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MATH104_Section4.3_Fall 24

Functions

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11 views

MATH104_Section4.3_Fall 24

Functions

Uploaded by

mmaammyynn885500
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Chapter 4

Functions

Section 4.3 Graphing


Techniques

Course of Math104 Basic Science Department


Section 4.3: Graphing Techniques

4.3.1 Sketching The Graph Of


A Function That Is The
Vertical Or Horizontal Shift
Of A Basic Function.

4.3.2 Sketching The Graph Of


A Function That Is The
Reflection Of A Basic
Function.

4.3.3 Sketching The Graph Of


A Function By Using Multiple
Transformations.
4.3.1 Sketching The Graph Of A Function That Is The 3

Vertical Or Horizontal Shift Of A Basic Function.

Vertical Shifting:
Let 𝑐 ≥ 0 be a real number.
➢ The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒄 is same as the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 shifted upward 𝑐 units.
➢ The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒄 is same as the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 shifted downward 𝑐 units.

Example 1: Vertical Shifting

Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2.


Solution: Once we know the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 we can generate the graphs of
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 by vertical shifting.
➢ For 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2, we shift the graph
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 up by 2 units.
➢ For 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2, we shift the graph
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 down by 2 units.
4
Try & Check

1. Describe how the graph of 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 is related to the graph of


𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ?
2. Describe how the graph of 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 5 is related to the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 ?

.
4.3.1 Sketching The Graph Of A Function That Is The 5

Vertical Or Horizontal Shift Of A Basic Function.


Horizontal Shifting:
Let 𝑐 ≥ 0 be a real number.
➢ The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒄 is same as the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 shifted 𝑐 units to the left.
➢ The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒄 is same as the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 shifted 𝑐 units to the right.

Example 2: Horizontal Shifting

Sketch the graph of g 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2)2 and ℎ 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)2 .


Solution:
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 then:
➢ the graph of 𝑔 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2)2 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2)
is obtained by shifting the graph 𝑓 𝑥 left
by 2 units.
➢ The graph of h(x)= (𝑥 − 2)2 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 2
is obtained by shifting the graph 𝑓(𝑥)
right by 2 units.
6
Try & Check

1. Describe how the graph of 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3 is related to the graph of


𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ?
2. Describe how the graph of 𝑔 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 5)3 is related to the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 ?
7
4.3.2 Sketching The Graph Of A Function That Is The
Reflection Of A Basic Function.

Reflection across the 𝒙 –axis:


➢ If (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 then, (𝑥, −𝑦) is
reflection across x-axis ile ilgili görsel sonucu

on the graph of 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 .
Note that (𝒙, −𝒚) is the reflection of 𝒙, 𝒚 about 𝒙-axis.
➢ The graph of 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 is same as the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 reflected across the 𝑥-axis.

Example 3: Reflection across the x-axis

Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 .

Solution:
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 then −𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 . Therefore,
the graph of 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 is obtained by reflecting
the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 across the 𝑥-axis.
8
Try & Check

Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑥


9
4.3.2 Sketching The Graph Of A Function That Is The
Reflection Of A Basic Function.
Reflection across the 𝒚 –axis:
➢ If (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 then (−𝑥, 𝑦) is
on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥 .
Note that (−𝒙, 𝒚) is obtained by reflecting (𝒙, 𝒚)
across the 𝒚-axis.
➢ The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥 is same as the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 reflected across the 𝑦-axis.

Example 4: Reflection across the y-axis

Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥.


Solution:
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 then 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥. Therefore,
the graph of 𝑦 = −𝑥 is obtained by reflecting
the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 across the 𝑦-axis.
10
Try & Check

Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1 by reflecting the graph of


𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
Vertical Stretching and Shrinking: 11

If (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 then (𝑥, 𝑐𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 .

Vertical Shrinking: Vertical Stretching:


If 0 < 𝑐 < 1 then the graph of If 𝑐 > 1 then the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) is vertical shrink of the is vertical stretch of the
graph of 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥) by a factor of 𝑐. graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 by a factor of 𝑐.

Example 5: Vertical Stretching and Shrinking

1
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
2
Solution: Once we know the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 we can generate 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 by vertical stretching and shrinking, respectively.
2
➢ 2 > 1 ⟹ The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 is vertical
stretching of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
1 1
➢ < 1 ⟹ The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is vertical
2 2
shrinking of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking: 12
1
If (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 then (𝑐 𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑐𝑥 .

Horizontal Stretching: Horizontal Shrinking:


If 0 < 𝑐 < 1 then the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑐𝑥 If 𝑐 > 1 then the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑐𝑥 is
is horizontal stretch of the graph of 𝑦 = horizontal shrink of the graph of 𝑦 =
𝑓 𝑥 by a factor of 𝑐. 𝑓 𝑥 by a factor of 𝑐.

Example 6: Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking


1
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 1 by using the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
Solution:
1
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 then 𝑓(2𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑓(2 𝑥) =
1
𝑥
+ 1.
2
➢ 2 > 1 ⟹ The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 is horizontal
shrinking of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
1 1
➢ 2 < 1 ⟹ The graph of 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 1 is horizontal
stretching of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
13
4.3.3 Sketching The Graph Of A Function By Using Multiple
Transformations

Using Multiple Transformations:


The graphs of more complicated functions, if possible, can be sketched by applying a
series of appropriate transformations to the graph of a basic function.

Example 7: Using Multiple Transformations

(a) Sketch the graph of the following function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 4.


Solution:
Start with the graph of the basic function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and try to get 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 4 step by
step. In each step, use single transformation.

Step1:The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 is obtained by Step2:The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 4 is obtained by


stretching the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 vertically. shifting the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 upward 4 units.
14
(b) Sketch the graph of the following function 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 .

Solution: Start with the graph of the basic function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , try to get
𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 step by step. In each step, use single transformation.

First Step: obtain the graph of 𝑦 = Second Step: obtain the graph of 𝑦 =
(𝑥 − 3)2 by shifting the graph of 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 is by reflecting the graph of
𝑥 2 right by 3 units. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 across the 𝑥-axis.
15
Try & Check
Sketch the graph of the following functions by using appropriate
transformations to a basic function.
(a) y = −(𝑥 3 + 2) (b) 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 3)2 + 1

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