Scribd
Upload
6 views

IGCSE_Chemistry_Notes_Flashcards

The document outlines key concepts in IGCSE Chemistry, covering topics such as the particulate nature of matter, atomic structure, chemical bonding, and reactions. It explains the properties of acids, bases, and salts, as well as the periodic table and energy changes in reactions. Additionally, it introduces organic chemistry and methods of chemical analysis.

Uploaded by

raghad.t.elshal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

IGCSE_Chemistry_Notes_Flashcards

The document outlines key concepts in IGCSE Chemistry, covering topics such as the particulate nature of matter, atomic structure, chemical bonding, and reactions. It explains the properties of acids, bases, and salts, as well as the periodic table and energy changes in reactions. Additionally, it introduces organic chemistry and methods of chemical analysis.

Uploaded by

raghad.t.elshal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

IGCSE Chemistry O Level Extended

Syllabus Notes
1. The Particulate Nature of Matter
Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms, molecules, and ions. These particles are in
constant motion.
Key Concepts:
- Solids: Particles are close together, vibrate in fixed positions.
- Liquids: Particles are close but can move past each other.
- Gases: Particles are far apart and move freely.
Properties depend on the forces between particles and their motion.

Keywords: Particles, Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Liquids, Gases

2. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table


The atom consists of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons that orbit the nucleus
in shells.
Key Concepts:
- Protons: Positive charge, in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: Neutral charge, in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negative charge, orbit the nucleus in shells.
Periodic Table: Elements are arranged in increasing atomic number. Groups represent
elements with similar properties.

Keywords: Atom, Proton, Neutron, Electron, Periodic Table, Atomic Number

3. Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonding occurs when atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable
electron configuration.
Types of Bonding:
- Ionic Bonding: Occurs between metals and non-metals, involves transfer of electrons.
- Covalent Bonding: Occurs between non-metals, involves sharing of electrons.
- Metallic Bonding: Occurs between metal atoms, electrons are shared freely.

Keywords: Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding, Metallic Bonding


4. Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction involves the breaking and forming of bonds between atoms.
Key Concepts:
- Reactants: Substances that undergo a chemical change.
- Products: New substances formed after the reaction.
- Exothermic Reactions: Release energy (e.g., combustion).
- Endothermic Reactions: Absorb energy (e.g., photosynthesis).

Keywords: Reactants, Products, Exothermic, Endothermic, Combustion, Photosynthesis

5. Acids, Bases, and Salts


Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution, while bases release hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
Salts are formed by the neutralization of an acid by a base.
Key Concepts:
- pH Scale: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
- Strong Acid: Completely ionizes in solution (e.g., HCl).
- Weak Acid: Only partially ionizes in solution (e.g., acetic acid).
- Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water.

Keywords: Acids, Bases, Salts, pH Scale, Neutralization, Hydrogen Ion

6. The Periodic Table and Properties of Elements


The periodic table is arranged in periods (rows) and groups (columns) based on atomic
structure.
Key Concepts:
- Group 1: Alkali Metals (e.g., lithium, sodium).
- Group 7: Halogens (e.g., chlorine, bromine).
- Group 0: Noble Gases (e.g., helium, neon).
- Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals (e.g., magnesium, calcium).
Trends in reactivity: Alkali metals become more reactive down the group; halogens become
less reactive.

Keywords: Periodic Table, Alkali Metals, Halogens, Noble Gases, Alkaline Earth Metals

7. Energy Changes in Reactions


Energy changes occur during chemical reactions. Energy is either absorbed or released.
Key Concepts:
- Activation Energy: Minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.
- Endothermic: Absorb energy from surroundings (e.g., photosynthesis).
- Exothermic: Release energy into surroundings (e.g., combustion).
Catalysts lower the activation energy and speed up reactions.

Keywords: Activation Energy, Endothermic, Exothermic, Catalysts

8. Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds.
Key Concepts:
- Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon (e.g., methane, ethane).
- Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds (e.g., methane).
- Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bonds (e.g., ethene).
- Alcohols: Contain a hydroxyl group (-OH), used in fuel (e.g., ethanol).

Keywords: Hydrocarbons, Alkanes, Alkenes, Alcohols

9. Chemical Analysis
Chemical analysis involves identifying the components of a substance.
Key Concepts:
- Flame Tests: Used to identify metal ions (e.g., lithium gives a red flame).
- Precipitation Reactions: When two solutions react to form an insoluble solid.
- Chromatography: Separates substances based on their movement in a solvent.

Keywords: Flame Test, Precipitation, Chromatography

Flashcards
Q: What is the pH of a neutral solution?
A: pH 7.

Q: What is the formula for methane?


A: CH₄.

Q: What type of bond is found in sodium chloride (NaCl)?


A: Ionic bond.

Q: What is an endothermic reaction?


A: A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings.
Q: What is a catalyst?
A: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Q: What is the result of neutralizing an acid with a base?


A: A salt and water are produced.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy