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Basics of Chemistry

The class notes cover fundamental concepts in chemistry, including atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, chemical reactions, and the properties of acids and bases. Key topics include atomic number, types of chemical bonds, states of matter, balancing chemical equations, and neutralization reactions. Mastery of these concepts is essential for success in chemistry studies.

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2 views

Basics of Chemistry

The class notes cover fundamental concepts in chemistry, including atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, chemical reactions, and the properties of acids and bases. Key topics include atomic number, types of chemical bonds, states of matter, balancing chemical equations, and neutralization reactions. Mastery of these concepts is essential for success in chemistry studies.

Uploaded by

gauravbiswas4270
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class Notes on Chemistry Chapters

Chapter 1: Structure of Atoms

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. They consist of subatomic particles: protons,
neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons
orbit around the nucleus in energy levels or shells.

●​ Atomic Number (Z): The number of protons in an atom.


●​ Mass Number (A): The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
●​ Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
●​ Electronic Configuration: The arrangement of electrons in shells (e.g., 2,8,8,2 for
calcium).

Chapter 2: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Atoms combine to form molecules through chemical bonds. The main types of chemical
bonds are:

●​ Ionic Bonds: Formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal (e.g.,
NaCl).
●​ Covalent Bonds: Formed by the sharing of electrons between non-metals (e.g.,
H2O).
●​ Metallic Bonds: Found in metals where electrons are free to move.
●​ Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attractions between polar molecules (e.g., in water).

Chapter 3: States of Matter

Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas. The properties of these states
depend on intermolecular forces and kinetic energy.

●​ Solids: Definite shape and volume, strong intermolecular forces.


●​ Liquids: Definite volume but no fixed shape, moderate intermolecular forces.
●​ Gases: No definite shape or volume, weak intermolecular forces.
●​ Boyle’s Law: Pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature.
●​ Charles’ Law: Volume is directly proportional to temperature at constant pressure.

Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions and Equations

A chemical reaction involves the breaking and forming of bonds to create new substances.

●​ Reactants and Products: The substances before and after the reaction.
●​ Types of Reactions:
○​ Combination (A + B → AB)
○​ Decomposition (AB → A + B)
○​ Displacement (A + BC → AC + B)
○​ Redox Reactions: Involves oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of
electrons).
●​ Balancing Chemical Equations: Ensures the law of conservation of mass is
obeyed.

Chapter 5: Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acids and bases are classified based on their properties and reactions.

●​ Acids: Sour taste, pH less than 7, turn blue litmus red (e.g., HCl, H2SO4).
●​ Bases: Bitter taste, slippery feel, pH greater than 7, turn red litmus blue (e.g., NaOH,
NH3).
●​ Neutralization Reaction: Acid + Base → Salt + Water.
●​ Indicators: Substances used to determine acidity or basicity (e.g., litmus,
phenolphthalein).

These notes cover fundamental chemistry concepts necessary for understanding the subject
in-depth. Mastery of these topics is crucial for performing well in exams and developing a
strong foundation in chemistry.

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