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Class 9 Chemistry Notes Fixed

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5 views

Class 9 Chemistry Notes Fixed

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satyamtekale27
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 9 Chemistry Detailed Notes (CBSE)

Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings


1. Characteristics of Particles of Matter:
- Particles of matter are very small.
- They have spaces between them.
- They are constantly moving (Brownian motion).
- They attract each other.

2. States of Matter:
- Solid: Fixed shape and volume, strong intermolecular force, negligible compressibility.
- Liquid: No fixed shape but fixed volume, moderate intermolecular force.
- Gas: No fixed shape or volume, weakest intermolecular force, high compressibility.

3. Change of State:
- Melting, Boiling, Freezing, Sublimation (e.g., naphthalene, camphor).
- Factors affecting state: Temperature and pressure.

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Chapter 2: Is Matter Around Us Pure


1. Types of Matter:
- Pure Substance: Elements (gold, oxygen) and Compounds (water, CO2).
- Mixtures: Homogeneous (saltwater) and Heterogeneous (sand in water).

2. Separation Techniques:
- Evaporation, Filtration, Sublimation, Centrifugation, Distillation.
- Chromatography for separating colors or dyes.

3. Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids:


- Solution: Homogeneous, particles less than 1 nm.
- Suspension: Heterogeneous, particles greater than 100 nm.
- Colloid: Intermediate, particles 1-100 nm (e.g., milk).

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Chapter 3: Atoms and Molecules


1. Laws of Chemical Combination:
- Law of Conservation of Mass.
- Law of Definite Proportions.

2. Atoms:
- Smallest unit of matter, cannot be divided chemically.
- Represented by symbols (H, O, Na).

3. Molecules and Ions:


- Molecule: Group of atoms (O2, CO2).
- Ion: Charged particles (Na+, Cl-).

4. Chemical Formulae: Writing using valency rules.


5. Mole Concept: Relation between moles, mass, and number of particles.

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Chapter 4: Structure of the Atom


1. Models of the Atom:
- Thomson’s Model: Plum pudding model.
- Rutherford’s Model: Nucleus with positive charge, electrons revolving.
- Bohr’s Model: Electrons in discrete orbits.

2. Subatomic Particles:
- Electron (-ve), Proton (+ve), Neutron (neutral).

3. Valency and Atomic Number: Z = Protons; Mass Number (A) = Protons + Neutrons.

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