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Chemistry_Reviewer

The document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry, including the properties of matter, atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonds, and reactions. It also covers acids and bases, stoichiometry, gas laws, thermodynamics, and organic chemistry. Each section outlines fundamental principles and definitions essential for understanding the subject.

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1K views

Chemistry_Reviewer

The document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry, including the properties of matter, atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonds, and reactions. It also covers acids and bases, stoichiometry, gas laws, thermodynamics, and organic chemistry. Each section outlines fundamental principles and definitions essential for understanding the subject.

Uploaded by

robloxbns10
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry Reviewer

1. Matter and Its Properties


- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
- Three states of matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas.
- Physical vs. Chemical properties:
- Physical: Color, density, melting point.
- Chemical: Reactivity, flammability.

2. Atomic Structure
- Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
- Subatomic particles:
- Protons (+) - in nucleus.
- Neutrons (0) - in nucleus.
- Electrons (-) - in electron cloud.
- Atomic number = Number of protons.
- Mass number = Protons + Neutrons.

3. Periodic Table
- Arranged by increasing atomic number.
- Groups (columns) - elements with similar properties.
- Periods (rows) - elements with increasing energy levels.
- Important groups:
- Group 1: Alkali metals.
- Group 17: Halogens.
- Group 18: Noble gases.

4. Chemical Bonds
- Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons (metal + nonmetal).
- Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons (nonmetal + nonmetal).
- Metallic bonds: Sea of electrons (metals).

5. Chemical Reactions
- Reactants → Products.
- Types of reactions:
- Synthesis: A + B → AB.
- Decomposition: AB → A + B.
- Single replacement: A + BC → AC + B.
- Double replacement: AB + CD → AD + CB.
- Combustion: Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O.

6. Acids and Bases


- Acids: Sour taste, pH < 7, produces H⁺ ions.
- Bases: Bitter taste, pH > 7, produces OH⁻ ions.
- Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water.

7. Stoichiometry
- Balancing chemical equations.
- Mole concept: 1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles.
- Molar mass = Mass of one mole of a substance.

8. Gas Laws
- Boyle’s Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (constant temperature).
- Charles’s Law: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (constant pressure).
- Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT.

9. Thermodynamics
- Endothermic: Absorbs heat.
- Exothermic: Releases heat.
- Laws of Thermodynamics:
- 1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- 2nd Law: Entropy always increases.

10. Organic Chemistry


- Study of carbon compounds.
- Functional groups:
- Alkanes: Single bonds (C-C).
- Alkenes: Double bonds (C=C).
- Alkynes: Triple bonds (C≡C).
- Alcohols: -OH group
- Carboxylic acids: -COOH group.

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