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2.6 Transformations of Functions

This document provides an overview of transformations of functions including: vertical shifting (adding a constant), horizontal shifting (shifting the graph left or right along the x-axis), reflecting graphs (flipping over the y or x-axis), vertical stretching and shrinking (multiplying the y-values by a constant), horizontal stretching and shrinking (multiplying the x-values by a constant), and identifying even and odd functions. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to sketch the graph of a transformed function given the graph of an original function. Key aspects covered include shifting graphs up or down, left or right, reflecting over axes, and vertically or horizontally stretching and shrinking graphs.

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Muneer Alburayh
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61 views

2.6 Transformations of Functions

This document provides an overview of transformations of functions including: vertical shifting (adding a constant), horizontal shifting (shifting the graph left or right along the x-axis), reflecting graphs (flipping over the y or x-axis), vertical stretching and shrinking (multiplying the y-values by a constant), horizontal stretching and shrinking (multiplying the x-values by a constant), and identifying even and odd functions. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to sketch the graph of a transformed function given the graph of an original function. Key aspects covered include shifting graphs up or down, left or right, reflecting over axes, and vertically or horizontally stretching and shrinking graphs.

Uploaded by

Muneer Alburayh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

6 - Transformations of Functions
Objectives

 Vertical Shifting
 Horizontal Shifting
 Reflecting Graphs
 Vertical Stretching and Shrinking
 Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking
 Even and Odd Functions
Vertical Shifting
• Adding a constant to a function shifts its graph vertically: upward if the constant is
positive and downward if it is negative. In general, suppose we know the graph of y = f (x).
How do we obtain from it the graphs of
Example 1 – Vertical Shifts of Graphs
Use the graph of f (x) = x2 to sketch the graph of each function.

Solution:
The function is sketched in the corresponding Figure.

(a) Observe that


So the -coordinate of each point on the graph of is 3 units
above the corresponding point on the graph of .

(b) Similarly, to graph we shift the graph of downward


units, as shown in the Figure.
Horizontal Shifting
• Suppose that we know the graph of y = f (x). How do we use it to obtain the graphs of
Example 2 – Horizontal Shifts of Graphs
Use the graph of to sketch the graph of each function.

Solution:
(a) To graph , we shift the graph of to the left units.

(b) To graph , we shift the graph of to the right units.

The graphs of and are sketched in


the Figure illustrated aside.
Reflecting G raphs
• Suppose we know the graph of . How do we use it to obtain the graphs of
and ?
Example 3 – Reflectin g Gra p hs
Sketch the graph of each function.

Solution:
(a) We start with the graph of (b) We start with the graph of . The graph of
. The graph of is the graph of reflected in the -axis.
is the graph of reflected
in the -axis.

Note that the domain of the function


is {x | x  0}.
Vertical Stretching and Shrinking
• Suppose we know the graph of . How do we use it to obtain the graph of
?
• Multiplying the y-coordinates by c has the effect of vertically stretching or shrinking the
graph by a factor of c (if c > 0).
Example 4 – Vertical Stretching and Shrinking of Graphs
Use the graph of to sketch the graph of each function.

Solution:
(a) The graph of is obtained by multiplying the y-coordinate
of each point on the graph of by . That is, to obtain the
graph of , we stretch the graph of vertically by a factor
of .

(b) The graph of is obtained by multiplying the -coordinate


of each point on the graph of by . That is, to obtain the
graph of , we shrink the graph of vertically by a factor of
Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking
• If we know the graph of , then how is the graph of related to it?
Example 5 – Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking of Graphs

The graph of is shown in the attached Figure. Sketch the graph of each function.

(a) shrink the graph horizontally by the (b) stretch the graph horizontally by the
factor to obtain the graph factor 2 to obtain the graph in Figure 10.

y = f (2x)
Even and Odd Functions
• If a function satisfies for every number in its domain, then is called an even function.
For instance, the function is even because

The graph of an even function is symmetric with


respect to the -axis see the corresponding figure.

• If satisfies for every number in its domain, then f is called an


odd function. For example, the function is odd because
Even and Odd Functions
Example 6 – Even and Odd Functions

Determine whether the functions are even, odd, or neither even nor odd.

Solution:

Therefore, is an odd function.

(b) . So is even.

(c)

Since and , we conclude that is neither even nor odd.


Recitation problem
Recitation problem
Old Exam Problems
Old Exam Problems
Old Exam Problems

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