Eukaryotic Cell Structure and

Function (Short Notes & MCQ’s)

Dr. Manishi Singh

Prof. & HOD
Dept. of Biochemistry
 TABLE 1.2: Biochemical functions of subcellular organelles of the eukaryotic cell.

Subcellular Functions
organelles
Plasma membrane Transport of molecules in and out of cell, receptors for hormones and
neurotransmitters
Lysosomes Intracellular digestion of macromolecules and hydrolysis of nucleic acid, protein,
glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids and sphingolipids

Golgi apparatus Post-translational modification and sorting of proteins and export proteins

Rough endoplasmic Biosynthesis of protein and secretion

reticulum
Nucleus Storage of DNA, replication and repair of DNA, transcription and post-transcriptional
processing
Peroxisomes Metabolism of hydrogen peroxide and oxidation of long chain fatty acids
Nucleolus Synthesis of rRNA and formation of ribosomes
Mitochondrion ATP synthesis , site for tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, oxidative
phosphorylation, part of urea cycle and part of heme synthesis
Smooth endoplasmic Biosynthesis of steroid hormones and phospholipids, metabolism of foreign compounds
reticulum (cytochrome P450detoxification)

cytosol Site for glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, part of glyconeogenesis, urea cycle and
heme synthesis and purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis
 TABLE 1.5: Marker enzymes of subcellular fractions.

Fractions Enzymes
Plasma membrane 5’- nucleotidase, Na+ - K+ - ATPase
Nucleus DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Endoplasmic reticulum Glucose-6-phosphatase
Golgi bodies Galactosyltransferase
Lysosomes Acid phosphatase
β-glucuronidase
Mitochondria Succinate dehydrogenase
Cytochrome c oxidase
Peroxisomes Catalase
Cytosol Lactate dehydrogenase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
 Short Notes
1. Diagrammatic representation of cell with functions of the
subcellular organelles.
2. Give structure and function of:
a) Mitochondria
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Plasma membrane
e) Nucleolus
f) Lysosomes
g) Peroxisomes
 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ’s)
1. The following is the metabolic function of ER:
a. RNA processing
b. Fatty acid oxidation
c. Synthesis of plasma protein
d. ATP synthesis
2. In biologic membranes, integral proteins and lipids interact
mainly by:
a. Covalent bond
b. Both hydrophobic and covalent bond
c. Hydrogen and electrostatic bond
d. None of the above
3. Plasma membrane is:
a. Composed entirely of lipids
b. Mainly made up of proteins
c. Mainly made up of lipid and protein
d. Composed of only carbohydrates and lipids
4. Select the subcellular component involved in the
formation of ATP.
a. Nucleus
b. Plasma membrane
c. Mitochondria
d. Golgi apparatus
5. Mitochondrial DNA is:
a. Maternal inherited
b. Paternal inherited
c. Maternal and paternal inherited
d. None of the above
6. All of the following statements about the nucleus are
true, except:
a. Outer nuclear membrane is connected to ER
b. It is the site of storage of genetic material
c. Nucleolus is surrounded by a bilayer membrane
d. Outer and inner membranes of nucleus are connected at nuclear pores
7. Golgi apparatus is produced from which organelle?
a. Endoplasmic reticulum b. Plasma membrane
c. Mitochondria d. Ribosomes
8. Peroxisomes arise from:
a. Golgi membrane
b. Lysosomes
c. Mitochondria
d. Pre-existing peroxisomes and budding off from the smooth ER
9. Na+-K+- ATPase is the marker enzyme of:
a. Nucleus b. Plasma membrane
c. Golgi bodies d. Cytosol
10. The rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cells is
because of the presence of:
a. Mitochondria associated with ER
b. Ribosomes on the surface of ER
c. Calcium granules on the surface of ER
d. Sulfur granules on the surface of ER
11. In human which cell lacks nucleus?
a. Lymphocyte b. Monocytes
c. RBC d. Neutrphils
12. Microtubules are made up of which protein?
a. Tubulin b. Myosin
c. Actin d. None of these
13. No membrane surrounds in this organelle.
a. Lysosome b. Nucleolus
c. Golgi body d. Nucleus
14. The cytoskeleton includes all of the following,
except:
a. Microtubules b. Intermediate filaments
c. Myosin filaments d. Actin filaments
15. Ribosomes are found :
a. Only in the nucleus
b. In the cytoplasm
c. Attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. Both b and c
16. The Golgi apparatus is involved in:
a. Packaging proteins into vesicles
b. Altering or modifying proteins
c. Producing lysosomes
d. All of the above
17. All of the following are functions of the cell
membrane, except:
a. Participating in chemical reactions
b. Participating in energy transfer
c. Being freely permeable to all substances
d. Regulating the passage of materials
18. Who proposed the fluid mosaic model of cell
membrane structure in 1972?
a. Davson and Singer
b. Frye and Edidin
c. Brown and Goldstein
d. Singer and Nicholson
19. Which of the following are involved with the
movement or transport of materials or organelles
throughout the cell?
a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
b. Cytoskeleton
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. All of the choices are true
20. Lysosomes are produced by the :
a. Nucleus b. Mitochondria
c. Golgi apparatus d. Ribosomes
21. Major site of RNA synthesis is:
a. Nucleoplasm b. Nucleolus
c. Nucleus d. All of the above
22. Mitochondria are an organelle of which process,
except:
a. Glycolysis b. Krebs cycle
c. Biosynthesis of urea d. Fatty acid oxidation
23. Give name of organelle, which is surrounded by a
double layered wall.
a. Lysosome b. Plasma membrane
c. Golgi apparatus d. Nucleus
24. Assertion: A cell membrane shows fluid behavior.
Reason: A membrane is a mosaic or composite of
diverse lipids and proteins.
a. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion
b. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion
c. Assertion is true statement but reason is false
d. Both assertion and reason are false statements
25. Assertion: Eukaryotic cells have the ability to adopt
a variety of shapes and carry out directed
movements.
Reason: There are three principal types of protein
filaments- actin filament, microtubules and
intermediate filaments, which constitute the
cytoskeleton.
a. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion
b. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion
c. Assertion is true statement but reason is false
d. Both assertion and reason are false statements