« BW6 Pre-requisites »

1. Tenses
 Present Simple and Continuous:
o Present Simple:
 Structure: Subject + base verb (+ s/es for third person
singular)
 Rules: Use for habits, general truths, and routines.
 Example: "She writes letters every day."
o Present Continuous:
 Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing
 Rules: Use for actions happening right now or around the
present time.
 Example: "She is writing a letter now."
 Past Simple and Continuous:
o Past Simple:
 Structure: Subject + past verb
 Rules: Use for completed actions in the past.
 Example: "They visited Paris last year."
o Past Continuous:
 Structure: Subject + was/were + verb-ing
 Rules: Use for actions that were ongoing in the past.
 Example: "They were visiting Paris when it started to rain."
 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous:
o Present Perfect:
 Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle
 Rules: Use for actions that occurred at an unspecified time
and have relevance to the present.
 Example: "She has finished her homework."
o Present Perfect Continuous:
 Structure: Subject + has/have been + verb-ing
 Rules: Use for actions that started in the past and are still
continuing or have recently stopped.
 Example: "She has been studying for hours."
 Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous:
o Past Perfect:
 Structure: Subject + had + past participle
 Rules: Use to describe an action completed before another
past action.
 Example: "By the time we arrived, she had left."
o Past Perfect Continuous:
 Structure: Subject + had been + verb-ing
 Rules: Use for actions that were ongoing up to a certain
point in the past.
 Example: "She had been working there for years before she
resigned."
 Future Forms:
o Will:
 Structure: Subject + will + base verb
 Rules: Use for predictions, promises, or spontaneous
decisions.
 Example: "I will go to the market tomorrow."
o Going to:
 Structure: Subject + am/is/are going to + base verb
 Rules: Use for planned actions or predictions based on
 current evidence.
 Example: "I am going to visit my aunt."
o Present Continuous:
 Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing
 Rules: Use for scheduled or planned future events.
 Example: "I am meeting him next week."

2. Modals
 Ability, Permission, Obligation, and Advice:
o Can/Could:
 Structure: Subject + can/could + base verb
 Rules: Use for ability (can), or polite requests/permission
(could).
 Example: "She can speak French."
o May/Might:
 Structure: Subject + may/might + base verb
 Rules: Use for permission (may) or possibility (might).
 Example: "You may leave early."
o Should/Must:
 Structure: Subject + should/must + base verb
 Rules: Use for advice (should) or strong obligation (must).
 Example: "You should study for the test."
 Speculation and Deduction:
o Might/Must:
 Structure: Subject + might/must + base verb
 Rules: Use for guessing or deducing.
 Example: "She might be at home now." / "He must have left
already."

3. Conditionals
 Zero Conditional:
o Structure: If + present simple, present simple
o Rules: Use for general truths or scientific facts.
o Example: "If you mix red and blue, you get purple."
 First Conditional:
o Structure: If + present simple, will + base verb
o Rules: Use for real and possible situations in the future.
o Example: "If it rains, we will stay indoors."
 Second Conditional:
o Structure: If + past simple, would + base verb
o Rules: Use for hypothetical or unlikely situations.
o Example: "If I were you, I would apologize."
 Third Conditional:
o Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle
o Rules: Use for past situations that did not happen.
o Example: "If they had known, they would have come."

4. Reported Speech
 Direct Speech:
o Structure: "He said, ‘I am tired.’"
 o Rules: Quoting someone’s exact words.
 Indirect Speech:
o Structure: He said (that) he was tired.
o Rules: Reporting what someone said without quoting exactly.
Pronouns and tenses may change.

5. Passive Voice
 Present Simple Passive:
o Structure: Subject + am/is/are + past participle
o Rules: Use when the focus is on the action or the receiver.
o Example: "The book is read by many students."
 Past Simple Passive:
o Structure: Subject + was/were + past participle
o Rules: Use for past actions.
o Example: "The letter was sent yesterday."
 Future Passive:
o Structure: Subject + will be + past participle
o Rules: Use for future actions.
o Example: "The report will be finished by Friday."

6. Relative Clauses
 Defining Relative Clauses:
o Structure: Noun + who/which/that + clause
o Rules: Provides essential information about the noun.
o Example: "The student who won the award is absent."
 Non-defining Relative Clauses:
o Structure: Noun + , who/which/that + clause
o Rules: Adds extra information, separated by commas.
o Example: "My sister, who lives in London, is visiting."

7. Gerunds and Infinitives

 Gerunds:
o Structure: Verb + -ing
o Rules: Use after certain verbs, prepositions, or as the subject of a
sentence.
o Example: "I enjoy swimming."
 Infinitives:
o Structure: to + base verb
o Rules: Use after certain verbs, adjectives, or nouns.
o Example: "She wants to learn Spanish."

8. Noun Phrases and Articles

 Noun Phrases:
o Structure: Determiner + adjective(s) + noun
o Rules: Add detail and description to nouns.
o Example: "The beautiful old house."
 Articles:
 o Definite Article (the):
 Structure: The + noun
 Rules: Use to refer to specific things known to the speaker.
 Example: "The car is parked outside."
o Indefinite Articles (a, an):
 Structure: A/an + noun
 Rules: Use for non-specific things.
 Example: "I saw a cat in the garden."

9. Adverbial Clauses
 Time:
o Structure: Main clause + when/while/after/before + adverbial
clause
o Rules: Express when something happens.
o Example: "I will call you when I arrive."
 Cause:
o Structure: Main clause + because/since/as + adverbial clause
o Rules: Express the reason for something.
o Example: "He was late because he missed the bus."
 Contrast:
o Structure: Main clause + although/though/whereas + adverbial
clause
o Rules: Show differences between two ideas.
o Example: "She went to the party **although she was