1242 Magnetism

60
Chapter
22

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Magnetism
The molecular theory of magnetism was given by Weber

and modified later by Ewing. According to this theory.

Every molecule of a substance is a complete magnet in

ID
U
itself. However, in an magnetic substance the molecular

magnets are randomly oriented to give net zero magnetic (1) Directive properties : When a magnet suspended freely

moment. On magnetising, the molecular magnets are realigned it stays in the earth’s N-S direction (in magnetic meridian).
YG

in a specific direction leading to a net magnetic moment. Magnetic axis

N
S
Magnetic meridian
Fig. 22.3
D

(A) Unmagnetised (B) Magnetised (2) Monopole concept : If a magnet is Broken into number
Fig. 22.1
U

of pieces, each piece becomes a magnet. This in turn implies

that monopoles do not exist. (i.e., ultimate individual unit of

Bar Magnet magnetism in any magnet is called dipole).
ST

A bar magnet consist of two equal and opposite magnetic

S N
pole separated by a small distance. Poles are not exactly at the

ends. The shortest distance between two poles is called effective S N S N S N

length (Le) and is less than its geometric length (Lg). for bar Fig. 22.4
2R
magnet Le = 2l and Le = (5/6) Lg. for semi circular magnet
S N S N
Lg  R and LeL =2 2Rl (3) For two rods as shown, if both the rods attract in figure
e

Lg (A) and doesn’t attract in figure (B) then, Q is a magnetic and P

(A) Bar magnet (B) Semicircular magnet
Fig. 22.2 is simple iron rod. Repulsion is sure test of magnetism.
 Magnetism 1243
Q
length as well as perpendicular to the length simultaneously as
P
shown in the figure then
Q P
(A) (B)
b
Fig. 22.5 b

L
(4) Pole strength (m) : The strength of a magnetic pole to L
Fig. 22.8
attract magnetic materials towards itself is known as pole

60
strength.
L b
Length of each part L'  , breadth of each part b ' 
(i) It is a scalar quantity. n n
w m
(ii) Pole strength of N and S pole of a magnet is , Mass of each part w '  , pole strength of each part m '  ,
n n

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conventionally represented by +m and –m respectively. m L M
Magnetic moment of each part M '  m ' L'   
n n n
(iii) It's SI unit is amp × m or N/Tesla and dimensions are
If initially moment of inertia of bar magnet about the axes
[LA].
passing from centre and perpendicular to it’s length is
(iv) Pole strength of the magnet depends on the nature of

material of magnet and area of cross section. It doesn't depends

upon length.
S
SS
A – more
N
NN S N
ID  L2  b 2
I  w 
 12

 then moment of inertia of each part I'  I

 n2

(7) Cutting of a thin bar magnet : For thin magnet b = 0 so

SS A – less NN
U
S N SS
S N NN
S N SS
S m – more N m – less N
L' 
L w
, w'  , m ' 
m I
, I'  3
(B) n n n n
(A)
Fig. 22.6 Various Terms Related to Magnetism
YG

(1) Magnetic field and magnetic lines of force : Space

around a magnetic pole or magnet or current carrying wire

(5) Magnetic moment or magnetic dipole moment (M ) : It within which it's effect can be experienced is defined as

represents the strength of magnet. Mathematically it is defined as magnetic field. Magnetic field can be represented with the help
D

the product of the strength of either pole and effective length. i.e. of a set of lines or curves called magnetic lines of force.

M  m(2 l ) –m +m
S N N S S N
U

L = 2l

Fig. 22.7 M
ST

(A) Isolated north pole (B) Isolated south pole (C) Magnetic dipole
Fig. 22.9

(i) It is a vector quantity directed from south to north.

(ii) It's S.I. unit amp×m2 or N-m / Tesla and dimensions

[AL2]

(6) Cutting of a rectangular bar magnet : Suppose we have (2) Magnetic flux ( ) and flux density (B)
a rectangular bar magnet having length, breadth and mass are
L, b and w respectively if it is cut in n equal parts along the
 1244 Magnetism
(i) The number of magnetic lines of force passing normally and r  Relative permeability of the medium =

through a surface is defined as magnetic flux ( ). It's S.I. unit is B


flux density in material
.
B0 flux density in vacuum
weber (wb) and CGS unit is Maxwell.
(4) Intensity of magnetising field ( H ) (magnetising field) :
Remeber 1 wb = 108 Maxwell.
It is the degree or extent to which a magnetic field can
(ii) When a piece of a magnetic substance is placed in an B
magnetise a substance. Also H  .
external magnetic field the substance becomes magnetised. 

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The number of magnetic lines of induction inside a magnetised It's SI unit is
substance crossing unit area normal to their direction is called N N J J
A / m.     It's CGS unit is
m 2  Tesla wb m 3  Tesla m  wb
magnetic induction or magnetic flux density (B). It is a vector
Oersted. Also 1 Oersted = 80 A/m
quantity.

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S N (5) Intensity of magnetisation (I) : It is the degree to which a

substance is magnetised when placed in a magnetic field.

Fig. 22.10 It can also be defined as the pole strength per unit cross

ID sectional area of the substance or the induced dipole moment

per unit volume.

Hence I =
m

M
. It is a vector quantity, it's S.I. unit is
U
A V
It's SI unit is Tesla which is equal to
Amp/m.
wb N J volt  sec
  
m2 amp  m amp  m 2 m2 (6) Magnetic susceptibility (m) : It is the property of the
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and CGS unit is Gauss. Remember 1 Tesla = 104 Gauss. substance which shows how easily a substance can be

(3) Magnetic permeability : It is the degree or extent to magnetised. It can also be defined as the ratio of intensity of

which magnetic lines of force can enter a substance and is magnetisation (I) in a substance to the magnetic intensity ( H)
I
denoted by . Or characteristic of a medium which allows applied to the substance, i.e.  m  . It is a scalar quantity
D

H
magnetic flux to pass through it is called it's permeability. e.g.
with no units and dimensions.
permeability of soft iron is 1000 times greater than that of air.
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(7) Relation between permeability and susceptibility : Total

magnetic flux density B in a material is the sum of magnetic flux

In soft iron
density in vacuum B 0 produced by magnetising force and
ST

In air

magnetic flux density due to magnetisation of material B m . i.e.

(A) (B)
Fig. 22.11 B  B0  Bm  B   0 H   0 I   0 (H  I)   0 H (1   m ) . Also
 r  (1   m )

Force and Field

Also  =  0  r ; where  0  absolute permeability of air or (1) Coulombs law in magnetism : The force between two

free space = 4  10 7 tesla m / amp. magnetic poles of strength m1 and m2 lying at a distance r is
 Magnetism 1245
m1m 2  (4) Gauss's law in magnetism : Net magnetic flux through
given by F  k . . In S.I. units k  0  10 7 wb / Amp  m ,
r2 4
In CGS units k 1
any closed surface is always zero i.e.  B.ds  0
Earth's Magnetic Field (Terrestrial Magnetism)
(2) Magnetic field
As per the most established theory it is due to the rotation
(i) Magnetic field due to an imaginary magnetic pole (Pole
of the earth where by the various charged ions present in the
F  m
strength m) : Is given by B  also B  0 . 2
m0 4 d molten state in the core of the earth rotate and constitute a

current.

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(ii) Magnetic field due to a bar magnet : At a distance r from

the centre of magnet Geographic

Magnetic
axis
axis
(a) On axial position
Sm Ng

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
 2 Mr  2M Equator
Ba  0 2 ; If l<<r then B a  0 3
4 (r  l 2 ) 2 4 r

 e B
Be
g Sg Nm
Equatorial line

S
2l



N
+

Axial line
a

Ba
ID Fig. 22.13
U
M

Fig. 22.12 (1) The magnetic field of earth is similar to one which would

be obtained if a huge magnet is assumed to be buried deep

YG

inside the earth at it's centre.

(2) The axis of rotation of earth is called geographic axis and

0 M the points where it cuts the surface of earth are called geographical
(b) On equatorial position : Be  ; If l <<r ;
4 (r 2  l 2 )3 / 2 poles (Ng, Sg). The circle on the earth's surface perpendicular to
D

0 M the geographical axis is called equator.

then B e 
4 r 3
(3) A vertical plane passing through the geographical axis is
(c) General position : In general position for a short bar
U

called geographical meridian.

 M
magnet B g  0 3 (3 cos 2   1)
4 r (4) The axis of the huge magnet assumed to be lying inside
the earth is called magnetic axis of the earth. The points where
ST

(3) Bar magnet in magnetic field : When a bar magnet is left

the magnetic axis cuts the surface of earth are called magnetic
free in an uniform magnetic field, if align it self in the directional
poles. The circle on the earth's surface perpendicular to the
field.
magnetic axis is called magnetic equator.
(i) Torque :  = MB sin    M  B
(5) Magnetic axis and Geographical axis don't coincide but
(ii) Work : W  MB(1  cos ) they make an angle of 17.5° with each other.

(iii) Potential energy : U   MB cos    M . B ; ( = Angle (6) Magnetic equator divides the earth into two
made by the dipole with the field) hemispheres. The hemisphere containing south polarity of
 1246 Magnetism
earth's magnetism is called northern hemisphere while the B  B H 2  BV 2

other, the southern hemisphere.

BV
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i) tan  
(7) The magnetic field of earth is not constant but changes BH

irregularly from place to place on the surface of the earth and Magnetic Maps and Neutral Points
even at a given place it varies with time too. (1) Magnetic maps : Magnetic maps (i.e. Declination, dip and

(8) Direction of earth's magnetic field is from S horizontal component) over the earth vary in magnitude from

(geographical south) to N (geographical north). place to place. It is found that many places have the same value

60
of magnetic elements. The lines are drawn joining all place on the
Elements of Earth's Magnetic Field
earth having same value of a magnetic element. These lines form
The magnitude and direction of the magnetic field of the
magnetic map.
earth at a place are completely given by certain. quantities

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known as magnetic elements. (i) Isogonic lines: These are the lines on the magnetic map
joining the places of equal declination.
(1) Magnetic Declination () : It is the angle between
(ii) Agonic line: The line which passes through places
geographic and the magnetic meridian planes.

Geographical
BH

B



BV

W
 oW

N


 oE

E
ID having zero declination is called agonic line.

(iii) Isoclinic lines : These are the lines joining the points of
equal dip or inclination.
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meridian (iv) Aclinic line : The line joining places of zero dip is called
Magnetic
meridian aclinic line (or magnetic equator)
S
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(v) Isodynamic lines : The lines joining the points or places

(A) (B)
Fig. 22.14 having the same value of horizontal component of earth's
magnetic field are called isodynamic lines.

(2) Neutral points : A neutral point is a point at which the

Declination at a place is expressed at  o E or  o W
resultant magnetic field is zero. In general the neutral point is
D

depending upon whether the north pole of the compass needle obtained when horizontal component of earth's field is balanced
lies to the east or to the west of the geographical axis. by the field produced by the magnet.
U

(2) Angle of inclination or Dip ( ) : It is the angle between Tangent Law

the direction of intensity of total magnetic field of earth and a When a small magnet is
mBH
ST

horizontal line in the magnetic meridian. suspended in two uniform magnetic

BH
fields B and B H which are at right 
mB
(3) Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field (BH) : N
angles to each other, the magnet
B
Earth's magnetic field is horizontal only at the magnetic equator. comes to rest at an angle  with S
mB
At any other place, the total intensity can be resolved into respect to B H .
mBH
Fig. 22.15
horizontal component (BH) and vertical component (BV). In equilibrium
MBH sin  MB sin(90 o   )
Also BH= B cos  ...... (i) and B V  B sin ...... (ii)
 B  B H tan  . This is called tangent law.
By squaring and adding equation (i) and (ii)
Tangent Galvanometer
 Magnetism 1247
It consists of three circular coils of insulated copper wire (1) Tan A position : In this position the magnetometer is set

wound on a vertical circular frame made of nonmagnetic perpendicular to magnetic meridian. So that, magnetic field due
to magnet, is in axial position and perpendicular to earth's field.
material as ebonite or wood. A small magnetic compass needle
 2 Mr  2M
Hence BH tan   0 . 2 2 2 or BH tan   0 . 3
is pivoted at the centre of the vertical circular frame. When the 4 (r  l ) 4 r
coil of the tangent galvanometer is kept in magnetic meridian (2) Tan B position : The arms of magnetometer are set in
and current passes through any of the coil then the needle at magnetic meridian, so that the magnetic field due to magnet is
0 M
the centre gets deflected and comes to an equilibrium position at it's equatorial position. Hence BH tan   . or
4 (r 2  l 2 )3 / 2

60
under the action of two perpendicular field : one due to 0 M
BH tan   .
4 r 3
horizontal component of earth and the other due to field ( B) set
(3) Comparison of magnetic moments : According to
up by the coil due to current. M tan 1
deflection method 1 
tan  2

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M2
Circular coil 3
M 1  d1 
Compass box According to null deflection method  
M 2  d 2 
N
S

Vibration Magnetometer
Terminals

Fig. 22.16
Leveling screws ID Vibration magnetometer is used for comparison of magnetic

moments and magnetic fields. This device works on the

principle, that whenever a freely suspended magnet in a uniform

U
magnetic field, is disturbed from it's equilibrium position, it starts
Torsion head
vibrating about the mean position.
 0 ni
In equilibrium B  B H tan θ where B  ; n = number
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2r
of turns, r = radius of coil, i = the current to be measured,  =
N S
angle made by needle from the direction of B H in
equilibrium. Fig. 22.18

 0 Ni 2rBH
Hence  B H tan   i = k tan where k  is
0 N
D

2r
called reduction factor.
Deflection Magnetometer
Time period of oscillation of experimental bar magnet
U

It's working is based on the principle of tangent law. It (magnetic moment M) in earth's magnetic field (B H ) is given by
consists of a small compass needle, pivoted at the centre of a
I
the formula. T  2 ; where, I  moment of inertia of
ST

circular box. The box is kept in a wooden frame having two MB H

meter scale fitted on it's two arms. Reading of a scale at any wL 2
short bar magnet  (w = mass of bar magnet)
point directly gives the distance of that point from the centre of 12
compass needle. (1) Determination of magnetic moment of a magnet : The
experimental (given) magnet is put into vibration magnetometer
0o
90o 90o and it's time period T is determined. Now
0o
I 4 2 I
T  2 M 
MB H B H .T 2
Fig. 22.17
 1248 Magnetism
(2) Comparison of horizontal components of earth's (5) To find the ratio of magnetic field : Suppose it is
magnetic field at two places required to find the ratio
B
where B is the field created by
BH
I
T  2 ; since I and M of the magnet are constant, magnet and BH is the horizontal component of earth's magnetic
MB H
field.
1 (B ) T2
So T 2   H 1  22 B
BH (B H ) 2 T1 To determine a primary (main) magnet is made to first
BH
(3) Comparison of magnetic moment of two magnets of oscillate in earth's magnetic field (BH) alone and it's time period

60
same size and mass
of oscillation (T) is noted.
I
T  2 ; Here I and BH are constants. I
M .B H T  2 BH
M BH

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1 M1 T2
So M    22 1 M BH M N S
and frequency  
2
T M2 T1
2 I Fig. 22.21
(4) Comparison of magnetic moments by sum and
Now a secondary magnet placed near the primary magnet
difference method
S N
M1 so primary magnet oscillate in a new field with is the resultant of
Sum position

Net magnetic moment Ms = M1 + M2

S
Fig. 22.19
N ID
M2 B and BH and now time period, is noted again.

T '  2
I
M (B  B H )
U
BH
Net moment of inertia Is = I1 + I2
Pri. Sec.
Time period of oscillation of this pair in earth's magnetic field 1 M (B  B H )
or  '  N S N S
2
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I
(BH) d

B  ' 
2 Fig. 22.22
Is I1  I 2     1
Ts  2  2 ....(i) BH   
M s BH (M 1  M 2 )B H
Magnetic Materials
1 (M1  M 2 )BH
Frequency  s  On the basis of mutual interactions or behaviour of various
D

2 Is
materials in an external magnetic field, the materials are divided
Difference position in three main categories.
U

M2 N S (1) Diamagnetic materials : Diamagnetism is the intrinsic

Net magnetic moment
S N M1
property of every material and it is generated due to mutual
Md = M1 + M2 Fig. 22.20
interaction between the applied magnetic field and orbital
ST

Net moment of inertia Id = I1 + I2 motion of electrons.

(2) Paramagnetic materials : In these substances the inner

Id I1  I 2
and Td  2  2 ....(ii)
M d BH (M 1  M 2 )B H orbits of atoms are incomplete. The electron spins are

uncoupled, consequently on applying a magnetic field the

1 (M 1  M 2 ) B H
and  d  . From equation (i) and (ii) we
2 (I1  I 2 ) magnetic moment generated due to spin motion align in the

get direction of magnetic field and induces magnetic moment in its

Ts M1  M 2 M1 T 2  Ts2  s2   d2 direction due to which the material gets feebly magnetised. In

   d2 
Td M1  M 2 M2 Td  Ts2  s2   d2 these materials the electron number is odd.
 Magnetism 1249
(5) Curie temperature (Tc) : The temperature above which a
ferromagnetic material behaves like a paramagnetic material is
defined as Curie temperature (Tc).

or

The minimum temperature at which a ferromagnetic

(A) (B)
When no field is applied
substance is converted into paramagnetic substance is defined
On application of field (B)
as Curie temperature. For various ferromagnetic materials its
Fig. 22.23
values are different, e.g. for Ni, TC Ni  358 o C for Fe,

60
TCFe  770 C
o

for CO, TCCO  1120 o C

(3) Ferromagnetic materials : In some materials, the
At this temperature the ferromagnetism of the substances
permanent atomic magnetic moments have strong tendency to

E3
suddenly vanishes.
align themselves even without any external field.
(6) Curie-weiss law : At temperatures above Curie
These materials are called ferromagnetic materials.
temperature the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic
In every unmagnetised ferromagnetic material, the atoms 
materials is inversely proportional to (T – Tc)
form domains inside the material. Different domains, however,

have different directions of magnetic moment and hence the

materials remain unmagnetised. On applying an external

ID i.e.  
1
T  Tc

C
  TC T
U
magnetic field, these domains rotate and align in the direction of (T  Tc )
Fig. 22.25
magnetic field. Here Tc = Curie temperature
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-T curve is shown (for Curie-Weiss Law)

Hysteresis Curve

For ferromagnetic

materials, by removing external I or (B)

C B
D

(A) Unmagnetised (B) Magnetised magnetic field i.e. H = 0. The A

Fig. 22.24 magnetic moment of some
D O G H
U

domains remain aligned in the

F
applied direction of previous E
(4) Curie Law : The magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic
ST

magnetising field which results Fig. 22.26

substances is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature
into a residual magnetism.
1 C
i.e.      ; where C = Curie constant, T = absolute
T T
The lack of retracibility as shown in figure is called
temperature.
hysteresis and the curve is known as hysteresis loop.
On increasing temperature, the magnetic susceptibility of
paramagnetic materials decreases and vice versa.
(1) Retentivity : When H is reduced, I reduces but is not
The magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic substances
zero when H = 0. The remainder value OC of magnetisation
does not change according to Curie law.
when H = 0 is called the residual magnetism or retentivity.
 1250 Magnetism
The property by virtue of which the magnetism ( I) remains I
I
in a material even on the removal of magnetising field is called

Retentivity or Residual magnetism. H

H

(2) Corecivity or corecive force : When magnetic field H is

reversed, the magnetisation decreases and for a particular

value of H, denoted by Hc, it becomes zero i.e., Hc = OD when I

= 0. This value of H is called the corecivity.

60
The area of hysteresis loop is The area of hysteresis loop is
Magnetic hard substance (steel)  High corecvity
less (low energy loss) large (high energy loss)

Magnetic soft substance (soft iron)  Low corecivity Less relativity and corecive More retentivity and corecive

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force force
(3) When field H is further increased in reverse direction,

the intensity of magnetisation attains saturation value in reverse Magnetic permeability is high Magnetic permeability is less

direction (i.e. point E) I and  both are high I and  both are low

(4) When H is decreased to zero and changed direction in

steps, we get the part EFGB.

Thus complete cycle of magnetisation and demagnetisation

ID It magnetised and

demagnetised easily

Used in dynamo, transformer,

Magnetisation and

demagnetisation is not easy

Used for making permanent

U
electromagnet tape recorder magnet.
is represented by BCDEFGB. This curve is known as hysteresis
and tapes etc.
curve
YG

Table 22.1 : Comparison between soft iron and steel

Soft iron Steel

Table 22.2 : Comparative study of magnetic materials

D

Property Diamagnetic substances Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic substances

Cause of magnetism Orbital motion of electrons Spin motion of electrons Formation of domains
U

Explanation of magnetism On the basis of orbital motion of On the basis of spin and orbital On the basis of domains formed

electrons motion of electrons

ST

Behaviour In a non-uniform These are repelled in an external These are feebly attracted in an These are strongly attracted in

magnetic field magnetic field i.e. have a external magnetic field i.e., have an external magnetic field i.e.

tendency to move from high to a tendency to move from low to they easily move from low to

low field region. high field region high field region

Pushed up Pulled in Very

strong pull

N S N S N S
 Magnetism 1251

State of magnetisation These are weekly magnetised in These get weekly magnetised in These get strongly magnetised

a direction opposite to that of the direction of applied magnetic in the direction of applied

applied magnetic field field magnetic field

When the material in the form of Liquid level in that limb gets Liquid level in that limb rises up Liquid level in that limb rises up

liquid is filled in the U-tube and depressed very much

placed between pole pieces.

N S N S

60
N S

Liquid Liquid Liquid

E3
On placing the gaseous materials The gas expands at right angles The gas expands in the direction The gas rapidly expands in the
between pole pieces

The value of magnetic induction B

to the magnetic field.

B < B0 (where B0 is the magnetic

induction in vacuum)
ID of magnetic field.

B > B0
direction of magnetic field

B >> B0
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Magnetic susceptibility  Low and negative ||  1 Low but positive   1 Positive and high   102

Dependence of  on temperature Does not depend on temperature On cooling, these get converted These get converted into
YG

(except Bi at low temperature) to ferromagnetic materials at paramagnetic materials at Curie

Curie temperature temperature

  
D

T T TC T
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Relative r < 1 r > 1  r >> 1

permeability ( r)  r = 102
ST

Intensity of magnetisation ( I) I is in a direction opposite to that of H I is in the direction of H but value I is in the direction of H and
and its value is very low is low value is very high.

I-H curves
+I Is

H
–I H Hs H
 1252 Magnetism
Magnetic moment ( M) Very low ( 0) Very low Very high

Examples Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Bi, Sb, NaCl, Al, Mn, Pt, Na, CuCl2, O2 and Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Fe3O4 etc.

H2O air and diamond etc. crown glass

magnetic field B, the kinetic energy will decrease by 2 MB.

 Intensity of magnetisation (I) is produced in materials

due to spin motion of electrons.

60
 For protecting a sensitive equipment from the external
magnetic field it should be placed inside an iron cane.
(magnetic shielding)

E3
eh
 Bohr magneton  B   9.27×10–24 A/m2 . It serves as
4m
B=0
natural unit of magnetic moment. Bohr magneton can be defined

as the orbital magnetic moment of an electron circulating in inner

most orbit.

 Magnetic moment of straight current carrying wire is

zero.
ID  Apparent dip : In a vertical plane inclined at an angle  to
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 Magnetic moment of toroid is zero the magnetic meridian, vertical component of earth's

 Atoms which have paired electron have the magnetic magnetic field remains unchanged while in the new inclined
Magnetic meridian
BH
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moment zero. plane horizontal component B' H  B H cos

 
 BH cos

 Magnetostriction : The length of an iron bar changes  '  apparent angle of dip
B
when it is magnetised, when an iron bar magnetised it's BV BV BV
and tan  '  
BH' BH cos 
length increases due to alignment of spins parallel to the Inclined plane
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field. This increase is in the direction of magnetisation. This tan 

 tan  ' 
cos 
effect is known as magnetostriction.
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 If at any place the angle of dip is  and magnetic latitude

 A current carrying solenoid can be treated as the
is  then tan  = 2tan
arrangement of small magnetic dipoles placed in line with
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each other as shown. The number of such small magnetic  At the poles and equator of earth the values of total
dipoles is equal to the number of turns in the solenoid. intensity are 0.66 and 0.33 Oersted respectively.

 Remember time period of oscillation in difference

  S N position is greater than that in sum position Td > Ts .

 If a rectangular bar magnet is cut in n equal parts then

1
time period of each part will be times that of complete
 When a magnetic dipole of moment M moves from n
T T
unstable equilibrium to stable equilibrium position in a magnet (i.e. T '  ) while for short magnet T '  . If
n n
 Magnetism 1253
nothing is said then bar magnet is treated as short magnet .

 Suppose a magnetic needle is vibrating in earth’s

magnetic field. With temperature rise M decreases hence
time period (T) increases but at 770oC (Curie temperature) it
stops vibrating.

 An iron cored coil and a bulb are connected in series

with an ac generator. If an iron rod is introduced inside a coil,

60
then the intensity of bulb will decrease, because some energy
lost in magnetising the rod.

 Hysteresis energy loss = Area bound by the hysteresis

loop = VAnt Joule; Where , V = Volume of ferromagnetic

E3
sample, A = Area of B – H loop P, n = Frequency of
alternating magnetic field and t = Time

ID
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D
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