2ivc 230912 130042

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
 Indus Valley Civilization was the first major civilization in South Asia,
which spread across a vast area of land in present- day India and
Pakistan (around 12 lakh sq.km).
 The time period of mature Indus Valley Civilization is estimated

between BC. 2700- BC.1900 ie. for 800 years.
 But early Indus Valley Civilization had existed even before

BC.2700.
GEOGRAPHICAL EXTEND
MANDA( KASHMIR)
SUTKAGENDOR ALAMGIRPUR (UP)

(BALUCHISTAN)
DAIMABAD (MAHARASHTRA)
Phases of IVC
 Early Harappan Phase from 3300 to 2600 BCE,
 Mature Harappan Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE,

 Late Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE.
Largest IVC site in India – Rakhigarh

Oldest - Bhirana
 The Early Harappan Phase is related to the Hakra Phase,
identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley( Saraswathy
river)
 Trade networks had been established and there are also

evidences of the cultivation of crops = Peas, sesame
seeds, dates, cotton
 Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature

Harappan Phase.
 Archaeological data indicates the persistence of the Late

Harappan culture till 1000-900 BC.
Town Planning and Structures
 Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro each had its own citadel or

acropolis, which was possibly occupied by members of the
ruling class.
 Below the citadel in each city lay a lower town containing brick
houses, which were inhabited by the common people.
 Arrangement of the houses in the cities - followed the

gridsystem
 The proper drainage system of Mohenjo-Daro- use of gypsum,

mortar and limestone At sites such as Dholavira and Lothal
(Gujarat), the entire settlement was fortified,
and sections within the town were also
 Use of burnt bricks separated by walls.

Agriculture
 Wheat, barley, peas, sesame, Most Harappan sites are

lentil, chickpea and mustard were located in semi-arid
produced. Millets are also found lands, where irrigation was
from sites in Gujarat. While rice probably required for
uses were relatively rare. agriculture.
 The Indus people were the earliest  Traces of canals

people to produce cotton.
 Although the Harappans
 Representations on seals and practised agriculture, animals
terracotta sculpture indicate that were also reared on a large
the bull was known, and scale.
archaeologists extrapolate shows oxen
were also used for ploughing.

Economy
Commodities Places
 Presence of numerous seals(made
up of steatite), uniform script and Lapis Lazuli Afghanistan, Chagai hills in Baluchistan
regulated weights and measures (x Semi Precious Gujarat
16) stones
Tin Afghanistan, Hazaribagh (Bihar)
 Metal money was not used and trade Copper Khetri mines of Rajasthan, Baluchistan, Arabia
was carried by barter system.
Gold Mysore, Afghanistan, Iran
 They also carried commerce with Silver Afghanistan, Iran

those in the land of the Tigris and Turquoise Iran
theEuphrates.
Amethyst MH
 The Harappans carried on long Jade Central Asia – Pamir
distance trade in lapis lazuli; Steatite Tapi Chahya (Iran)

Religion
 Numerous terracotta figurines of women have been
found. In one figurine a plant is shown growing out of
the embryo of a woman looked upon the
earth as a fertility goddess
 The male deity is represented on a seal with three

horned heads, represented in the sitting posture of a
yogi.
This god is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a
rhinoceros, and has a buffalo below his throne. At his feet
appear two deer. The depicted god is identified as
Pushupati Mahadeva.
 Also worshipped trees and Animals.

 Amulets have also been found in large numbers.
BURIAL PRACTICES
 MOHENJADARO : 3 forms- Complete,Fractional,Post cremation
 KALIBANGAN : 2 forms- Circular and rectangular grove
 SURKOTDA : Pot burial
 LOTHAL : Double burial
 HARAPPA : East-west axis, R37,H cemetery, coffin burial
IMPORTANT SITES AND FINDINGS
HARAPPA
 Sahiwal District, Punjab in the banks of Ravi
 Piece of Pottery with Indus Script
 Cubical Limestone Weight
 Sandstone statues of Human anatomy
 Copper Bullock cart
 Granaries
 Coffin burials (Only founded in Harrapa)
H cemetery and R 37
 Terracotta Figurines
 Red sandstone male torso
KALIBANGAN
 Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan on

the bank of Ghaggar river
 Wooden drainage
 Copper Ox
 Evidence of earthquake
 Wooden plough
 Camel’s bone
 Fire alters
 Furrowed land
11.88×7.01 x 2.43 m
Great Bath : The water for the bath was provided
from a well in an adjacent room. The floor was
made up of bricks. Floor and outer walls were
bituminized so that there is no leakage of water.
There are open porch’s on four sides of the bath
LOTHAL
Gujarat on Bhogva river near Gulf of Cambay
 Port Town
 Graveyard
 Ivory weight balance
 Copper dog
 First manmade port
 Dockyard
 Rice husk
 Fire alters
 Chess-playing
 Cunnig fox and thirsty crow story on a jar
DHOLAVIRA
 Gujarat , Rann of Kutchchh

 Exclusive water management
 Only site to be divided into three parts
 Giant water reservoir
 Unique water harnessing system
 Dams
 Embankments
 Stadium
 Rock – Cut architecture
CHANHUDARO SURKOTDA
 Bangle Factory  Gujarat

 InkPot  Bones of horses
 Bead makers shop  Beads
 The footprint of a dog chasing a  Stone Covered Beads
cat
 Cart with a seated driver
 It is the only city without a citadel
Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization
It is believed that the Indus Valley region

 The IVC declined around 1800 BCE but the experienced several tectonicdisturbances
actual reasons behind its demise are still which causes earthquakes. Which also
debated. changed courses of rivers or dried them
up.
 One theory claims that Indo-European tribe
i.e. Aryans invaded and conquered the IVC.  Another natural reason
might
 In later cultures various elements of the IVC be changes in patterns of rainfall.
are found which suggest that civilization did
not disappear suddenly due to an invasion.  There could be also dramatic shifts in
the river courses, which might have
 On the other hand, many scholars brought floods to the food producing
believe natural factors are behind the decline of areas.
the IVC. The natural factors could
be geological and climatic.  Due to combination of these natural causes
 there was a slow but inevitable collapse of
IVC.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Remains of Horse bones have been found from.
1. Which one was the biggest industrial
site (a) Lothal
of Harappa Civilization? (b) Surkotada
(c) Kalibangan
A.Chanhudaro (d) Dholavira
B.Ropar
C.Lothal
D.Dholavira
3. A stone cut water Reservoir has been discovered from
(a) Surkotada
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Dholavira
(d) Harappa.
Q) Analyze the elements of urban civilization in the Harappan
Culture. What factors were responsible for its decline?

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

 The time period of mature Indus Valley Civilization is estimated

 But early Indus Valley Civilization had existed even before

SUTKAGENDOR ALAMGIRPUR (UP)

 Early Harappan Phase from 3300 to 2600 BCE,

 Mature Harappan Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE,

Largest IVC site in India – Rakhigarh

 Trade networks had been established and there are also

 Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature

 Archaeological data indicates the persistence of the Late

 Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro each had its own citadel or

 Arrangement of the houses in the cities - followed the

 The proper drainage system of Mohenjo-Daro- use of gypsum,

 Wheat, barley, peas, sesame, Most Harappan sites are

 The Indus people were the earliest  Traces of canals

 They also carried commerce with Silver Afghanistan, Iran

 The Harappans carried on long Jade Central Asia – Pamir

distance trade in lapis lazuli; Steatite Tapi Chahya (Iran)

 The male deity is represented on a seal with three

 Also worshipped trees and Animals.

 Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan on

Gujarat on Bhogva river near Gulf of Cambay

 Gujarat , Rann of Kutchchh

 Bangle Factory  Gujarat

It is believed that the Indus Valley region

3. A stone cut water Reservoir has been discovered from

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