Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 257 views

    Aphasia

    Uploaded by

    Irahmal Irahmal
    1. Aphasia is an impairment of language abilities caused by damage to the brain, most commonly from a stroke. It affects speaking, understanding language, reading, and writing. 2. There are different types of aphasia depending on the location of brain damage, including Broca's aphasia (nonfluent speech but comprehension is preserved), Wernicke's aphasia (fluent speech but poor comprehension), and conduction aphasia (difficulty repeating words). 3. Treatment for aphasia involves speech therapy to optimize communication abilities. Greater treatment intensity of at least 5 hours per week correlates with better improvement, especially for strokes occurring less than 6 months prior. Prognosis depends on the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Aphasia

    Uploaded by

    Irahmal Irahmal
    257 views67 pages
    1. Aphasia is an impairment of language abilities caused by damage to the brain, most commonly from a stroke. It affects speaking, understanding language, reading, and writing. 2. There are different types of aphasia depending on the location of brain damage, including Broca's aphasia (nonfluent speech but comprehension is preserved), Wernicke's aphasia (fluent speech but poor comprehension), and conduction aphasia (difficulty repeating words). 3. Treatment for aphasia involves speech therapy to optimize communication abilities. Greater treatment intensity of at least 5 hours per week correlates with better improvement, especially for strokes occurring less than 6 months prior. Prognosis depends on the

    Original Description:

    a

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. Aphasia is an impairment of language abilities caused by damage to the brain, most commonly from a stroke. It affects speaking, understanding language, reading, and writing. 2. There are different types of aphasia depending on the location of brain damage, including Broca's aphasia (nonfluent speech but comprehension is preserved), Wernicke's aphasia (fluent speech but poor comprehension), and conduction aphasia (difficulty repeating words). 3. Treatment for aphasia involves speech therapy to optimize communication abilities. Greater treatment intensity of at least 5 hours per week correlates with better improvement, especially for strokes occurring less than 6 months prior. Prognosis depends on the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    257 views67 pages

    Aphasia

    Uploaded by

    Irahmal Irahmal
    1. Aphasia is an impairment of language abilities caused by damage to the brain, most commonly from a stroke. It affects speaking, understanding language, reading, and writing. 2. There are different types of aphasia depending on the location of brain damage, including Broca's aphasia (nonfluent speech but comprehension is preserved), Wernicke's aphasia (fluent speech but poor comprehension), and conduction aphasia (difficulty repeating words). 3. Treatment for aphasia involves speech therapy to optimize communication abilities. Greater treatment intensity of at least 5 hours per week correlates with better improvement, especially for strokes occurring less than 6 months prior. Prognosis depends on the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 67

    APHASIA

    Pendahuluan
    Bahasa adalah :
    Kumpulan simbol yang luas
    punya makna untuk komunikasi
    Tidak hanya digunakan untuk
    berbicara
    Alat pokok dalam berhubungan
    Dasar untuk kemampuan kognitif

    all animals can communicate. They can


    exchange information with one another.
    Although these animals can communicate,
    do they have LANGUAGE?

    Certainly other animals


    communicate...bees have the ability to
    communicate with other bees using their
    special "dance." However, human language
    is more than just communication.

    Arti

    Anatomi dan
    Fisiologi Pusat Bahasa

    sempit (area Wernicke dan area


    Broca)
    Arti luas (pemahaman, mengingat,
    membaca, berhitung, menulis, dlsb)

    Anatomi dan
    Fisiologi Pusat Bahasa

    Korteks serebri Neokorteks


    Campbell, 1905-20 area
    Brodmann, 1909-47 area
    Von Economo, 1929-109 area
    Vogts, 1919-200 area
    Area reseptive area Wernicke (area
    41 & 42)
    Area ekspresive area Broca (area 44
    & 45)

    Daerah Bahasa

    Jalannya suara, reseptor

    radiatio auditive kolikulus inf


    CGM mencapai area 41

    Informasi

    diteruskan ke area
    asosiasi integrasi di daerah
    supramarginal girus angularis
    serabut asosiasi area
    motorik Broca

    History
    The

    ancient Greeks noticed that


    brain damage could cause aphasia.
    Centuries later, in 1836, Marc Dax
    described a group of patients who
    could not speak properly. Dax
    reported that all of these patients
    had damage to the left side of their
    brain.

    History
    A

    quarter century later in 1861, Paul


    Broca described a patient who could
    say only one word..."tan." For this
    reason, Broca called this patient
    "Tan." When Tan died, Broca
    examined his brain and found that
    there was damage to part of the left
    frontal cortex. This part of the brain
    has come to be known as "Broca's
    Area."

    History
    In

    1876, Karl Wernicke found that


    damage to a different part of the
    brain also caused language
    problems. This area of the brain
    ("Wernicke's Area"), was further
    back and lower in the brain
    compared to Broca's area. In fact,
    Wernicke's area is in the posterior
    part of the temporal lobe.

    Broca's

    area and Wernicke's area are


    connected by a bundle of nerve
    fibers called the arcuate fasciculus.
    Damage to the arcuate fasciculus
    causes a disorder called conduction
    aphasia. People with conduction
    aphasia can understand language,
    but their speech does not make
    sense and they cannot repeat words.

    What is Aphasia

    Aphasia is an impairment of language. An


    acquired communication disorder that
    impairs a persons ability to process
    language, but does not affect intelligence.

    Impairs ability to speak and understand


    others and most people with aphasia
    experience difficulty reading and writing.

    Definitions
    loss

    or impairment of language
    secondary to brain damage. Aphasia
    is somewhat fuzzily distinguished
    from dysarthria, which designates a
    motor speech disturbance (e.g.
    weakness of the tongue or lips,
    cerebellar disorder).

    Gangguan

    berbahasa yang didapat


    dengan penyebab cedera di otak,
    ditandai dengan gangguan
    pemahaman & gangguan
    pengutaraan bahasa lisan maupun
    bahasa tulisan

    What causes Aphasia


    Most

    common cause of aphasia is


    stroke about 23 40% of stroke
    survivors acquire aphasia.

    It

    is estimated that about one million


    people in the United States have
    acquired aphasia, or 1 in 250
    people.

    What causes Aphasia


    More

    common than Parkinsons


    Disease, cerebral palsy or muscular
    dystrophy.

    About

    1/3rd of severely head-injured


    persons have aphasia.

    Akibat

    cedera otak berarti


    kerusakannya di otak akibat stroke,
    tumor otak, cedera kepala & infeksi
    otak.
    Berbahasa adalah kemampuan untuk
    berkomunikasi melalui penggunaan
    simbol tidak hanya wicara tetapi juga
    pengungkapan & pengertian dari
    bahasa tulis, isyarat, gestural & musik

    Untuk

    menilai gangguan berbahasa


    dapat dilihat dari beberapa modalitas
    bahasa antara lain : bicara spontan,
    pengertian auditif, pengulangan,
    penamaan, membaca & menulis

    Klasifikasi
    Ada

    beberapa klasifikasi yang dibuat


    oleh para ahli. Klasifikasi yang dibuat
    oleh Goodglass & Kaplan tahun 1972
    cukup mudah & praktis dalam klinik
    karena berdasarkan observasi klinik
    & atas dasar ciri-ciri penamaan kata
    kefasihan, meniru ucapan &
    pemahaman audit

    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.

    Aphasia
    Aphasia
    Aphasia
    Aphasia
    Aphasia
    Aphasia

    global
    Broca
    Wernicke
    Transkortikalis motorik
    transkortikalis sensorik
    anomik

    Patofisiologi
    Pusat wicara & berbahasa di sekitar sulcus
    lateralis (Sylvius) di hemispher kiri untuk
    orang bukan kidal
    Terdiri dari seluruh operculum (frontalis,
    frontoparietalis & temporalis), insula,
    bagian bawah gyrus centralis posterior,
    gyrus supramarginalis, gyrus angularis,
    gyrus parietalis inferior, bagian atas lobus
    temporalis superior
    Pusat bahasa disebut area bahasa, area di
    dekat & sekitar area bahasa disebut area
    peralihan atau borderzone

    Patofisiologi
    Kerusakan

    di pusat bahasa inilah


    yang menimbulkan aphasia &
    tergantung letak & luasnya
    kerusakan inilah yang menimbulkan
    bermacam-macam aphasia

    Clinical Features of Aphasias


    and Related Conditions
    Comprehension

    Repetition of
    Spoken Language

    Naming

    Fluency

    Wernicke's

    Impaired

    Impaired

    Impaired

    Preserved or increased

    Broca's

    Preserved (except
    grammar)

    Impaired

    Impaired

    Decreased

    Global

    Impaired

    Impaired

    Impaired

    Decreased

    Conduction

    Preserved

    Impaired

    Impaired

    Preserved

    Nonfluent (motor)
    transcortical

    Preserved

    Preserved

    Impaired

    Impaired

    Fluent (sensory)
    transcortical

    Impaired

    Preserved

    Impaired

    Preserved

    Isolation

    Impaired

    Echolalia

    Impaired

    No purposeful speech

    Anomic

    Preserved

    Preserved

    Impaired

    Preserved except for wordfinding pauses

    Pure word deafness

    Impaired only for


    spoken language

    Impaired

    Preserved

    Preserved

    Pure alexia

    Impaired only for


    reading

    Preserved

    Preserved

    Preserved

    Aphasia global
    is

    characterized by comprehension
    deficits and non-fluent speech.
    Combination of Broca's and
    Wernickes. Mild forms are called
    "mixed"
    Usually results from strokes that
    involve the entire middle cerebral
    artery distribution in the left
    hemisphere.

    Aphasia Broca
    is

    characterized by an almost
    telegraphic speech pattern in which
    the words that are uttered are short
    and often agrammatic, while
    comprehension remains
    comparatively intact.

    Afasia Broca
    Bicara tidak lancar, terdapat disartria
    dan sulit menemukan kata, disertai
    parafasia atau disprosodia. Tapi
    pengetahuan dan pendengaran baik.

    Aphasia Wernicke
    is

    characterized by fluent speech, but


    poor comprehension.

    Afasia Wernicke
    Gangguan serius pd proses
    pendengaran, dan pemahaman,
    pengulangan kata terganggu
    karena adanya blok informasi
    Dijumpai adanya parafasia,
    gangguan penamaan, membaca
    dan menulis

    Aphasia Transkortikalis motorik


    is

    similar to Broca's aphasia except


    the ability to repeat is intact.
    Normal repetition.
    Decreased fluency and specch
    output.

    Afasia Transkortikal Motorik


    Bila terganggu jaras motorik, ia
    mampu mengulang kata, dapat
    membaca dan mengerti dengan
    baik.

    Aphasia transkortikalis sensorik


    is

    similar to Wernicke's aphasia but


    the ability to repeat spoken language
    is spared.
    Normal repetition.
    Poor comprehension of spoken
    language and paraphasic errors.

    Afasia Transkortikal Sensorik


    Bila terganggu jaras sensorik,
    ia dapat mengulang dengan
    baik, menyebutkan nama cukup
    lancar, tapi pemahaman tidak
    baik dan dijumpai parafasia

    Afasia anomik
    Kemampuan menemukan dan
    menyebutkan kata terganggu,
    membaca dan menulis juga
    terganggu, tapi bicara spontan
    lancar, dan struktur bahasa baik.

    Conduction aphasia
    is

    also known as disconnection


    syndrome because it is a lesion that
    disconnects Broca's area from
    Wernicke's area via the arcuate
    fasciculus and is characterized by a
    comparatively reduced ability to
    repeat spoken language.
    Unable to repeat.

    Afasia Konduktif
    Ketidaktepatan dalam pengulangan
    kata. Ketidak lancaran berbahasa,
    bicara lambat dan terputus-putus.
    Pemahaman baik, penamaan dan
    pengulangan kata terganggu berat.

    Penanganan
    Penanganan

    aphasia selama ini


    diberikan terapi wicara oleh para ahli
    terapi wicara secara sistematis &
    terarah berdasarkan pemikiran
    sebagai berikut : aphasia adalah
    gangguan bahasa, bahasa adalah
    alat komunikasi, maka tujuan utama
    adalah optimalisasi komunikasi
    pasien dengan lingkungannya

    Pemeriksaan:
    Lakukan allo-anamnesa dengan orang /
    keluarga terdekat.
    Pastikan apakah ia right handed atau
    left handed.
    Kenali bahasa ibunya. (first language).
    Evaluasi pengertiannya dengan
    menanyakan hal-hal yang sederhana
    seperti:
    - nama dan alamat.
    - pekerjaan dan apa yang
    dikerjakannya.
    - dari mana asalnya.

    Pemeriksaan:
    Test Pengertiannya.
    Ajukan pertanyaan sederhana.
    Berikan perintah sederhana.
    Susul dengan perintah yang lebih
    kompleks.
    Nilai bahasa spontannya.
    Nilai temuan kata dan kemampuan
    menemukan kata.
    Nilai pengulangan kata.

    Pemeriksaan:
    Lakukan Test:

    Membaca.
    Menulis.
    Berhitung.
    Menggambar.
    Menceritakan kembali paragraf yg
    sudah dibaca

    Penanganan
    The

    broad range of the types and


    severity of aphasia, as well as the
    diverse strategies used in its
    treatment, complicates the design of
    clinical trials.

    Penanganan

    A meta-analysis of the diverse approaches


    used to treat all patients with aphasia
    after stroke showed a positive, moderate
    effect for treatment begun within the first
    3 months after stroke, as compared with
    no treatment, as well as a smaller but
    positive effect when treatment was
    initiated between 3 to 12 months after
    stroke and even after more than 1 year.

    Penanganan
    Patients treated by speech therapists
    perform better than those treated by
    trained volunteers.
    Greater intensity of treatment, ranging
    from 40 to 100 hours (5 hours or more
    weekly) of treatment targeted to specific
    impairments, correlates directly with the
    magnitude of improvement, primarily
    among patients whose stroke occurred
    less than six months previously.

    Penanganan
    Pemberian

    piracetam

    Prognosis
    Jenis

    aphasia mempengaruhi
    prognosisnya, di mana aphasia global
    & Wernicke paling buruk
    prognosisnya

    Penutup
    Untuk

    mengetahui adanya gangguan


    pada hemisferium, maka
    pemeriksaan fungsi bahasa harus di
    kuasai dan evaluasi yang seksama
    adalah penting

    Speaking the Written Word

    Speaking the Heard Word

    Speaking the Written Word


    To

    speak a word that is read,


    information must first get to the
    primary visual cortex. From the
    primary visual cortex, information is
    transmitted to the posterior speech
    area, including Wernicke's area.
    From Wernicke's area, information
    travels to Broca's area, then to the
    Primary Motor Cortex.

    Speaking the Heard Word


    To

    speak a word that is heard,


    information must first get to the
    primary auditory cortex. From the
    primary auditory cortex, information
    is transmitted to the posterior speech
    area, including Wernicke's area.
    From Wernicke's area, information
    travels to Broca's area, then to the
    Primary Motor Cortex.

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy