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Chemistry_Flashcards_Stage9

The document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts for Cambridge Lower Secondary Science Stage 9, including states of matter, atomic structure, and the periodic table. It covers elements, compounds, mixtures, chemical reactions, acids and bases, and the reactivity of metals, along with energy changes in reactions. Various separation techniques and the reactivity series of metals are also discussed.

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6 views

Chemistry_Flashcards_Stage9

The document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts for Cambridge Lower Secondary Science Stage 9, including states of matter, atomic structure, and the periodic table. It covers elements, compounds, mixtures, chemical reactions, acids and bases, and the reactivity of metals, along with energy changes in reactions. Various separation techniques and the reactivity series of metals are also discussed.

Uploaded by

shahasma1026
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry Flashcards - Cambridge Lower Secondary Science Stage 9

1. States of Matter
- Three States: Solid, Liquid, Gas.
- Changes of State: Melting, Freezing, Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation.
- Particle Model:
- - Solids: Fixed shape, particles closely packed.
- - Liquids: No fixed shape, takes shape of container.
- - Gases: No fixed shape, particles move freely.

2. Elements, Compounds & Mixtures


- Element: A pure substance made of one type of atom.
- Compound: Two or more elements chemically combined.
- Mixture: A combination of substances not chemically bonded.
- Separation Techniques: Filtration, Distillation, Chromatography, Evaporation.

3. Atomic Structure
- Atoms: Building blocks of matter.
- Structure:
- - Nucleus: Contains protons (+) and neutrons (0).
- - Electrons (-) orbit in shells.
- Atomic Number = Number of protons.
- Mass Number = Protons + Neutrons.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different neutrons.

4. The Periodic Table


- Arranged by increasing atomic number.
- Groups (Columns): Elements with similar properties.
- Periods (Rows): Increasing number of electron shells.
- Metals: Left side, good conductors, malleable.
- Non-metals: Right side, poor conductors, brittle.
- Noble Gases: Group 18, unreactive.

5. Chemical Reactions
- Reactants -> Products.
- Types of Reactions:
- - Combustion: Substance reacts with oxygen, releases energy.
- - Oxidation: Addition of oxygen.
- - Neutralization: Acid + Base -> Salt + Water.
- - Displacement: More reactive element replaces less reactive one.

6. Acids & Bases


- Acids: pH < 7, sour taste, turns blue litmus red.
- Bases: pH > 7, bitter taste, turns red litmus blue.
- Neutralization Reaction: Acid + Base -> Salt + Water.
- Indicators: Litmus, Universal Indicator, Phenolphthalein.

7. Metals & Reactivity


- Reactivity Series: Potassium > Sodium > Calcium > Magnesium > Zinc > Iron > Copper.
- More reactive metals react vigorously with water and acids.
- Rusting: Iron + Oxygen + Water -> Rust (Iron Oxide).
- Prevention of Rusting: Galvanization, Painting, Oiling.

8. Energy Changes in Reactions


- Exothermic: Releases heat (e.g., combustion).
- Endothermic: Absorbs heat (e.g., photosynthesis).
- Activation Energy: Minimum energy needed for reaction.
- Catalysts: Speed up reactions without being used up.

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