EXPERIMENT -3

Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.

Preliminary Investigation

Acidic Radical Physical State Solid

Colour White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+absent)
Preliminary Test: - Odour Ammonical smell (may be NH4+)
Solubility Soluble in water
1. CO3-2 + 2H+  H2O  CO2 ↑ Flame Test No Characteristic flame (Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Zn2+ absent)
2. 2OH- + CO2 → CO3-2 + H2O (A) Identification of Acidic Radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmative Test: - (a) Preliminary test: Colourless gas with brisk Group A anion (CO3-2 may be
Salt + dil H2SO4 effervescence which turns present)
1. BaCl2 Test: CO3-2 + Ba+2 →BaCO3 ↓
lime water milky
2. MgSO4 Test: CO3-2 + Mg+2  MgCO3  Confirmative test: 1. BaCl2 White ppt of BaCO3 CO3 2-Confirmed
Test: O.S. + BaCl2
Basic Radical
2. MgSO4 Test: White ppt of MgCO3 CO3 2-Confirmed
O.S. + MgSO4
Preliminary Test: -
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
2NH4+  2OH-  2NH3 2H2O 3
1. NH3 + HCl  NH4 Cl Experiment Observation Inference
2. (Dense white fumes) Preliminary Test:
Confirmative test :- Salt + NaOH + Heat Smell of NH3 Zero group present (NH4+ maybe
3. Nessler’s Test: Bring a glass rod dipped in present)
4. 2K2HgI4 + NH3 +3KOH  HgO. Hg(NH2)I +7KI + 2H2O HCl near the mouth of the Dense White fumes of
test tube NH4Cl
Confirmative test: Reddish brown ppt. is
Nessler’s reagent test: formed NH4+ confirmed
O.S. + Nessler’s Reagent
Result: The given inorganic salt contains: - Acidic Radical: CO3 2- Basic Radical: NH4+

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 EXPERIMENT-4

Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.

Acidic Radical Preliminary Investigation

Preliminary Test : Physical State Solid

Cl- + 2H+  HCl (pungent smell) Colour White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+absent)
NH4+ + Cl- →NH4Cl (White dense fumes) Odour Ammonical smell (may be NH4+)
Solubility Soluble in water
Flame Test No Characteristic flame (Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Zn2+ absent)
Confirmative Test: Identification of Acidic Radical
AgNO3 test: Cl- + Ag+ →AgCl↓ Experiment Observation Inference
(Curdy white ppt) (a) Preliminary test: No gas is evolved Group A anion (CO32-, NO2-,
AgCl + NH4OH  [Ag(NH3)2Cl ) ] + 2H2O 1. Salt + dil H2SO4 SO3-2, S-2, absent)
(Diammine silver (I) Chloride) 2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat Colourless gas with pungent Group B anion
Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH smell (Cl- may be present)
Dense white fumes of NH4Cl
Basic Radical (b) Confirmative Test: AgNO3 test: White ppt Cl- confirmed
O.S. + AgNO3.
Preliminary Test :-
Dissolve the ppt in NH4OH White ppt soluble in NH4OH Cl- confirmed
2NH4+  2OH-  2NH3 2H2O 3 (B) Identification of Basic Radical
5. NH3 + HCl  NH4 Cl
Experiment Observation Inference
6. (Dense white fumes)
Confirmative test :- Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + NaOH Smell of NH3 Zero group present
7. Nessler’s Test: + Heat (NH4+ maybe present)
2K2HgI4 + NH3 +3KOH  HgO. Hg(NH2)I +7KI + 2H2O Bring a glass rod dipped in HCl Dense White fumes of NH4Cl
near the mouth of the test tube
Confirmative test: 1. Nessler’s Reddish brown ppt. is formed NH4+ confirmed
reagent test: O.S. + Nessler’s
Reagent
Result: The given inorganic salt contains: -Acidic Radical: Cl- Basic Radical: NH4+

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 EXPERIMENT - 5

Acidic Radical Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.

Preliminary Test: Preliminary Investigation

2NO3-+ 2H+  2HNO3 Physical State Solid
2HNO3  2 NO2 + H2O + ½ O2 Colour Creamy White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+absent)
Brown fumes Odour Odourless (NH4+, CH COO-, S-2 absent)
Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + H2O Solubility Soluble in water
Brown fumes Flame Test Dull bluish white flame (Pb2+ may be present)
Confirmative Test : i) Ring Test (A) Identification of Acidic Radical
2NO3-+ 2H+  2HNO3
3Fe+2 + 4H+ + NO3-  3Fe+3 + 2H2O + NO Experiment Observation Inference
Fe+2+ H2O + NO  [Fe(H2O)5NO]+2 (a) Preliminary test: 1. Salt No gas is evolved Group A anion (CO3 2-, NO2 - , SO3 -2,
+ dil H2SO4 S-2 ,absent)

2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat Brown Coloured gas

(NO2) is evolved Group B anion (NO3 - may be present)
Basic Radical Add Cu turnings Brown gas intensifies
(b) Confirmative test: Ring Brown ring is formed at NO3 – confirmed
Preliminary Test: Pb+2 + 2Cl- PbCl2  Test: O.S. + Freshly prep. the junction of two
(White ppt.) FeSO4 + Conc H2SO4 along liquids.
Confirmative Test: the sides of the test tube.
KI Test: Pb+2 + 2I-  PbI2 
(Yellow ppt.) (B) Identification of Basic Radical
K2CrO4 Test: Pb+2 + CrO4-2 PbCrO4 
Experiment Observation Inference
(Yellow ppt.)
Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + No Smell of NH3 Zero group absent (NH4+ absent)
NaOH + Heat

O.S. + dil HCl White ppt of PbCl2 is I group [Pb2+ may be present]
Filter the above ppt and formed
boil it with water and
divide into parts.
(b) Confirmative test: Yellow Ppt of Pb I2 Pb2+Confirmed
1.KI test : 1st part + KI

2. K2CrO4 Test : 2nd part + Yellow ppt of PbCrO4 Pb2+Confirmed

K2CrO4
Result: The given inorganic salt contains: Acidic Radical: NO3 - Basic Radical: Pb2+

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 EXPERIMENT - 6
Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.
Acidic Radical Preliminary Investigation
Physical State Solid
Preliminary Test: Colour Creamy White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+absent)
CH3 COO- + H+  CH3COOH Odour Odourless (NH4+, CH COO-, S-2 absent)
(vinegar like smell) Solubility Soluble in water
Flame Test Dull bluish white flame (Pb2+ may be present)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
Confirmative Test: Experiment Observation Inference
CH3 COO- + H+  CH3 COOH (a) Preliminary test : 1. Salt No gas is evolved Group A anion (CO3 2-, NO2 -, SO3 -2,
CH3 COOH + C2H5OH  CH3 COO C2H5 + H2O + dil H2SO4 S-2, absent)
3CH3 COO- + 2FeCl3  2Fe(CH3 COO)3
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat Colourless gas with Group B anion (CH3 COO- may be
Basic Radical vinegar like smell. present)
(b) Confirmative test:
Preliminary Test:
1. Ester test: O.S. + Conc Fruity smell of ester CH3 COO- confirmed
Preliminary Test: Pb+2 + 2Cl- PbCl2 
H2SO4+ Ethanol. Heat in a
(White ppt.)
water bath
Confirmative Test:
2. Neutral FeCl3 Test: O.S. Blood red colour CH3 COO- confirmed
KI Test: Pb+2 + 2I-  PbI2 
+ neutral FeCl3
(Yellow ppt.)
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
K2CrO4 Test: Pb+2 + CrO4-2 PbCrO4 
Experiment Observation Inference
(Yellow ppt.)
Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + No Smell of NH3 Zero group absent (NH4+ absent)
NaOH + Heat

O.S. + dil HCl White ppt of PbCl2 is I group [Pb2+ may be present]
Filter the above ppt and formed
boil it with water and
divide into parts.
(b) Confirmative test: Yellow Ppt of PbI2 Pb2+Confirmed
1.KI test: 1st part + KI

2. K2CrO4 Test: 2nd part + Yellow ppt of PbCrO4 Pb2+Confirmed

K2CrO4
Result : The given inorganic salt contains: Acidic Radical : CH3COO - Basic Radical : Pb2+

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 EXPERIMENT-7

Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.

Preliminary Investigation
Physical State Solid
Colour White (Cu2+, Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+absent)
Odour Odourless (NH4+, CH3 COO- , S-2 absent )
Solubility Soluble in water
Flame Test No Characteristic flame (Pb2+ , Cu2+ , Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Zn2+ absent)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary test: 1. Salt + No gas is evolved Group A anion (CO3 2-, NO2 -, SO3 -2, S-2,
Acidic Radical: dil H2SO4 absent)
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat No gas is evolved Group B anion (Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3 -, C2O4 -2
BaCl2 test: SO4-2 + Ba+2  BaSO4  absent)
White ppt (b) Confirmative test:
(CH3COO)2 Pb test: 1. BaCl2 Test: O.S. + BaCl2 Add White Ppt formed SO42- confirmed
dil. HCl or dil HNO3 Ppt is insoluble
SO4-2 + Pb+2  Pb SO4
PbSO4 +CH3COONH4  (CH3COO)2Pb  (NH4 )2 SO4 2. Lead Acetate Test : - . O.S. White ppt. formed
+ lead acetate solution Add SO42- confirmed
ammonium acetate Solution. Ppt is soluble
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
Basic Radical: Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + No Smell of NH3 Zero group absent (NH4+ absent)
Al3++ OH-  Al(OH)3  NaOH+ Heat
Original Solution + dil HCl No White ppt is formed I group [Pb2+ absent]
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl  AlCl3 + 3H2O
Above solution + H2S gas No ppt. Group II (Cd 2+, Pb2+, As2+ Cu2+ absent)
AlCl3 + NH4OH  Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4Cl
Boil off H2S gas and add White gelatinous ppt. Group III (Al3+ may be present)
NH4Cl + NH4OH & divide the
Solution in two parts.
(b) Confirmative test:
1. Blue Lake Test:
1st part + dil HCl + 2 drops of Blue ppt. floats over Al3+ confirmed
blue litmus + NH4OH colourless solution

Result: The given inorganic salt contains: Acidic Radical: SO42- Basic Radical: Al3+

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 EXPERIMENT-8

Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.

Preliminary Investigation
Physical State Solid
Colour White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+absent)
Odour Odourless (NH4+, CH3 COO- , S-2 absent )
Solubility Soluble in water
Flame Test Green flashes ( Zn2+ may be present)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
Acidic Radical
(a) Preliminary test:
BaCl2 test: SO4-2 + Ba+2  BaSO4  1. Salt + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A anion (CO32-, NO2 -, SO3-2, S-2, absent)
White ppt 2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat No gas is evolved Group B anion (Cl-,Br- ,I- , NO3 -,C2O4 -2 absent)
(CH3COO)2 Pb test: (b) Confirmative test: SO4 2- confirmed
SO4-2 + Pb+2  Pb SO4 1. BaCl2 Test: O.S. + BaCl2 White Ppt
Add dil. HCl or dil HNO3 insoluble in HCl /
PbSO4 +CH3COONH4  (CH3COO)2Pb  (NH4 )2 SO4
2. Lead Acetate Test: - HNO3
O.S. + lead acetate White ppt. SO4 2- confirmed
Add ammonium acetate
Solution to above ppt. Ppt is soluble
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
Basic Radical Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + NaOH+ Heat No Smell of NH3 Zero group absent (NH4+ absent)
Preliminary Test: Original Solution + dil HCl No White ppt is I group [Pb2+ absent]
formed
Zn+2 +S-2  ZnS Above solution + H2S gas No ppt. Group II (Cd2+, Pb2+, As2+, Cu2+ abs)
Confirmative Test: K4 [Fe(CN)6 ]Test: Boil off H2S gas. Add NH4Cl + No ppt. Group III [Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+ absent]
1. 2Zn+2 + [Fe(CN)6 ]-4 →Zn2 [Fe(CN)6 ]↓ NH4OH
zinc ferrocyanide To above test tube pass H2S gas. White ppt Group IV [Zn2+ may be present]
2. NaOH test: Zn + 2OH-  Zn(OH)2
+2
Dissolve the ppt in HCl and divide
it into 2 parts
(b) Confirmative test:
1. K4[Fe(CN)6] Test: White ppt Zn2+ confirmed
1st part + K4[Fe(CN)6]
2 NaOH Test: 2nd part + NaOH White ppt. Zn2+ confirmed
Result: The given inorganic salt contains: Acidic Radical: SO42- Basic Radical: Zn2+

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 EXPERIMENT-9

Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.

Preliminary Investigation
Physical State Solid
Colour White (Cu2+, Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+absent)
Odour Odourless
Flame Test Apple green flame (Ba2+ may be present)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
Acidic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary test: No gas is evolved Group A anion
Preliminary Test :
1. Salt + dil H2SO4 (CO32-, NO2 -, SO3 -2, S-2,absent)
Cl- + 2H+  HCl (pungent smell)
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat Colourless gas with pungent Group B anion
NH4+ + Cl- →NH4Cl (White dense fumes)
Bring a glass rod dipped in smell (Cl- may be present)
NH4OH to the mouth of test tube Dense white fumes of NH4Cl
Confirmative Test: (b) Confirmative Test: AgNO3
AgNO3 test: Cl- + Ag+ →AgCl↓ test: Original Solution + AgNO3. White ppt soluble in NH4OH Cl- confirmed
(Curdy white ppt) Add NH4OH
AgCl + NH4OH  [Ag(NH3)2Cl ) ] + 2H2O (B) Identification of Basic Radical
(Diammine silver (I) Chloride) Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + NaOH+ No Smell of NH3 Zero group absent
Heat (NH4+ absent)
Basic Radical Original Solution + dil HCl No White ppt is formed I group [Pb2+ absent]
Above solution + H2S gas No ppt. Group II (Cd 2+ , Pb2+ , As2+ Cu2+ absent)
Preliminary Test: Boil off H2S gas and add NH4Cl + No ppt. Group III [Fe2+ , Fe3+,Al3+ absent ]
NH4OH.
Ba2++ CO32-  BaCO3 ↓ To above test tube pass H2S gas No ppt Group IV [Zn2+ , Co+2, Ni+2 , Mn+2 absent]
Confirmative Test : Dissolve the white ppt in HCl and
BaCO3 + CH3 COOH  (CH3 COO)2Ba + CO2  +H2O divide it into 2 parts
Remove H2S gas by boiling. Add White ppt V group
K2CrO4 Test: NH4Cl + NH4OH + [NH4]2CO3 . (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+may be presentr)
(CH3 COO)2Ba + K2 CrO4  CH3COOK + BaCrO4 Dissolve ppt in CH3 COOH
Yellow ppt (b) Confirmative test:
1. Above solution + K2CrO4 Yellow ppt Ba2+ confirmed
2. Flame Test Apple green flame Ba2+ confirmed
Result: The given inorganic salt contains: Acidic Radical: Cl- Basic Radical: Ba2+

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Hint: For identification of basic radical, instead of boiling off H2S O.S. can be used to test for group III and V.

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