence relief rainfall needed for commercial

agricultural purpose

(ii)
• Causes landslides
• Raises and lowers coastal rocks
• Raises and lowers sea floor
• causes tidal waves/Tsunami which may result in death of aquatic animals
and
• Destruction of aquatic plants.

(iii)
• Building steel framed houses that can withstand earthquakes.
Limiting development in earthquake prone areas.
• Resettling people away from earthquake prone areas.
• Early warning systems, establishment of seismic stations or forecasting to
alert people about earthquakes that is yet to occur.
• Formation of rescue teams to help in times of earthquakes.

MODULE 3: UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER

1. a) Hydrological cycle
 56

b)

▪ rivers
▪ lakes

c)

A infiltration

B evapotranspiration

C condensation

d)

▪ ponds
▪ pans
▪ streams
▪ springs

e) (i)

▪ Okavango delta
▪ Makgadikgadi pans
▪ Shashe river

(ii)

• Source of water for irrigation and domestic use

• Source of food e.g. fish, lilies
• Source of raw materials
• Aesthetic beauty which attracts tourists
• Used for recreational purposes
• They are a habitat for wild animals

(iii)

▪ pollution due to industrialization

 57

▪ Damming of rivers reduces water downstream therefore disturbing movement of

marine life and their breeding.
▪ Over obstruction of water and sand for agricultural purposes
▪ Overfishing

(iv)

▪ promote the conservation an d use of Botswana wetlands

▪ Sustain the social and economic value of wetlands

f) (i) Surrounded by land with no navigating route to sea

(ii)

▪ Reuse waste water

▪ Installation of water catchment systems e.g. wells
▪ Construction of dams
▪ Public education on water conservation
▪ Increase billing of water
▪ Use of water tariffs
▪ Reduce leakages in the system by mending pipes

g)

• Domestic use e.g. cooking,washing,drinking

• Recreation e.g. swimming
• Construction e.g. building houses
• Industrial use

UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WILD ANIMALS, RANGE-LANDS,

FOREST AND VELD PRODUCTS

1.

a)
 58

▪ Conflicts between wild animals and people who see wild animals as a source of meat
not to be conserved or preserved.
▪ Conflicts between wild animals and some people who feel that dangerous animals are
a constant threat to their lives, therefore it is better to kill them.
▪ Conflicts between wild animals and farmers because wild animals kill their livestock
and destroy their crops but they are not allowed to kill them.

b)

▪ Source of employment as people can be hired in national parks and game reserves.
▪ Source of government revenue from the tourist industry as it attracts tourists
▪ Source of foreign exchange
▪ Leads to diversification of the economy
▪ Leads to development of other industries e.g. banking, lodges

c)

▪ Chobe national park

▪ Khama Rhino sanctuary
▪ Central Kalahari game reserve
▪ Mokolodi game reserve
▪ Nxai pan national park
▪ Moremi game reserve

2.

a)

▪ A stretch of grazing land where animal s feed

▪ A land that supplies forage/vegetation for grazing animals
 59

b)

▪ Loss of livestock/animals
▪ Poor pastures

c) Rangeland degradation

d)

▪ Deforestation
▪ Overstocking which leads to overgrazing
▪ Overharvesting of thatch grass
▪ Poor farming methods
▪ Expansion of settlements due to population growth

e)

▪ Desertification
▪ Soil erosion
▪ Loss of quality soil

f)

▪ Growing fodder crops

▪ Practicing rotational grazing
▪ Public education and research on rangelands
▪ Afforestation
▪ Controlled socking of livestock
▪ Zero grazing and use supplementary feeds

3.

a) (i) Open, uncultivated grassland

(ii) Large area covered with trees and plants

b)

▪ Source of food
 60

▪ Used for medicinal purposes

▪ Leads to economic diversity
▪ Source of fuel
▪ Source of raw materials e.g. timber

c) Forests and veld products are mainly found in north east and south east because of the
higher rainfall in these areas.

d)

▪ Use of alternative energy sources

▪ Use of government laws/policies
▪ Public awareness on forest conservation

e)

GOVERNMENT

▪ Gatherers should be given permits

▪ Gatherers should be registered
▪ Develop commercial cultivations of these products

NGO’S

▪ Lead the way I research and development of these products

▪ Provide funding

LOCAL AUTHORITIES

▪ Look past their needs to the future and practice selective grazing
▪ Learn about the proper way of harvesting and ways of cultivating
 61

UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER, COAL AND SUN AS SOURCES

OF ENERGY

1. a) Thermal power generation

b) Morupule B thermal power station

c)

• Coal is crushed and blown into a furnace

• The coal dust is burnt to produce heat energy
• The heat energy will change water in the pipes to steam
• Steam passes through the turbines under great pressure, the steam turns the turbines
• Electricity is produced

d) The condenser-shows that the steam passes along pipes into the cooling tank/cools and
condenses.

e)

▪ Availability of skilled manpower

▪ Near large supply of coal
▪ Availability of water

2a)

P Reservoir

Q Penstock

R Turbines

b)

▪ Kariba hydroelectric power station

▪ Aswan hydroelectric power station
 62

c)

▪ Availability of a large market

▪ Availability of a steep gradient
▪ Abundant water supply
▪ Availability of skilled manpower

d)

▪ Serves as a tourist attraction

▪ Helps in controlling flooding
▪ Can be used for transport
▪ Source of water for irrigation and domestic use
▪ It uses renewable resources

e)

▪ Public education on the importance of conserving energy

▪ Introduction of pre-payment meters by BPC
▪ Increasing billing
▪ Use of load shedding
▪ Use of sensor lights

f) (i)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Can be used in most parts of the world Installation costs are high

It uses renewable energy sources Needs a lot of sunlight to produce high

amounts of energy
It is clean(no pollution) It is unreliable e.g. when it is raining

It is cheap to use
 63

(ii)

• The sun rays are trapped by the solar panels.

• The heat energy from the sun rays is converted to electricity by photovoltaic
cells.
• Electricity is stored in booster batteries for later use.
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MODULE 4: ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

AGRICULTURE AND TOURISM

1a)

▪ Hired labor
▪ Heavy machinery
▪ Seeds
▪ Fertilizers

b)

▪ To increase agricultural yield/cotton production

▪ To use during dry season

c) Cotton

d)

▪ Leads to rural development

▪ Diversify the economy
▪ Source of foreign currency
▪ Creates employment

e)

▪ A large flat land

▪ Has fertile soils
▪ Little vegetation to be cleared
▪ Has abundant water supply

f)

▪ Exploitation of workers
▪ Most of the profits leave the country
▪ Leads to migration of people
▪ Creates competition for land
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g) (i)

▪ Lack of forage/pasture
▪ Lack of education on cattle farming
▪ Poor breeds
▪ Shortage of boreholes

(ii)

▪ Regular vaccination
▪ Dehorning of cattle
▪ Rotational farming
▪ Employ trained labor
▪ Use of supplementary feeds

a) A larger fenced area of commercial pastoral farming.

b) Meat

c)

▪ Stock feeds
▪ Hired labor
▪ Vaccines

d) (i)

▪ Quicker/better air travel

▪ Making previously remote areas accessible
▪ More paid holidays
▪ More awareness of tourist attractions
▪ Encouraging locals to visit areas of attraction

(ii)

▪ Increased pollution
▪ Increased crime rate
▪ Poaching for meat, ivory, skins
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▪ Encourages prostitution
▪ Erosion of local culture as locals copy tourists’ lifestyle

(iii)

▪ Creates employment for locals

▪ Earns foreign exchange
▪ Diversifies the economy
▪ Develop the country’s infrastructure
▪ Stimulates the development of small scale industries by providing market for locally
produced goods
▪ Earns revenue from fees paid to enter parks, hunting licenses, taxation

(iv)

▪ Chobe national park

▪ Okavango delta
▪ Tsodilo hills

(v) Inland tourism refers to tourist attractions and activities found in the interior of continents
while coastal tourism is tourism operating in marine areas or along the coast.

e) (i)

▪ Sugar
▪ Adhesives
▪ Explosives
▪ Flavoring

(ii)

▪ One plant produced(sugar cane)

▪ Covers a large flat land
▪ Large labor force
▪ Housing service

3
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a) Arable farming is the growing of crops only while pastoral farming is the rearing of
livestock only.

b)

▪ Rangeland degradation
▪ Desertification
▪ Deforestation
▪ Depletion of water sources
▪ Soil erosion
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PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN BOTSWANA AND THE

SADC REGION

a)

▪ Availability of market
▪ Labor
▪ Land
▪ Transport
▪ Power

b)

▪ Small domestic market/low production

▪ Lack of capital
▪ Lack of skilled labor
▪ Lack of machinery

c)

▪ To reduce transportation costs in accessing raw materials

▪ It is efficient for the need of immediate processing
▪ Bulky raw materials can be difficult to transport to manufacturing site

d)

▪ Botswana Development Corporation(BDC)

▪ Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency(CEDA)
▪ National Development Bank(NDB)
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2.

a)

SMALL SCALE LARGE SCALE

Employ a small number of people Employ a large number of people
Most work is done by manpower Most work is done by machines
Mostly found in rural areas Mostly found in urban areas
Low production Mass production
b)

• Pottery
• Wood carving
• Beadwork
• Weaving/basketry

c) Processing involves changing raw materials into semi-finished goods that resemble the
raw materials used while manufacturing involves combining more than one raw material to
produced finished goods that are completely different from the raw materials used.

d)

• Provide employment
• Improve communications and infrastructure
• Increase revenue
• Provide a base for other industries to develop
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MINING

1.

a) P Open pit mining

Q Shaft mining

b)

▪ Quantity of the mineral

▪ Value of the mineral
▪ Depth of the mineral
▪ Capital
▪ Site/location of the mineral

c) P when the mineral is closer to the ground

Q When the mineral is deeper underground

2.

a) Diamond

b)

▪ It has a large market

▪ It is available in large quantities
▪ It is very valuable

c)

▪ Devaluation of the mineral leading to low demand

▪ Bankruptcy due to no profit from sale of the mineral

d)

▪ The land of the location of the mineral may not be stable enough to withstand mining
▪ The depth of the mineral might be too deep underground. Hence expensive to mine
▪ The mineral deposits might only exist in small quantities
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e) Extraction of mineral ore from the ground

3.

a)

▪ Minerals can get finished

▪ Minerals are non-renewable
▪ Devaluation of the mineral
▪ Prize fluctuations
▪ Low demand
▪ Substitution

b)

▪ Deforestation
▪ Waste heaps
▪ Soil erosion
▪ Development of ghost towns

c)

▪ Respiratory diseases from gases released from mines

▪ Creates employment for locals as they can work in mines or start other service
providing businesses
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MODULE 5: POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT STUDIES

POPULATION STUDIES

1.

❖ Land value-decrease
❖ Population-increase

b) (i) population size which is most desirable for the utilization of the country’s natural
resources.

(ii) Average number of people per unit area

(iii) The pattern of where people live

(iv) A measure of the number of deaths in a particular population in a unit of time.

(v) Population size that is too small therefore unable to fully satisfy the available resources.

(vi) Increase in the number of people living in a particular area.

c) (i) the movement of people from one area to another

(ii)

▪ Racial discrimination
▪ Government policy
▪ Pandemic breakout
▪ Natural disasters
▪ Famine

(iii)

▪ Lack of housing
▪ Disagreements between different religions and cultures causing racial tension.
▪ Poor sanitation
▪ Unemployment
▪ Poor nutrition
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2.

a) Low death rate and high birth rate

b) Stage 4

c) Stage 3

d)

▪ Improved access to health facilities

▪ Improvement in nutrition
▪ Improvements in surveillance and monitoring diseases
▪ Improvement in standards of living

e)

▪ Poor food supply

▪ Poor medical facilities
▪ Lack of food
▪ Lack of clean piped water
▪ Poor hygiene

3.

a) and b)

RURAL URBAN

Broad base due to high birth rate Narrow base due low birth rate

Steep slope due to high death rate Gentle slope due to low death rate

Number of people decrease as age decreases Number of people increases as age increases
due to the low life expectancy. due to the high life expectancy.

c)

▪ Increase of services in rural areas

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▪ Use of youth empowerment programs

▪ Establishment of industries in rural areas to create employment
▪ Decentralization of government offices

SETTLEMENT STUDIES

1.

a) north east of Gaborone dam and South East of R.Ngotane hill

b) Activities that take place at that particular settlement

c)

▪ Residential area
▪ Entertainment center
▪ Religious center
▪ Administration center
▪ Industrial center

(i) The dense forest

(ii)

▪ Hospitality
▪ Religious services
▪ Mail services
▪ Shopping services

(iii) Linear settlement

(iii)

▪ glass buildings
▪ tall buildings
▪ tarred roads
▪ street lights
▪ variety of services