Experiment 01

Aim: To analyze the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

[A] Preliminary Test

01. Physical examination of the salt

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+ may be absent
Smell Ammoniacal smell NH4+ may be present

02. Dry heating test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry test tube and noted the following observations:

Experiment Observation Inference

A colourless gas having pungent smell
evolved. The gas gave white fumes when
Gas evolved NH4+ may be present
a glass rod dipped in aqueous HCl brought
near the mouth of test tube
Sublimation White sublimate formed NH4+ may be present
Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate,
Sodium chloride, Potassium
Decrepitation No crackling sound observed
chloride and Potassium iodide
may be absent
Swelling No swelling observed PO43― may be absent

03. Charcoal cavity test

Experiment Observation Inference

Mixed a pinch of the salt with
double the quantity of
Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+ may be
Na2CO3 and heated the No white residue formed
absent
mixture on a charcoal cavity
in the reducing flame

04. Cobalt nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To the above white residue
added a drop of cobalt Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO43― may
No characteristics colour
nitrate solution and heated be absent
in oxidizing flame

Page 1 of 4
05. Flame test

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepared a paste of the salt No specific colour imparted Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ may be
in conc. HCl and performed to the flame absent
flame test

06. Borax Bead test

Experiment Observation Inference

Did not perform this test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ may be
since the given salt was -------
absent
white

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

07. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the
salt in a test tube and add CO32―, S2―, NO2―, SO32― may
No gas evolved
1―2 ml of dilute Sulphuric be absent
acid.

08. Potassium Permanganate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To a pinch of the salt added Pink colour of KMnO4 Br―may be present
dil. H2SO4 warm and then a discharged with evolution of
drop of KMnO4 solution reddish yellow gas

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Reddish brown vapours with
Heated a pinch of the salt
pungent smell turns starch Br―may be present
with conc. Sulphuric acid
paper yellow

Page 2 of 4
 [B] Wet Test for acid radical

Conformations of Bromide (Br—)

Experiment Observation
Silver nitrate test
A light-yellow ppt. is
Acidify a portion of aqueous
obtained which is partially
solution with dil. HNO3. Boil, cool
soluble in NH4OH
and add Silver nitrate solution
Manganese dioxide test
Evolution of yellowish-brown
Heat a small quantity of the salt vapours of Bromine which
with solid manganese dioxide and turn starch paper yellow
conc. H2SO4
Chlorine water test

Acidify a portion of aqueous

Carbon disulphide layer
solution with dil. HCl and add 1 ― 2
acquires orange coluration
ml of Carbon disulphide and then
chlorine water. Shake vigorously
and allow to stand

[C] Wet Test for basic radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of salt with
Ammonia gas evolved NH4+ present
conc. NaOH solution
O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt formed Group 1 absent
O.S. + dil. HCl + H2S No ppt formed Group 2 absent
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppt formed Group 3 absent
NH4OH
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppt formed Group 4 absent
NH4OH + H2S
O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution No ppt formed Group 5 absent

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

Experiment Observation
Smell
Ammoniacal smell

Brown ppts. formed

O.S. + Nesseler reagent
NH3 formed

Page 3 of 4
 Chemical Equations

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

08. Potassium Permanganate test

2NH4Br + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2HBr

2HBr + [O] H2O + Br2

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

2NH4Br + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2HBr

2HBr + H2SO4 SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O

Conformations of Bromide (Br—)

Silver nitrate test

NH4Br + AgNO3 NH4NO3 + AgBr

Manganese dioxide test

2NH4Br + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 2NH4HSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2

Chlorine water test

2NH4Br + Cl2 2NH4Cl + Br2

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

∆
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3

Nessler’s reagent

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Results

Basic radical Acidic radical Molecular Formula Name of salt

NH4+ Br― NH4Br Ammonium bromide

Page 4 of 4
 Experiment 03

Aim: To analyze the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

[A] Preliminary Test

01. Physical examination of the salt

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+ may be absent
Smell Ammoniacal smell NH4+ may be present

02. Dry heating test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry test tube and noted the following observations:

Experiment Observation Inference

A colourless gas having pungent smell
evolved. The gas gave white fumes when
Gas evolved NH4+ may be present
a glass rod dipped in aqueous HCl brought
near the mouth of test tube
Sublimation White sublimate formed NH4+ may be present
Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate,
Sodium chloride, Potassium
Decrepitation No crackling sound observed
chloride and Potassium iodide
may be absent
Swelling No swelling observed PO43― may be absent

03. Charcoal cavity test

Experiment Observation Inference

Mixed a pinch of the salt with
double the quantity of
Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+ may be
Na2CO3 and heated the No white residue formed
absent
mixture on a charcoal cavity
in the reducing flame

04. Cobalt nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To the above white residue
added a drop of cobalt Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO43― may
No characteristics colour
nitrate solution and heated be absent
in oxidizing flame

Page 1 of 4
05. Flame test

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepared a paste of the salt No specific colour imparted Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ may be
in conc. HCl and performed to the flame absent
flame test

06. Borax Bead test

Experiment Observation Inference

Did not perform this test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ may be
since the given salt was -------
absent
white

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

07. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the
salt in a test tube and add CO32―, S2―, NO2―, SO32― may
No gas evolved
1―2 ml of dilute Sulphuric be absent
acid.

08. Potassium Permanganate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To a pinch of the salt added Potassium permanganate Cl―may be present
dil. H2SO4 warm and then a decolorized
drop of KMnO4 solution

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of the salt Colourless gas with pungent
Cl―may be present
with conc. Sulphuric acid smell

Page 2 of 4
 [B] Wet Test for acid radical

Conformations of Chloride (Cl—)

Experiment Observation
Silver nitrate test
Acidify a portion of aqueous
A white ppt is formed
solution with dil. HNO3. Boil, cool
and add Silver nitrate solution
Manganese dioxide test
Evolution of greenish -
Heat a small quantity of the salt yellow gas having pungent
with solid manganese dioxide and smell
conc. H2SO4
Chromyl chloride test

Mix a small quantity of salt with a

Yellow ppts. formed
small amount of powdered
potassium dichromate. Take the
mixture and add conc. H2SO4

[C] Wet Test for basic radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of salt with
Ammonia gas evolved NH4+ present
conc. NaOH solution
O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt formed Group 1 absent
O.S. + dil. HCl + H2S No ppt formed Group 2 absent
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppt formed Group 3 absent
NH4OH
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppt formed Group 4 absent
NH4OH + H2S
O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution No ppt formed Group 5 absent

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

Experiment Observation
Smell
Ammoniacal smell

Brown ppts. formed

O.S. + Nesseler reagent
NH3 formed

Page 3 of 4
 Chemical Equations

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

08. Potassium Permanganate test

2NH4Cl + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2HCl

2HCl + [O] H2O + Cl2

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

2NH4Cl + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2HCl

2HCl + H2SO4 SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

Conformations of Chloride (Cl—)

Silver nitrate test

NH4Cl + AgNO3 NH4NO3 + AgCl

Manganese dioxide test

2NH4Cl + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 2NH4HSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2

Chromyl chloride test

4NH4Cl + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4 4(NH4)HSO4 + 2KHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O

CrO2Cl2 + 4NH4OH (NH4)2CrO4 + 2H2O + 2NH4Cl

(NH4)2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONH4

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

∆
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3

Nessler’s reagent

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Results

Basic radical Acidic radical Molecular Formula Name of salt

NH4+ Cl― NH4Cl Ammonium chloride

Page 4 of 4
 Experiment 05

Aim: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

[A] Preliminary Test

01. Physical examination of the salt

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+ may be absent
Smell Vinegar like smell CH3COO— may be present

02. Dry heating test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry test tube and noted the following observations:

Experiment Observation Inference

A colourless gas having characteristics
Gas evolved CH3COO— may be present
vinegar like smell
Sublimation Sublimate formed NH4+ may be present
Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate,
Sodium chloride, Potassium
Decrepitation No crackling sound observed
chloride and Potassium iodide
may be absent
Swelling No swelling observed PO43― may be absent

03. Charcoal cavity test

Experiment Observation Inference

Mixed a pinch of the salt with
double the quantity of
Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+ may be
Na2CO3 and heated the No white residue formed
absent
mixture on a charcoal cavity
in the reducing flame

04. Cobalt nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To the above white residue
added a drop of cobalt Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO43― may
No characteristics colour
nitrate solution and heated be absent
in oxidizing flame

Page 1 of 4
05. Flame test

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepared a paste of the salt No specific colour imparted Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ may be
in conc. HCl and performed to the flame absent
flame test

06. Borax Bead test

Experiment Observation Inference

Did not perform this test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ may be
since the given salt was -------
absent
white

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

07. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the
salt in a test tube and add CO32―, S2―, NO2―, SO32― may
No gas evolved
1―2 ml of dilute Sulphuric be absent
acid.

08. Potassium Permanganate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To a pinch of the salt added Cl―,Br―,I―, C2O42― may be
dil. H2SO4 warm and then a No gas evolved absent
drop of KMnO4 solution

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of the salt Colourless vapours with CH3COO― may be present
with conc. Sulphuric acid smell of vinegar

Page 2 of 4
 [B] Wet Test for acid radical

Conformations of Acetate (CH3COO—)

Experiment Observation
Oxalic acid test
Take a small quantity of the salt on
a watch glass. Mix it with solid
Smell like that of Vinegar
oxalic acid. Prepare paste of it with
a few drops of water. Rub the paste
and smell.
Ester test
Take a small quantity of the salt in
a test tube. Add conc. H2SO4 and Pleasant fruity smell of ester
heat. Now add Ethanol. Shake and
pour the contents of the tube in a
beaker full of water. Stir

[C] Wet Test for basic radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of salt with
Gas evolved NH4+ present
conc. NaOH solution
O.S. + dil. HCl No ppts formed Group 1 absent
O.S. + dil. HCl + H2S No ppts formed Group 2 absent
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppts formed Group 3 absent
NH4OH
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppts formed Group 4 absent
NH4OH + H2S
O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution No ppts formed Group 5 absent

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

Experiment Observation
Smell
Ammoniacal smell

Brown ppts. formed

O.S. + Nesseler reagent
NH3 formed

Page 3 of 4
 Chemical Equations

Conformations of Acetate (CH3COO—)

Oxalic acid test

COOH
+ 2CH3COONH4 (NH4)2C2O4 + 2CH3COOH
COOH

Ester test

2CH3COONH4 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2CH3COOH

CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

∆
CH3COONH4 + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O + NH3

Nessler’s reagent

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Results

Basic radical Acidic radical Molecular Formula Name of salt

NH4+ CH3COO― CH3COONH4 Ammonium Acetate

Page 4 of 4
 Experiment 04

Aim: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

[A] Preliminary Test

01. Physical examination of the salt

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+ may be absent
Smell Ammoniacal smell NH4+ may be present

02. Dry heating test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry test tube and noted the following observations:

Experiment Observation Inference

A colourless gas having pungent smell
evolved. The gas gave white fumes when
Gas evolved NH4+ may be present
a glass rod dipped in aqueous HCl brought
near the mouth of test tube
Sublimation White sublimate formed NH4+ may be present
Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate,
Sodium chloride, Potassium
Decrepitation No crackling sound observed
chloride and Potassium iodide
may be absent
Swelling No swelling observed PO43― may be absent

03. Charcoal cavity test

Experiment Observation Inference

Mixed a pinch of the salt with
double the quantity of
Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+ may be
Na2CO3 and heated the No white residue formed
absent
mixture on a charcoal cavity
in the reducing flame

04. Cobalt nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To the above white residue
added a drop of cobalt Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO43― may
No characteristics colour
nitrate solution and heated be absent
in oxidizing flame

Page 1 of 4
05. Flame test

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepared a paste of the salt No specific colour imparted Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ may be
in conc. HCl and performed to the flame absent
flame test

06. Borax Bead test

Experiment Observation Inference

Did not perform this test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ may be
since the given salt was -------
absent
white

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

07. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the
salt in a test tube and add CO32―, S2―, NO2―, SO32― may
No gas evolved
1―2 ml of dilute Sulphuric be absent
acid.

08. Potassium Permanganate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To a pinch of the salt added Cl―,Br―,I―, C2O42― may be
dil. H2SO4 warm and then a No gas evolved absent
drop of KMnO4 solution

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of the salt Cl―, Br―, I―, C2O42―, CH3COO―
No gas evolved
with conc. Sulphuric acid may be absent

10. Test for Independent Radicals

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. HCl, boil then
filtered the content and add White ppts formed SO42― may be present
BaCl2 solution dropwise

Page 2 of 4
 [B] Wet Test for acid radical

Conformations of Bromide (SO42—)

Experiment Observation
Barium chloride test
To a part of the aqueous solution A white ppts. is formed
add Barium chloride salt solution
Lead Acetate test
To a part of aqueous solution of the A white ppts. is formed
salt add Lead acetate solution

[C] Wet Test for basic radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of salt with
Ammonia gas evolved NH4+ present
conc. NaOH solution
O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt formed Group 1 absent
O.S. + dil. HCl + H2S No ppt formed Group 2 absent
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppt formed Group 3 absent
NH4OH
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppt formed Group 4 absent
NH4OH + H2S
O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution No ppt formed Group 5 absent

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

Experiment Observation
Smell
Ammoniacal smell

Brown ppts. formed

O.S. + Nesseler reagent
NH3 formed

Page 3 of 4
 Chemical Equations

Conformations of Sulphate (SO42—)

Barium chloride test

(NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl

(White)

Lead acetate test

(NH4)2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4

(white)

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

∆
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3

Nessler’s reagent

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Results

Basic radical Acidic radical Molecular Formula Name of salt

NH4+ SO4―2 (NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulphate

Page 4 of 4
 Experiment 05

Aim: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

[A] Preliminary Test

01. Physical examination of the salt

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+ may be absent
Smell Vinegar like smell CH3COO— may be present

02. Dry heating test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry test tube and noted the following observations:

Experiment Observation Inference

A colourless gas having characteristics
Gas evolved CH3COO— may be present
vinegar like smell
Sublimation No sublimate formed NH4+, I— may be absent
Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate,
Sodium chloride, Potassium
Decrepitation No crackling sound observed
chloride and Potassium iodide
may be absent
Swelling No swelling observed PO43― may be absent

03. Charcoal cavity test

Experiment Observation Inference

Mixed a pinch of the salt with
double the quantity of
Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+ may be
Na2CO3 and heated the No white residue formed
absent
mixture on a charcoal cavity
in the reducing flame

04. Cobalt nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To the above white residue
added a drop of cobalt Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO43― may
No characteristics colour
nitrate solution and heated be absent
in oxidizing flame

Page 1 of 4
05. Flame test

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepared a paste of the salt No specific colour imparted Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ may be
in conc. HCl and performed to the flame absent
flame test

06. Borax Bead test

Experiment Observation Inference

Did not perform this test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ may be
since the given salt was -------
absent
white

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

07. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the
salt in a test tube and add CO32―, S2―, NO2―, SO32― may
No gas evolved
1―2 ml of dilute Sulphuric be absent
acid.

08. Potassium Permanganate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To a pinch of the salt added Cl―,Br―,I―, C2O42― may be
dil. H2SO4 warm and then a No gas evolved absent
drop of KMnO4 solution

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of the salt Colourless vapours with CH3COO― may be present
with conc. Sulphuric acid smell of vinegar

Page 2 of 4
 [B] Wet Test for acid radical

Conformations of Acetate (CH3COO—)

Experiment Observation
Oxalic acid test
Take a small quantity of the salt on
a watch glass. Mix it with solid
Smell like that of Vinegar
oxalic acid. Prepare paste of it with
a few drops of water. Rub the paste
and smell.
Ester test
Take a small quantity of the salt in
a test tube. Add conc. H2SO4 and Pleasant fruity smell of ester
heat. Now add Ethanol. Shake and
pour the contents of the tube in a
beaker full of water. Stir

[C] Wet Test for basic radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of salt with
No gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc. NaOH solution
O.S. + dil. HCl White ppts formed Group 1 present
O.S. + dil. HCl + H2S No ppts formed Group 2 absent
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppts formed Group 3 absent
NH4OH
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppts formed Group 4 absent
NH4OH + H2S
O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution No ppts formed Group 5 absent

Conformations of Lead (Pb+2)

Experiment Observation
O.S. + Potassium Iodide solution
Yellow ppts. formed

O.S. + Potassium chromate test Yellow ppts. formed

Page 3 of 4
 Chemical Equations

Conformations of Acetate (CH3COO—)

Oxalic acid test

COOH COO
+ Pb(CH3COO)2 Pb + 2CH3COOH
COOH COO

Ester test

Pb(CH3COO)2 + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2CH3COOH

CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Conformations of Lead (Pb+2)

Potassium Iodide test

Pb(CH3COO)2 + 2KI 2CH3COOK + PbI2

Potassium Chromate test

Pb(CH3COO)2 + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + PbCrO4

Results

Basic radical Acidic radical Molecular Formula Name of salt

Pb+2 CH3COO― Pb(CH3COO)2 Lead Acetate

Page 4 of 4
 Experiment 06

Aim: To analyze the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

[A] Preliminary Test

01. Physical examination of the salt

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+ may be absent
Smell Ammoniacal smell NH4+ may be present

02. Dry heating test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry test tube and noted the following observations:

Experiment Observation Inference

A colourless gas having pungent smell
evolved. The gas gave white fumes when
Gas evolved NH4+ may be present
a glass rod dipped in aqueous HCl brought
near the mouth of test tube
Sublimation White sublimate formed NH4+ may be present
Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate,
Sodium chloride, Potassium
Decrepitation No crackling sound observed
chloride and Potassium iodide
may be absent
Swelling No swelling observed PO43― may be absent

03. Charcoal cavity test

Experiment Observation Inference

Mixed a pinch of the salt with
double the quantity of
Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+ may be
Na2CO3 and heated the No white residue formed
absent
mixture on a charcoal cavity
in the reducing flame

04. Cobalt nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To the above white residue
added a drop of cobalt Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO43― may
No characteristics colour
nitrate solution and heated be absent
in oxidizing flame

Page 1 of 3
05. Flame test

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepared a paste of the salt No specific colour imparted Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ may be
in conc. HCl and performed to the flame absent
flame test

06. Borax Bead test

Experiment Observation Inference

Did not perform this test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ may be
since the given salt was -------
absent
white

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

07. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the
salt in a test tube and add CO32―, S2―, NO2―, SO32― may
gas evolved
1―2 ml of dilute Sulphuric be present
acid.

08. Potassium Permanganate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To a pinch of the salt added Potassium permanganate do Cl―,may be absent
dil. H2SO4 warm and then a not decolorized
drop of KMnO4 solution

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of the salt Colourless gas with
CO32― may be present
with conc. Sulphuric acid effervescence

Page 2 of 3
 [B] Wet Test for acid radical

Conformations of Carbonate (CO32—)

Experiment Observation
Lime water test CO2 gas is formed which
Salt + dilute H2SO4 turns lime water milky

[C] Wet Test for basic radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of salt with
Ammonia gas evolved NH4+ present
conc. NaOH solution
O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt formed Group 1 absent
O.S. + dil. HCl + H2S No ppt formed Group 2 absent
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppt formed Group 3 absent
NH4OH
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppt formed Group 4 absent
NH4OH + H2S
O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution No ppt formed Group 5 absent

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

Experiment Observation
Smell
Ammoniacal smell

Brown ppts. formed

O.S. + Nesseler reagent
NH3 formed

Chemical Equations

Conformations of Ammonium (NH4+)

∆
(NH4)2CO3 + 2HCl NH4Cl + H2O + CO2

Nessler’s reagent

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Results

Basic radical Acidic radical Molecular Formula Name of salt

NH4+ CO32― (NH4)2CO3 Ammonium caronate

Page 3 of 3
 Experiment 07

Aim: To analyses the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

[A] Preliminary Test

01. Physical examination of the salt

Experiment Observation Inference
Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+ may be absent
Smell No specific odour NH4+, S2— and CH3COO— may be abesent
Density Heavy Salts of Pb2+ or Ba2+

02. Dry heating test

Experiment Observation Inference
Take a small Gas evolved
amount of salt (1) Colourless gas with Pungent odour.
Cl— may be present
in a dry test White fumes with Ammonia, White
tube and heat ppt with Silver nitrate

03. Charcoal cavity test

Experiment Observation Inference

Mixed a pinch of the salt with
double the quantity of
Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+ may be
Na2CO3 and heated the No white residue formed
absent
mixture on a charcoal cavity
in the reducing flame

04. Cobalt nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference
To the above white residue
added a drop of cobalt Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO43― may
No characteristics colour
nitrate solution and heated be absent
in oxidizing flame

05. Flame test

Experiment Observation Inference
Prepared a paste of the salt Persistent grassy green Ba2+ may be absent
in conc. HCl and performed
flame test

06. Borax Bead test

Experiment Observation Inference
Did not perform this test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ may be
since the given salt was -------
absent
white

Page 1 of 4
 Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

07. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference
Take a small quantity of the
salt in a test tube and add CO32―, S2―, NO2―, SO32― may
No gas evolved
1―2 ml of dilute Sulphuric be absent
acid.

08. Potassium Permanganate test

Experiment Observation Inference
To a pinch of the salt added Cl― may be present
KMnO4 decolorized with the
dil. H2SO4 warm and then a
evolution of Chlorine
drop of KMnO4 solution

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference
Heated a pinch of the salt Cl―,Br―,I―, C2O42― may be
No gas evolved
with conc. Sulphuric acid absent

10. Test for Independent Radicals

Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + dil. HCl, boil then
Colourless gas (HCl) with
filtered the content and add Cl― may be present
pungent smell
BaCl2 solution dropwise

[B] Wet Test for acid radical

Conformations of Bromide (Cl—)

Experiment Observation
Silver nitrate test
Acidify a portion of aqueous A white ppts. is formed
solution with dil. HNO3
Manganese dioxide test
Heat a pinch of the salt with a small Evolution of greenish yellow
quantity of Manganese dioxide and gas
conc. H2SO4

Page 2 of 4
 [C] Wet Test for basic radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of salt with
No gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc. NaOH solution
O.S. + dil. HCl No ppts formed Group 1 absent
O.S. + dil. HCl + H2S No ppts formed Group 2 absent
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppts formed Group 3 absent
NH4OH
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppts formed Group 4 absent
NH4OH + H2S
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
ppts formed Group 5 present
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3

Analysis of Group 5

To the O.S. add 2 — 3 g of solid NH4Cl, boil, cool and add NH4OH till the solution smells of
Ammonia. Then add (NH4)2CO3 solution. Appearance of white ppts. indicates the presence of
group 5 cation. Filter and wash ppt. with water. Dissolve ppt. in hot dil. Acetic acid. Divide the
solution in three parts and proceeds as per the followings:

Experiment Observation Inference

Potassium Chromate test:
To one part of the solution
Yellow ppts. Ba+2 present
add a few drops of Potassium
chromate solution.
Flame test Grassy green flame Ba+2 present

Conformations of Barium (Ba2+)

Experiment Observation
Potassium chromate test Yellow ppts. formed

Chemical Equations

Conformations of Chloride (Cl—)

Barium chloride test

2AgNO3 + BaCl2 2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2

(White)

Manganese dioxide test

BaCl2 + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 Ba(HSO4)2 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2

(white)

Page 3 of 4
 Conformations of Magnesium (Ba2+)

White ppts. of BaCO3 dissolves in hot dilute acetic acid.

BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

Potassium chromate test

(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

(white)

Results
Basic radical Acidic radical Molecular Formula Name of salt
Ba2+ Cl― BaCl2 Barium chloride

Page 4 of 4
 Experiment 08

Aim: To analyze the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

[A] Preliminary Test

01. Physical examination of the salt

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+ may be absent
Smell No specific odour NH4+, S2— and CH3COO— may be abesent

02. Dry heating test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry test tube and noted the following observations:

Experiment Observation Inference

CH3COO—, I—, Cl— may be
Gas evolved No Gas evolved
abesent
Sublimation No sublimate formed NH4+, I— may be absent
Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate,
Sodium chloride, Potassium
Decrepitation No crackling sound observed
chloride and Potassium iodide
may be absent
Swelling No swelling observed PO43― may be absent

03. Charcoal cavity test

Experiment Observation Inference

Mixed a pinch of the salt with
double the quantity of
Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+ may be
Na2CO3 and heated the No white residue formed
absent
mixture on a charcoal cavity
in the reducing flame

04. Cobalt nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To the above white residue
added a drop of cobalt Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO43― may
No characteristics colour
nitrate solution and heated be absent
in oxidizing flame

Page 1 of 4
05. Flame test

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepared a paste of the salt No specific colour imparted Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ may be
in conc. HCl and performed to the flame absent
flame test

06. Borax Bead test

Experiment Observation Inference

Did not perform this test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ may be
since the given salt was -------
absent
white

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

07. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the
salt in a test tube and add CO32―, S2―, NO2―, SO32― may
No gas evolved
1―2 ml of dilute Sulphuric be absent
acid.

08. Potassium Permanganate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To a pinch of the salt added Cl―,Br―,I―, C2O42― may be
dil. H2SO4 warm and then a No gas evolved absent
drop of KMnO4 solution

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of the salt Cl―,Br―,I―, C2O42― may be
No gas evolved
with conc. Sulphuric acid absent

10. Test for Independent Radicals

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. HCl, boil then
filtered the content and add White ppts formed SO42― may be present
BaCl2 solution dropwise

Page 2 of 4
 [B] Wet Test for acid radical

Conformations of Bromide (SO42—)

Experiment Observation
Barium chloride test
To a part of the aqueous solution A white ppts. is formed
add Barium chloride salt solution
Lead Acetate test
To a part of aqueous solution of the A white ppts. is formed
salt add Lead acetate solution

[C] Wet Test for basic radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of salt with
No gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc. NaOH solution
O.S. + dil. HCl No ppts formed Group 1 absent
O.S. + dil. HCl + H2S No ppts formed Group 2 absent
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppts formed Group 3 absent
NH4OH
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppts formed Group 4 absent
NH4OH + H2S
O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution No ppts formed Group 5 absent

Conformations of Magnesium (Mg2+)

Experiment Observation
O.S. + Pinch of NH4Cl + NH4OH
White ppts. formed
+ Excess of Ammonium Phosphate

Page 3 of 4
 Chemical Equations

Conformations of Sulphate (SO42—)

Barium chloride test

MgSO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + MgCl2

(White)

Lead acetate test

MgSO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO4 + (CH3COO)2Mg

(white)

Conformations of Magnesium (Mg2+)

Ammonium phosphate test

MgSO4 + NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)3PO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 + (NH4)2SO4

Results

Basic radical Acidic radical Molecular Formula Name of salt

Mg2+ SO42― MgSO4 Magnesium sulphate

Page 4 of 4
 Experiment 09

Aim: To analyze the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

[A] Preliminary Test

01. Physical examination of the salt

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+ may be absent
Smell No specific odour NH4+, S2— and CH3COO— may be absent

02. Dry heating test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry test tube and noted the following observations:

Probable
Observation Inference
Observation
Gas evolved Reddish brown Gas evolved NO3— may be present
Sublimation No sublimate formed NH4+, I— may be absent
Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate,
Sodium chloride, Potassium
Decrepitation No crackling sound observed
chloride and Potassium iodide
may be absent
Swelling No swelling observed PO43― may be absent

03. Charcoal cavity test

Experiment Observation Inference

Mixed a pinch of the salt with
double the quantity of
Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+ may be
Na2CO3 and heated the No white residue formed
absent
mixture on a charcoal cavity
in the reducing flame

04. Cobalt nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To the above white residue
added a drop of cobalt
Blue colour Al3+ or PO43― may be present
nitrate solution and heated
in oxidizing flame

Page 1 of 4
05. Flame test

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepared a paste of the salt No specific colour imparted Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+ may be
in conc. HCl and performed to the flame absent
flame test

06. Borax Bead test

Experiment Observation Inference

Did not perform this test
Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ may be
since the given salt was -------
absent
white

Identification of Acid radicals (Anions)

07. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small quantity of the
salt in a test tube and add CO32―, S2―, NO2―, SO32― may
No gas evolved
1―2 ml of dilute Sulphuric be absent
acid.

08. Potassium Permanganate test

Experiment Observation Inference

To a pinch of the salt added Cl―,Br―,I―, C2O42― may be
dil. H2SO4 warm and then a No gas evolved absent
drop of KMnO4 solution

09. Conc. Sulphuric acid test

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of the salt NO32― may be present
Reddish brown gas evolved
with conc. Sulphuric acid

10. Test for Independent Radicals

Experiment Observation Inference

Salt + dil. HCl, boil then
filtered the content and add No ppts formed SO42― may be abesent
BaCl2 solution dropwise

Page 2 of 4
 [B] Wet Test for acid radical

Conformations of Nitrate (NO3—)

Experiment Observation
Copper chips test
Heat a small quantity of the original
Dark brown fumes
salt with concentrated Sulphuric
acid and a few Copper chips
Ring test
Add a small quantity of freshly
prepared solution of Ferrous A dark brown ring
sulphate and then pour
concentrated Sulphuric acid slowly
along the side of the test tube

[C] Wet Test for basic radical

Experiment Observation Inference

Heated a pinch of salt with
No gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc. NaOH solution
O.S. + dil. HCl No ppts formed Group 1 absent
O.S. + dil. HCl + H2S No ppts formed Group 2 absent
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
ppts formed Group 3 present
NH4OH
O.S. + Solid NH4Cl + Excess
No ppts formed Group 4 absent
NH4OH + H2S
O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution No ppts formed Group 5 absent

Conformations of Aluminium (Al3+)

Experiment Observation
5 ml O.S. + 4 – 5 drops of conc.
HNO3, boil the solution
add 2 gm of Solid NH4Cl and boil
White ppts. formed
again; cool the solution under tap
water + Add Ammonium hydroxide
solution to shake it

Page 3 of 4
 Chemical Equations

Conformations of Nitrate (NO3—)

Copper Chips test

2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 6HNO3

(White)

Ring test

FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4

(brown)

Conformations of Aluminium (Al3+)

AlCl3 + 3NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3

(White)

AL(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O

Results

Basic radical Acidic radical Molecular Formula Name of salt

Al3+ NO3― Al(NO3)3 Aluminium nitrate

Page 4 of 4
 Experiment 10
𝑀
Aim: Prepare solution of Oxalic acid. With its help, determine molarity and strength of
40
the given solution of Potassium permanganate (KMnO4).

Procedure:
01. Weight 1.580 g of oxalic acid crystals and dissolve them in water to prepare 500 ml of
𝑀
oxalic acid solution using a 500 ml measuring flask.
40
𝑀
02. Rinse the pipette with the Oxalic acid solution and pipette out 20 ml of it in a washed
40
titration flask (Conical flask).
03. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution.
04. Add one test tube (Approximate 20 ml) full of dilute Sulphuric acid (2 M) to the solution
in titration flask.
05. Note the initial reading of the burette.
06. Heat the flask to 60 ― 700 C and add KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent
Light pink colour is imparted to the solution in the titration flask on addition of a last
Single drop of KMnO4 solution.
07. Note the final reading of the burette.
08. Repeat the above steps 4 ― 5 times to get three concordant readings.

Results:
(a) Molarity of KMnO4 solution:
(b) Strength of the KMnO4 solution:

Observations:

(a) Weight of watch glass= 14.5 gm

(b) Weight of (watch glass + Oxalic acid) = 16.08 gm
(c) Weight of Oxalic acid = 1.580 gm
(d) Volume of Solution = 500 ml
𝑀
(e) Molarity of Oxalic acid solution =
40

(f) Volume of Oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 10 ml

Volume of
Sr. the KMnO4
Burette Readings
No. solution
used (ml)
Initial (ml) Final (ml)

01 0.0 10.0 10.0

02 10.0 20.0 10.0

03 20.0 30.0 10.0

04 30.0 40.0 10.0

Page 1 of 3
Chemical Equations:

Molecular equations

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]

COOH
60 ― 700C
.2H2O + [O] 2CO2 + 3H2O ×5
COOH

2KMnO4 + 2H2SO4 + 5 COOH K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 18H2O + 10CO2

.2H2O
COOH

Ionic equations

MnO4― + 8H+ + 5e― Mn2+ + 4H2O ×2

C2O42― 2CO2 + 2e― ×5

2MnO4― + 16H+ + 5C2O42― 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2

Indicator
KMnO4 is a self indicator.

End point
Colourless to permanent pink colour.

Calculations
(a) For preparation of Oxalic acid solution.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑀=
𝐿𝑖.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
=
40 0.5
0.5
∴ 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
40
0.5
∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = × 126
40
= 1.575 gm
= 1.58 gm

Page 2 of 3
(b) For molarity of KMnO4 solution

From the balanced equation,

𝑀𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 × 𝑉𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 2
=
𝑀𝑂𝑥𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 × 𝑉𝑂𝑥𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 5
𝑀𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 × 10 2
=
1/40 × 10 5

Molarity of KMnO4 solution = 0.01 M

(c) Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity × Molar mass

= 0.01 ×158
= 1.58 g/Li.

Page 3 of 3
 Experiment 11

Aim: Prepare 0.05 M solution of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt). With its help,
determine molarity and strength of the given solution of Potassium permanganate
(KMnO4).

Procedure:
01. Weight 4.9 g of Mohr’s salt and dissolve them in water to prepare 250 ml of 0.05 M
solution using a 250 ml measuring flask.
02. Rinse the pipette with the 0.05 M Mohr’s salt solution and pipette out 10 ml of it in a
washed titration flask (Conical flask).
03. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution.
04. Add one test tube (Approximate 20 ml) full of dilute Sulphuric acid (2 M) to the solution
in titration flask.
05. Note the initial reading of the burette.
06. Now add KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent light pink colour is imparted to
the solution in the titration flask on addition of last single drop of KMnO4 solution.
07. Note the final reading of the burette.
08. Repeat the above steps 4 ― 5 times to get three concordant readings.

Results:
(a) Molarity of KMnO4 solution: 0.01 M
(b) Strength of the KMnO4 solution: 1.58 g/Li.

Observations:

(a) Weight of watch glass= 14.5 gm

(b) Weight of (watch glass + Mohr’s salt) = 19.4 gm
(c) Weight of Mohr’s salt = 4.9 gm
(d) Volume of Mohr’s salt solution = 250 ml
(e) Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution = 0.05 M
(f) Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken for each titration = 10 ml

Volume of
Sr. the KMnO4
Burette Readings
No. solution
used (ml)
Initial (ml) Final (ml)
01 0.0 10.0 10.0
02 10.0 20.0 10.0
03 20.0 30.0 10.0
04 30.0 40.0 10.0

Page 1 of 2
Chemical Equations:

Molecular equations

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]

[2FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O] Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 + 13H2O ] ×5

2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3

+ 10(NH4)2SO4 + 68H2O

Ionic equations

MnO4― + 8H+ + 5e― Mn2+ + 4H2O

[Fe2+ Fe3+ + e―] ×5

MnO4― + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

Indicator
KMnO4 is a self-indicator.

End point
Colourless to permanent pink colour.

Calculations
(a) For preparation of Mohr’s salt solution.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑀=
𝐿𝑖.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
0.05 =
0.25
∴ 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 0.05 × 0.25
∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.05 × 0.25 × 392
= 4.9 gm

(b) For molarity of KMnO4 solution

From the balanced equation,

𝑀𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 × 𝑉𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 2
=
𝑀𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑟′𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 × 𝑉𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑟′𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 10
𝑀𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 × 10 2
=
0.05 × 10 10

Molarity of KMnO4 solution = 0.01 M

(c) Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity × Molar mass

= 0.01 ×158
= 1.58 g/Li.

Page 2 of 2