1-Basic Concepts
1-Basic Concepts
1-Basic Concepts
Introduction
1
Course Objectives
• Ability to apply basic circuit laws and rules.
• Understand and apply circuit theorems.
• Ability to analyze first order transient circuits
• Ability to analyze steady-state sinusoidal circuits.
2
Basic Concepts
Objectives and outlines:
Circuit Analysis I
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1.1 System of Units (1)
Six basic units
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
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1.1 System of Units (2)
The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory
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1.2 Electric Charges
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1.3 Current (3)
Example 1
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1.3 Current (4)
300 C/min
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1.87 *10 21
electrons/min
1.602 x10 C/electron
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1.4 Voltage (1)
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1.5 Power and Energy (1)
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
Mathematical expression:
v v
– –
P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
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1.5 Power and Energy (1)
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
Mathematical expression:
i i
+ +
v v
– –
P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
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1.5 Power and Energy (2)
If the current enters through the positive terminal of an element
p = +vi (absorbing)
If the current enters through the negative terminal
p = −vi (supplying)
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1.5 Power and Energy (3)
The law of conservation of energy
The algebraic sum of power in a circuit at any instant of time, must
be zero
p0
The total power supplied to the circuit must balance the
total power absorbed
Mathematical expression
w=p*t
t t Energy (w) can be in
w p dt vi dt watt-hour (Wh) or jouls.
t0 t0 1 Wh = 3600 J
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Summary of equations
𝑑𝑞
𝑖= (i in A, q in C, t in S)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤
𝑣= (𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑉, 𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝐽)
𝑑𝑞
𝑃 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑃 𝑖𝑛 𝑊
𝑤 = 𝑃𝑡 (𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝐽, 𝑃 𝑖𝑛 𝑊, 𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑆)
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Example1
How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume
in ten hours?
Another solution:
w = p * t = 100 * 10 = 1000 Wh = 1 KWh
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2
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+200 w -20 w
B E
C +600 w
-1000 w A
F -140 w
D +360 w
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Example 3
An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s
to flow through a light bulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form
of light and heat energy, calculate the voltage drop across
the bulb.
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1.6 Circuit Elements (1)
• Two types of elements found in electric circuits:
• Passive element is capable of absorbing energy
• resistors, capacitors, and inductors
• Active element is capable of generating energy
• generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers
Independent Dependent
sources sources
There are four possible types of dependent sources:
A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
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A current-controlled current source (CCCS). 22
1.6 Circuit Elements (3)
Example 4
Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in the figure below for i2 = 1A.
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1.6 Circuit Elements (4)
Solution
Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
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1.6 Circuit Elements (5)
Example 5
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1.6 Circuit Elements (6)
Solution
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