GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA

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PHYSICAL EDUCATION

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Text Book

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EIGHTH STANDARD
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(REVISED)
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KARNATAKA TEXTBOOK SOCIETY (R)

100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage,
Bengaluru - 85

I
 PREFACE
“If education were identical with information, the libraries would be
the greatest sages in the world and encyclopedias would be the rishis. We
need life building, man making and character forming education …….
Our country needs men with nerves of steel, muscles of iron and gigantic
will which nothing can resist, which can penetrate into the mysteries and
secrets of the universe and will accomplish their purpose in any fashion
even if it meant going down to the depths of the ocean, meeting death face
to face.” _ Swamy Vivekananda.

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Swamy Vivekananda’s concept of education could be realized only when

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the system of education provides opportunities for the learner to train his/
her body on healthy lines, acquire useful knowledge and competence to
translate this knowledge into producing useful goods and services and a

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strong spirit with the power of Dhi.
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The first aspect of education is taken care of physical education, health
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education and yoga. All the three form part of the curriculum recently
revised, based on the principles of NCF 2005 and KCF 2007. Physical
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education has been a part of the curriculum from class I to X. It is made

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formal from class VI.
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Accordingly textbook committees have been formed with representation

from universities, colleges and schools. The syllabus for each class includes
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physical exercises, sports, games and yoga. The textbooks provide practical
suggestions to the learners about various physical activities, sports and
games. “Learning by doing” has been the guiding principle in each of the
activities provided.
It is for the first time that Physical Education has been made an
examination subject and CCE is extended to this subject. Procedures of
evaluation both summative and formative have been evolved. Teachers are
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going to be trained in these aspects.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the Chairpersons,
Members, Scrutinizers, Artists and the members of the State Editorial Board
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for helping the Textbook Society in producing these books. The Society also
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thanks the printers for bringing out the books in a very attractive form.

Prof. G. S. Mudambadithaya Nagendra Kumar

Coordinator Managing Director
Curriculum Revision and Karnataka Textbook Society®
Textbook Preparation Bengaluru
Karnataka Textbook Society®
Bengaluru

II
 Prelude by Chairman...

Physical education is an integral part of education. It has

been made a compulsory teaching subject in primary and
secondary schools of Karnataka. Necessary curriculum, syllabus, text
books, evaluation materials etc have been successfully designed from
time to time.

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Physical education is a multi dimensional subject taught in theory

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as well as practical units. Eighth standard physical education text book
has been written within the NCF-2005 and KCF-2007 guidelines. The
experience and expertise of members forming text book writing com-

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mittee formed the basis for this book. The practical unit of this book
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includes skills of major games and athletics, light apparatus exercises,
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yoga, drill and marching etc. Similarly theory part contains history,
measurements and rules of major games; rules and records pertaining
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to athletics; guidelines for yoga practice; and topics relating to mental
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health and emotions, first aid, National flag and anthem.

Collecting information necessary for instruction and providing it in
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the form of a text book is considered a major and significant task. This
text book has been structured within the framework of syllabus, con-
sidering eighth standard students and available hours for teaching. It
is the outcome of hard work by the members of text book writing com-
mittee. Efforts have to be made in future to improve the quality of this
book and any healthy discussion in this direction shall be considered
fruitful.
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Sincere gratitude is due to all the members of text book writing

committee for successful completion of this book. Bountiful thanks
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to the Director and other administrative staff of Karnataka Text Book

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Society for providing this opportunity. Heartfelt thankfulness is ren-

dered to all those who have directly and indirectly contributed in com-
pleting this venture.

Dr. Gajanana Prabhu. B.

Chairman
Textbook Preparation Committee

III
 Textbook Committee

Chairperson
Dr.Gajanana Prabhu. B., Assitant. Professor, Department of Studies and Research in
Physical Education, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga.
Members
Sri Shivashankar, Physical Education Teacher, Government High school,
Bageshapura, Arasikere Tq, Hassan District.

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Sri S.N.S. Huseni, Physical Education Teacher, Government High school.
Jayanagar 9th Block, Bengaluru - 69

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Sri Bhimashankara, Lecturer in Physical Education, Mathru Chaya,
Pre-University College, Sedam, Kalaburagi Dist.
Sri M.S.Gangarajaiah, Physical Education Superintendent, Office of the

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D.D.P.I., Bengaluru North, Bengaluru- 02.
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Sri Krishnamurthy, Physical Education Teacher, Sarswathi Vidyanikethana,
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Vidyanagar, Dommasandra, Anekal Tq, Bengaluru.
Sri D.K. Achuthan, Drawing Teacher, Government High school, Hethappanahatti,
Sira Tq, Madhugiri Dist.
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Sri. D.C. Lakshminarasimhaiah, Drawing Teacher, Government High school
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Maskal, Tumakuru Tq.

Scrutinisers
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Dr. Kishorkumar, Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Physical

Education, Mangaluru University, Mangaluru.
Sri A Shivamurthy, Director, Department of Physical Education. Shayadri
First Grade College, Shivamogga.
Editorial Board
Dr. Sundararaj Urs, Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Physical
Education, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru -56.
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Translators
Dr.Gajanana Prabhu. B., Asst. Professor, Department of Studies and Research in
Physical Education, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga.
Sri Shylesh kumar, Asst. Professor in Physical Education, Government First
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Grade College, Belthangadi, Mangaluru District.

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Chief Co-ordinator
Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Curriculum Revision and TextBook Preparation,
Karnataka TextBook Society, Bengaluru -85
Chief Advisors
Sri Nagendra Kumar, Managing Director, Karnataka TextBook Society, Bengaluru.
Sri C. Nagamani, Deputy Director,(in charge) Karnataka TextBook Society,
Bengaluru-85
Programme Co-ordinator
Sri. A.T. Rangadasappa, S.A.D.P.I, Karnataka TextBook Society, Bengaluru-85

IV
 About the Revision of Textbooks

Honourable Chief Minister Sri Siddaramaiah who is also

the Finance Minister of Karnataka, in his response to the
public opinion about the New Textbooks from standard I to X,
announced, in his 2014-15 budget speech of constituting an

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expert-committee, to look into the matter. He also spoke of the

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basic expectations there in, which the Textbook experts should
follow: “ The Textbooks should aim at inculcating social equality,

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moral values, development of personality, scientific temper, critical
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acumen, secularism and the sense of national commitment”,
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he said. bl
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Later, for the production of the Textbooks from class I to X, the
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Department of Education constituted twenty seven committees and

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passed an order on 24-11-2014. The committees so constituted

were subject and class-wise and were in accordance with the
standards prescribed. Teachers who are experts in matters of
subjects and syllabi were in the committees.

There were already many complaints, and analyses about the

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Textbooks. So, a freehand was given in the order dated 24-11-

2014 to the responsible committees to examine and review text
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and even to prepare new text and review if necessary. Afterwards,

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a new order was passed on 19-9-2015 which also give freedom

even to re-write the Textbooks if necessary. In the same order, it
was said that the completely reviewed Textbooks could be put to
force from 2017-18 instead of 2016-17.

V
 Many self inspired individuals and institutions, listing out
the wrong information and mistakes there in the text, had send
them to the Education Minister and to the ‘ Textbook Society’.
They were rectified. Before rectification we had exchanged ideas
by arranging debates. Discussions had taken place with Primary
and Secondary Education ‘ Teacher Associations’. Questionnaires

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were administered among teachers to pool up opinions. Separate

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meeting were held with teachers, subject inspectors and DIET
Principals. Analytical opinions had been collected. To the subject

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experts of science, social science, mathematics and languages,
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textbooks were sent in advance and later meeting were held for
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discussions. Women associations and science related organistation
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were also invited for discussions. Thus, on the basis of all inputs
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received from various sources, the textbooks have been reviewed

where ever necessary.
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Another very important thing has to be shared here. We

constituted three expert committees. They were constituted
to make suggestions after making a critical study of the text
of science, mathematics and social science subjects of central
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schools (N.C.E.R.T), along with state textbooks. Thus, the state

text books have been enriched basing on the critical analysis
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and suggestions made by the experts. The state textbooks have

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been guarded not to go lower in standards than the textbooks

of central school. Besides, these textbooks have been examined
along side with the textbooks of Andhra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and
Maharashtra states.

VI
 Another clarification has to be given here. Whatever we
have done in the committees is only review, it is not the total
preparation of the textbooks. Therefore, the structure of already
prepared textbooks have in no way been affected or distorted. They
have only been reviewed in the background of gender equality,
regional representation, national integrity, equality and social

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harmony. While doing so, the curriculum frames of both central

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and state have not been transgressed. Besides, the aspirations of
the constitution are incorporated carefully. Further, the reviews

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of the committees were once given to higher expert committees
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for examination and their opinions have been effected into the
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textbooks. bl
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Finally, we express our grateful thanks to those who strived
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in all those 27 committees with complete dedication and also to

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those who served in higher committees. At the same time, we thank

all the supervising officers of the ‘Textbook Society’ who sincerely
worked hard in forming the committees and managed to see the
task reach it’s logical completion. We thank all the members of
the staff who co-operated in this venture. Our thanks are also due
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to the subject experts and to the associations who gave valuable

suggestions.
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Narasimhaiah Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa

Mangaging Director Chairman-in-Chief
Karnataka Textbook Society Textbook Review Committee
Bengaluru. Bengaluru.

VII
 Textbook Review Committee
Chairman-in-Chief :
Prof Baraguru Ramachandrappa, State Textbook Review Committees, Karnataka
Textbook Society, Bengaluru.
Chairperson :
Dr. Gajanana Prabhu B. Assistant Professor, Dept. of studies and Research in Physical
Education, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga.

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Members:
Sri Rohan D’costa, Director of Physical Education, Government First Grade College,

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Hole honnuru.
Sri Raghavendra Shetty, Physical Education Teacher, Government high School,
Makkandooru, Madikeri taluk, Kodagu District.

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Sri Venkataraju, Physical Education Teacher (Rtd.) “Nisarga’, 317, Vishwaneedam Post,
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Vinayaka School Road, Anjananagara, Magadi Road, Bengaluru.
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Sri K Kittanna Rai, Physical Education Officer (Rtd.) ‘Avani’ House, Perabe Village, Putturu
Taluk, Dakshina Kannada
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Smt M K Susheela, Physical Education Teacher, Government Higher Primary School,

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Bangarappa Nagar, Bengaluru South-1
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Artist :
Sri Arogya Swamy, Drawing artist and Designer, No. 31, 7th cross road, Nagadevanhalli,
Jnanabharati Post, Kengeri, Bengaluru.
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High Power Review Committee Members:

Dr. Sundar Raj Urs, Professor, Department of studies and Research in Physical Education,
Bengaluru University, Jnanabharati, Bengaluru.
Sri M S Gangrajaiah, Principal, Sri Siddaganga College of Physical Education, Siddaganga
Mutt, Tumkur.
Sri M G Thimmapur, Principal, Sri K G Nadiger College of Physical Education, Marata
Colony, Dharwad.
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Translators :
Dr. Gajanana Prabhu B. Assistant Professor, Dept. of studies and Research in Physical
Education, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga.
Sri Rohan D’costa, Director of Physical Education, Government First Grade College,
t
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Hole honnuru
Sri Venkataraju, Physical Education Teacher (Rtd.) “Nisarga’, 317, Vishwaneedam Post,
Vinayaka School Road, Anjananagara, Magadi Road, Bengaluru.

Chief Advisors
Sri Narasimhaiah, Managing Director, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru.
Smt Nagamani C, Deputy Director, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru.
Programme Co-ordinator :
Smt Bharathi Sreedhara Hebbalalu, Senior Asst. Director, Karnataka Text Book Society,
Bengaluru.

VIII
 INDEX
PRACTICAL
Sl. Chapter Page No. Periods
No.
MAJOR GAMES 24

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1 Volleyball 1

2 Hockey 5

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3 Handball 10
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Basketball 17
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5 Badminton 23
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ATHLETICS 12
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6 Middle and long distance races 25

7 High jump 27

RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES 5
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8 Ghati lazium 28
9 Drill and marching 44 5
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YOGA 18

10 Asanas 46
11 Recreational games 59
National Integration song
12 63 2
(Punya Bharata)
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 THEORY

Sl. Chapter Page No. Periods

No.
Significance of Physical
1 64 1
Education

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MAJOR GAMES 18

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2 Volleyball 68

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74
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3 Hockey
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Handball 81
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88
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5 Basketball
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6 Badminton 95
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ATHLETICS 12
7 Middle and long distance races 101
8 High jump 106
YOGA 11
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9 Yogasana and Pranayama 109

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HEALTH EDUCATION 11
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10 Mental health and emotions 112

11 First aid 115
NATIONAL INTEGRATION 3
National flag and National
12 119
Anthem
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 PART - 1 : PRACTICAL

MAJOR GAMES
Chapter -1

VOLLEYBALL

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Following skills are learnt in this game.

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a Under hand pass a Upper hand pass a Under hand service

Note: Explanation provided for skill execution in practical

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section hold good for dominant right handers. Dominant left
handers should make necessary adjustments while executing
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skills. bl
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Volleyball is an internationally acclaimed game. It is popular

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in rural as well as urban areas. (We have already learnt many
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aspects of the game.) Let us now learn some other skills of the
game.
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I Under hand pass:

This is a simple skill used to receive a
serve and send it towards setter and to
defend a smash. This is also called by the
name forearm pass and dig pass.
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1) Stance:
There are two types of stances:
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Diagonal and Parallel

 The stance should be comfortable.
It should help in speedy movement
(forward, backward, lateral)
Figure 1.1
 Distance between feet should be slightly Under hand pass
more than the shoulder width.
 Toes should be pointed slightly inwards.
 Body weight should be distributed on both toes.
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 Trunk as well as knees should be slightly flexed.
 Shoulders should be inclined and brought slightly ahead of
knees.
 Hands and shoulders should be relaxed and palms should be
facing each other.
 If one feet is placed ahead of the other, it is called diagonal
stance.

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2) Grips :
There are three types of grips :

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Fingers interlock grip :
In order to hold this grip, all the fingers

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of both hands should be inter-woven and
palms held together. Fingers should be
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inter-locked and both thumbs should be
held straight in the middle.
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Hand over lap grip :
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Figure 1.2
Fingers interlock grip
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In this grip, both palms should be facing

upward and held together. Right handed
player places his right palm on the left, and
tightens the grip. Both the palms should be
closed so that the thumb fingers touch each
other.
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Figure 1.3
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Hand over lap grip

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Fist grip :

Thisgrip is held by holding the right fist

within the left palm. Both thumb fingers
should be parallel and touching each
other. The left handed player does the
opposite movements.
Figure 1.4 : Fist grip

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 3) Execution of pass :
This skill has to be executed rhythmically with the help of
forearm. Both elbows should be held straight.
4) Contact :
The ball should contact the fore arm above the wrist.
5) Follow through :

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The body should move towards the direction of the ball after
playing the ball.

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II Upper hand pass or over head pass :

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This skill is used differently at different
situations of the game
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1) Stance :
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 Both toes of the player should be pointing
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towards the direction of play.

 Knees and hip should be slightly bent
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and back held straight.

 Shoulders should be parallel to the
direction of play.
 Eye sight should be on the ball and head
held high.
 During this, if the feet is placed forward Figure 1.5
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and backward the stance is refereed as Upper hand pass

diagonal.
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2) Execution :
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As the body moves towards the ball, hands move forward and
upward starting froma point near to the eyes. All the fingers form
tip to base come in contact with the ball. The ball is thus towards
the target.
3) Follow through:
Both hands are lifted up and fingers are pointed towards the
target following the execution.
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III Under hand service :
This is the most simple and accurate service amoung others.

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Figure 1.6 : Under hand service
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1) Stance:
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Maintain diagonal stance. The
Think :
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ball should be held in front of the

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Whose role do you think is
waist. Knees and trunk should be
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most important -setter’s or

slightly flexed. Back remains other player’s?
straight and body weight should
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be distributed evenly on both legs.

2) Execution :
The ball should be tossed to a considerable height. Transfering
body weight on rear leg. Right hand should be made straight at
elbows and extended backward. Entire body weight should be
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shifted forward along with the swing of right hand. The performer
should bend forward slightly and contact the ball at the bottom
as well as behind it.
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3) Follow through :
After hitting the ball, right hand should be brought forward
as well as upward. Both knees become straight and in order to
retain balance the rear leg should be brought forward.
Project :
Students should plan for a lead up activity, which includes all
skills that are explained above with the direction of teacher.

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 Chapter -2
HOCKEY
Following skills are learnt in this game.
a Holding the stick and a Indian dribbling
stance and open dribbling
a Straight push. Reverse push

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a
Straight stop a Parallel pass

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Hockey has been identified as the most popular sport during
pre and post independent era. Let us now learn some of the basic

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skills of this game.
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I. Holding the stick and stance :
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The flat part (playing part) of the stick should be held forward.
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Left hand should be holding the end of the stick and right hand
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should be holding the mid part. There should be 15 to 20cms

distance in between. This is the orthodox way of holding the stick.
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While playing hockey, different skill require different stances.

Hence, the description of stance is given during the explanation
of each skill.
There are two methods is holding the
stick
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1) Open grip:
The end of the stick is firmly held
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in this grip. 15 to 20cms apart from

this, the stick is held with right hand
in a loose manner. Left hand makes the
stick to turn and it is controlled by right
hand. This grip is helpful is dribbling,
pushing and flicking the ball.

Figure 2 .1 : Open Grip

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2) Closed grip :
The end of the hockey stick is firmly held
with the left hand. About 10 cms from this,
the stick should be held with right hand.
This grip is useful during hits and stopping
the ball.

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II. Indian dribbling and open

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dribbling :
Figure 2.2 : Closed grip
1) Grip :

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Left hand should hold the end of the stick and right hand
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should hold the part of the stick which is slightly higher than the
mid part (as shown in figure).
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This skill is utilized by Indian hockey players most of the times.
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The stick seems to be attached with the ball during performance

of this skill. They used this skill to deceive the opponents and
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advance with the ball. Hence this skill was named as Indian
dribbling.
In open dribbling, the ball remains in contact with the flat
surface of the stick continuously. Here the stick is held in front to
the body. The body is bent slightly forward as well as at the right
side. Toes should be pointing the direction of play.
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Figure 2.3 : Dribbl Grip

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 III Straight push :
This skill involves pushing the ball straight ahead.
1) Grip :
Stick is held in open grip manner.
2) Position :

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Body should be bent forward. Right
handed players, should stand with the

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left shoulder pointing the target. Left leg
should be ahead of right leg and on its toes.

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3) Position of ball :
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Ball should be kept 9-12 inches ahead
of the left leg.
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Figure 2.4 : Straight push

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4) Execution :
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After attaining a suitable position as discussed, the ball is

brought in contact with the stick and pushed firmly with the
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right hand. The left hand makes the withdrawing movement of

the stick.
5) Follow through :
After the ball is pushed, the stick continues to move in the
direction of the push (pushing and pulling process).
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IV Reverse Push :
1) Grip :
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The grip is similar to that of dribbling.

The performer is expected to maintain open
grip.
2) Body position :
Body should be bent forward. Right
shoulder of the right handed player should
be pointing the direction of push. Right leg
should be forward and left leg back on its toes. Figure 2.5 : Reverse push

7
3) Position of ball :
The ball is placed 9 to 12 inches ahead of right leg.
4) Execution :
Before attempting for a reverse push, the sticks should be
rotated anti clockwise. The ball is then pushed towards the target.
5) Follow though :

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After the ball is pushed with the stick, it continues to swing

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in the same direction.

V Straight stop :

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1) Grip :
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Grip is similar to dribble. Maintain open grip.
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2) Body position :
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Feet should be shoulder width apart and body should be

facing the ball. Knees and trunk should be slightly flexed and eye
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sight on the ball.

3) Execution :
The stick has to be brought in line with the ball that is
travelling towards player and stopped in front of the body (as
shown in figure)
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Figure 2.6 : Straight Stop

8
 VI Parallepass :
Sending the ball to team mate is called a pass. A parallel pass
is one among the techniques of passing. In this, a player ‘A’ passes
the ball from his right to the left towards player ‘B’. Player ‘B’ in
turn receives the ball and sends to players ‘A’ who is at his left.

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Both players stand parallel to each other (as shown in figure).

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Figure 2.7 : Parallel Pass

Project:
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With the direction of teacher students should form groups and

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plan for lead up activity releated to the skills plantroned above.

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9
 Chapter - 3
HANDBALL
Following skills are learnt in this game.
a Basic stance of offensive a Basic stance of defensive
player. player
Catching the ball Passing

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a Shot (shooting) a Passing with dribble

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a Basic stance of goalkeeper. a Ball stopping skill
a Stopping the high shots.

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Handball is one among the sports introduced to India from
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Western countries. It is an international level game. This is a game
played with minimum equipments and in limited area. This sport
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involves numerous skills. Some among them shall be learnt now.

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I Basic stance of offensive and defensive player :

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1) Basic stance of offensive player :

The offensive player maintains diagonal stance with body
weight evenly distributed on both legs and knees slightly bent.
Body is bent slightly forward and head held up to watch the
movements of opponents’ goal and the ball. Hands should be
relaxed and always in anticipation.
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2)
Basic stance of defensive
players :
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Feet wider than the shoulder width and

knees slightly flexed. Body is bent slightly
forward and head held up to watch the
movements of opponents and the ball. In
this position, both hands should be lifted
up so as to move as per requirement (as
shown in figure)
Figure 3.1
Stance of defensive player

10
 II Catching the ball :
Catching the ball is one of the important skills in handball.
Ball has to be caught with one or two hand as per the situation.
1) Catching the ball at chest level :
Extend arms (as shown in figure) towards the ball in either
diagonal or parallel stance. Elbows slightly bent and fingers spread

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as much as possible. Holding the ball as it enters the hands.

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2) Follow through :
Bring the ball close to the chest by bending both elbows.

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Figure 3.2 : Ball holding at chest level

3) Catching the high ball :

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This is similar to catching the ball at chest level. But, here

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arms have to be extended above the head towards the direction

of the ball. The performer may need to jump when the ball is not
available in a normal stance.

III Passing :
Accurate passes are essential to maintain the speed and
continuity of the game. Such passes put pressure on opponent
and create opportunity to score a goal.
11
1. Over arm pass :
Hold the ball firmly in the throwing hand. In diagonal stance,
body weight should be on rear leg and left shoulder pointed
towards target throwing arm should be bent up to 90 degree at
elbow and lifted up as well as backward. Body weight has to be
shifted from rear to front leg while passing. At this time the body
has to be turned towards the direction of the pass. The ball has
to be passed by swinging the arm with the help of elbow.

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Figure 3.3 : Over arm pass

2. Under arm pass :

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The ball in the throwing hand has to be lowered and taken

back without bending at elbows. Diagonal stance is considered
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convenient here. Body weight has to be shifted from rear to lead

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leg and simultaneously with the swing of throwing hand ball has
to be passed according to the distance. After the ball is passed,
fingers keep pointing the target. Rear leg has to brought forward
in order to retain balance.
3. Chest pass :
The ball has to be held with both hands near the chest
Intiagonal stance. The ball has to be thrown to the target by
shifting body weight from near leg to lead leg. After the release of

12
 the ball the fingers should be pointing the target. Near leg should
be brought one step forward in order to retain balance. This skill
can also be performed by one hand. It is called flick pass or push
pass.

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Figure 3.4 : Chest pass

IV Shot (shooting )

Scoring points through shooting is the main objective in the

game of handball. Among different types of shooting straight shot
to

and hip shot are explained as under.

1) Straight shot :
t

 Ball has to be held in both hands and stating form left leg
No

three steps have to be taken.

 The ball has to be lifted up with right hand during the
placement of third step.
 Right forearm should be perpendicular to the ground and the
left shoulder should be pointing the target.
 The ball has to be released by turning the body through the
tip of middle finger of right hand.
13
 The right hand has to be brought across the chest at the end
and landing should be done safely on both legs.

d
is he
re S B
bl Figure 3.5 : Stright Shot
be T
pu
2) Hip shot :
K

 Ball should be held with both hands and stating form left leg
©

three steps have to be taken.

 Third step with left leg should be placed towards the left side
of the defender.
 Body weight should be transferred towards right side while
shifting it form rear leg to lead leg.
to

 During the shooting process, the body has to be bent towards

right side and ball released form left side of the defender.
t

 Right leg has to be bent and place towards the side.

No

V Passing the ball while dribbling :

While playing handball, situation may demand to pass

the ball when moving with the ball. At this time the person
dribbling the ball should observe the receiver. Instead of stopping
with the ball, the person possessing the ball should pass the ball
appropriately.
14
 VI Basic stance and skills of the goal keeper :
 Goal keeper should stand straight with feet shoulder width
apart and knees slightly flexed.
 Body weight placed evenly on both legs.
 Both hands lifted up to shoulder height, as in figure. Position
of hands should be adjusted according to the convenience,

d
his will and the shot coming towards him.

he
. In order to move laterally, he should take a convenient position
by taking one step forward from the middle of the goal line
and creating an imaginary curve between the two goal posts.

is
re S
 He should observe the movements of attacking side and give
B
bl
special attention to the attacking player as well as the ball.
 Goalkeeper should be always ready to change direction and
be T
pu
safeguard the nearest corner of the goal (with reference to the
K

player attacking the ball).

©
to

Figure 3.6 : Basic stance and skill of the goal keeper

t
No

VII Ball stopping skill :

 The goal keeper should stop his movements and maintain his
basic position in a stable manner while the attacker is about
to take a shot.
 Goal keeper should not initiate any movement prior to the
release of ball from the hands of the player taking the shot.
Starting the movement at an appropriate time and with
concentration is crucial here.
15
 The goal keeper should rush towards the ball as soon as it is
released.
 The nearest leg has to be placed in the direction of the ball
and body weight has to be shifted.
 According to the situation, the ball has to be stopped either
with one or two hands and legs.

d
 The ball should be stopped instead of catching. After stopping,

he
the ball should be immediately taken into possession.

VIII Stopping the high shots :

is
re S
 Goal keeper has to stand as straight as possible and keep one
B
bl
small step towards the direction of the ball.
be T
pu
 Jump towards the ball with the help of the leg far away from
K

the ball. At the same time an attempt has to be made to step

the ball by extending hands (as shown in the figure ).
t ©
to
No

Figure 3.7 : Stopping the high shots

Project:
Teacher has to guide students in designing lead up activities
for all the skills discussed.

W
16
 Chapter - 4
BASKETBALL
Following skills are learnt in this game.
a Stance a Holding the ball
a Dribbling a Chest pass

d
a Receiving the ball a Step stop

he
a Pivoting a Shooting

Basketball can be played indoor as well as outdoor. It can

is
re S
be played by individuals of all age group and different physical
B
bl
abilities. Apart from providing recreation, this game improves
physical fitness.
be T
pu
K

I Stance and holding the ball :

Basketball players should maintain stable position. There are
©

two types of stances – offensive and defensive.

1) Offensive stance :
Head should be held perpendicular to
pelvis so that the basket and the board
to

are clearly visible. Back should be

straight and the hands held above the
t

waist as depicted in figure. Both elbows

No

should be bent and held close to the

body. Feet shoulder width apart with
diagonal stance. Body weight evenly
distributed on both legs and need to be
ready to move. Knees should be slightly
flexed.
Figure 4.1 : Offensive stance

17
 2) Defensive stance. :
Head should be held perpendicular
to pelvis and back need to be straight.
Elbows should be bent and hand held
up to shoulder height (as shown in
figure). Body weight distributed evenly
on both legs and feet placed as wide

d
as possible. Knees slightly flexed and
diagonal stance maintained.

is he
re S B
bl
Figure 4.2 : Defensive stance
be T
pu
K

Players in the basketball court

should obey imaginary cylinder
©

principle. According to this, a

player should retain his position
within an imaginary cylinder. As
depicted in the figure below, the
cylinder shall be limited up to
palms at the front, buttocks at the
back and outer edges of arms and
to

legs laterally.
t

Figure 4.3 : Cylinder principle

No

3) Holding the ball :

Ball has to be held with both hands in front of the chest. At
this moment, all the fingers should be spread apart and thumbs
pointing each other. Ball should be securely held in between chest
and abdomen.

18
 II Dribbling :

1) Stance:
Ball should be held at the side with
both hands in diagonal stance for
performing dribble. Knees should be

d
slightly flexed and eye sight at the front.

he
2) Execution:

is
Push the ball towards ground by
re S
extending elbow. At this moment
B
bl
wrist and fingers get flexed. As the ball
be T

bounces back the dribbling hand should

pu
be in contact with the ball. During this,
K

the ball should bounce up to a level

©

between knees and the trunk. In order to Figure 4.4 : Dribbling

gain more control over the ball, the fingers

should be spread as much as possible.

Types of dribbling
to

1) Low dribble :
In this type of dribbling, the knees
t

are bent slightly more than the normal

No

(as shown in the figure). Ball should

bounce only up to knee level and left
hand should be extended for
safeguarding the ball.

Figure 4.5 : Low dribble

19
2) High dribble (Speed Dribble) :

In this type of dribble, the ball

has to bounce above the waist
level but limited up to the

d
shoulder height. Both legs should

he
be near straight as shown in
figure. This helps in moving with
speed while dribbling the ball.

is
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K

Figure 4.6 : High dribble

©

III Giving and receiving chest pass :

1) Stance :
Hold the ball in front of the chest in diagonal stance. Fingers
should be spread apart to the maximum extent and thumb fingers
should be behind the ball. Both elbows should be close to the
to

body and eye sight on target (as in figure).

2) Execution :
t
No

Body weight has to be shifted on front leg and simultaneously

ball has to be released towards target by extending both arms.

3) Follow through :
Fingers should be pointing to the direction of pass and both
palms face outward. In order to retain balance the rear leg has to
be brought one step forward.
20
 d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
Figure 4.7 : Chest Pass
K

4) Receiving the ball :

©

Both hands have to be extended while receiving a chest pass.

Ball has to be caught and brought near the chest. Fingers should
be spread apart and eye sight should be on the ball.

IV Step stop :
A player dribbling and moving may need to stop. He should
to

hold the ball with a step on either of the legs. This foot is called
the pivot foot. He then places another foot one step ahead. At this
t

moment, both knees should be slightly flexed and body weight

No

evenly distributed on both legs.

V Pivoting :
When a player holds the ball, he should fix one of his feet
without movement and move the other foot at any direction as
many times as required. He should turn on the toe of the foot
which is fixed.
21
VI Shooting :
Two hand set shot :

1) Stance :
Feet shoulder width apart and ball held
with both hands in front of the chest. Knees

d
slightly bent.

he
2) Execution :

is
re S
Knees, hip, shoulders and elbows should
B
bl
extend sequentially in order to release the
ball above the head. Eye sight should be on
be T
pu
the ball. Both wrists and all the fingers bend
K

forward while releasing the ball.

©

3) Follow through  :
Figure 4.8
Both hands are extended and index fingers Two hand set shot

point the target. Both palms face downward

and biceps come near to the ears.
t to

Project:
No

With the direction of teacher students should form groups and

plan for lead up activity releated to the skills plantroned above.

22
 Chapter - 5
BADMINTON
Following skills are learnt in this chapter .
a Footwork of players.
a Holding the racket

d
a Fore hand service

he
a Fore hand – under hand receive/return

Badminton is a popular game in our country. This is played

is
re S
both indoor and outdoor for recreation and improving physical
fitness, the skills, involved in this game help in improving speed
B
bl
and coordination.
be T
pu
I Foot work of players :
K

In majority of the situations (except backhand) where the

player moves within the court, he starts his movement with the
©

right as the lead leg. In order to receive shuttles at his right, he has
to place his right leg one step towards that direction. Similarly, to
receive shuttles at his left, he has to place his right leg one step
towards left and start the movement.
II Holding the racket :
to

Generally a player makes use of two grips in order to hold the

racket. 1. Fore hand grip. 2. Back hand grip.
t

1) Fore hand grip :

No

In order to receive the shuttles

at the right side (at the center,
front and back of the court) and
to serve form right side, a player
uses forehand grip. In this, thumb
and the index fingers form the
shape of English alphabet ‘V’. Figure 5.1 : Fore hand grip

23
2) Back hand grip :
This grip is used to receive all the shuttles
(at the center, front and back) coming at the left
side of the player. The racket has to be brought
immediately towards left to receive the shuttle.
The player places more stress on his thumb
finger in this method. This skill is usually

d
performed with the help of the wrist.

he
Figure 5.2

is
Back hand grip
re S B
bl
III Fore hand service :
be T
pu
This service skill is performed in diagonal
K

stance in front of the body. It has to be

performed form below the waist level and
©

should not come into contact with any of

the lines.

Figure 5.3
Fore hand service

IV Fore hand – under hand receive or return :

to

The skill used to receive the shuttles at the right side of the player
t

is called as fore hand receive or return. It is performed with a fore

No

hand grip by reaching near the shuttle by means of short or long

steps as required. Stretching legs and arms as per requirement,
and watching the shuttle is most essential.
Project :
With the direction of teacher students should form groups and
plan for lead up activity releated to the skills plantroned above.

W
24
 ATHLETICS
Chapter - 6
MIDDLE AND LONG DISTANCE RACES
Following skills are learnt in this athletics.

d
a Arm and leg movement.

he
a Semicrouch start and body position.
a Finish strategies.

is
a Strategies for middle and long distance race.
re S B
bl
Athletic events include activities that improve physical and
be T

mental capabilities of the individual. Some of them include

pu
running, Jumping and throwing events. In this chapter we shall
K

discuss middle and long distances evets.

©

Runners should know how to utilise their energy appropriately.

One should rum the race rhythmically. Arm and leg movements
should be adjusted properly as per the stage of the competition.
He should sustain mental and physical tiredness encountered
due to change in pace of the race.
to

I Movements of hands and legs :

1) Movement of hands  :
t

Movements of hands and legs are similar to sprinting events.

No

They move forward and backward. In the final stage of a race as

the running speed increases, the speed of movements of hands
should also increase.

2) Movements of legs :
Legs move rhythmically with the opposite arm.

25
II Semi crouch start and body position :
The runner places his strong leg toe on the command ‘on your
mark’. He stands with his knees slightly flexed and upper body
bent slightly forward. As soon as there is signal for start of race,
he should swiftly perform his arm action and place his first step
with the rear foot.

d
he
3) Finish :
An ideal runner utilizes all his energy reserves during the

is
re S
finish of race. It is appropriate to bend slightly forward while
finishing the race. Run through technique is most suitable here.
B
bl
be T

4) Strategies for middle and long distance races :

pu
K

 Performing warm up exercises.

©

 Wearing appropriate sports costumes.

 Running in the near edge is appropriate.

 Wearing shoes appropriate to the track surface.

to

 Running in the track.

It is dangerous for a middle and long distance runner to run

t

with full speed at the beginning of the race. This is because he

No

may find exhausted in the later part of the race. There are chances
of clash and falling down during the beginning of race, where all
the competitors start the race together. Therefore, the runners
should avoid this by keeping distance between each other.

W
26
 Chapter - 7
HIGH JUMP
Following skills are learnt in this athletics.
a Approach run and take off. a Landing
a Body position on cross bar

Details of straddle technique :

d
he
Straddle technique in high hump is useful where the foam pit
is unavailable.
I Approach run and take off : The jumper taking off on

is
re S
left leg marks his runway and jumps from the left side of
the crossbar. Similarly, the one taking off with right leg
B
bl
jumps from the right side.
be T

II Body position on cross bar :

pu
There are usually two positions
K

which can be observed while clear-

©

ing the cross bar.

 Parallel straddle
 Dive straddle
a. Parallel straddle: In this
technique, the jumper clearing the Figure 7.1
crossbar keeps his body straight and Body Position above crossbar
to

in straddle technique
parallel to the crossbar. While taking
off, the body has to be propelled upward starting form head, right
shoulder and right hand has to clear the cross bar together.
t
No

b. Dive straddle : In this technique, as depicted in figure,

clearing the cross bar is initiated by head. Hip as well as knees are
slightly flexed while clearing. Head and hip are not held parallel
to the cross bar, rather they clear it obliquely.
III Landing : After clearing the cross bar and during land-
ing into the soft pit or sand pit, the jumper has to place
his right leg and right hand first. Eventfully he rolls on his
shoulders and hip region.
27
 RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES
Chapter -8

GHATI LAZIUM
Following skills are learnt in this chapter .
a Exercise : Ath taok a Exercise : Tal se kadam

d
a Exercise : peeche pav a Exercise : Age pav

he
a Exercise : pavithra a Exercise : kudan pavithra
a Exercise : pavithra baithak

is
re S
Details of basic commands :
B
bl
Basic position : Hold the metal (short) stick of the lezium in right
be T

hand and retain savdhan position.

pu
K

Initial position : Hoshiyar

Join both the sticks of lezium at the right side
©

by holding one side of the wooden (long) stick in the

left hand and one side of the metal stick in the right
hand. Metal stick should be below the wooden.

I EXERCISE : ATH THOK

Position : Hoshiyar
to

Count 1 : Swing the lezium form right to left and

open the metal stick in front of the
t

thigh.
No

Count 2: Lezium should be brought to the left

side and Metal stick should be joined
with the wooden.

28
 Count 3: Swing the lezium from left to right
and Open the metal stick in front
of the thigh.

d
is he
re S
Count 4: Lezium should be brought to the
B
bl
rightside and join the metal stick.
be T
pu
K
©

Count 5: Lift the lezium above head and open

the sticks with extended arms.
Wooden stick should be at the back
and metal at the front. Turn body
to

towards left and keep lezium parallel

to ground.
t
No

Count 6: Join the lezium at the left side.

29
Count 7: Swing the lezium and open in front
of thigh.

d
he
Count 8: Join the lezium at the right side.

is
re S B
bl
be T
pu
Note : Perform these exercises in16 counts.
K
©

II EXERCISE : THAL SE KADAM

Position : Lift right leg in hoshiyar position.
Knee should be flexed and thigh parallel to
the ground.
t to

Count 1: Place the right leg on the ground, swing

No

the lezium and open the meal stick in

front of thigh.

30
 Count 2: Lift left leg up, bring the lezium
towards left and join metal stick to
the wooden.

d
he
Count 3: Place left leg on the ground, swing

is
re S
the lezium from left to right and
open the lezium in front of the thigh
B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Count 4: Left right leg up, bring the lezium

towards right and join the metal
stick
to

Count 5: Join right leg to the left, lift the lezium

t

above head and open the sticks with

No

extended arms. Wooden stick should

be at the back and metal at the
front. Turn body towards left and
keep the lezium parallel to the
ground.

31
Count 6: Lift left leg up, join the lezium at the
left side.

d
he
Count 7: Place left leg on the ground, swing
the lezium and open in front of

is
re S
thigh.
B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Count 8: Lift right leg up and join the lezium at

the right side.
to

Note : Perform these exercises in16 counts.

t
No

III EXERCISE : PEECHE PAV

Position : Lift right leg up in hoshiyar position

and join the lezium on the right side.

32
 Count 1: Place right leg one step backward,
turn slightly towards right and open
the lezium in front of thigh.

d
is he
re S
Count 2: Shift the body weight on right leg,
B
bl
lift the left leg up and join the lezium
towards the left.
be T
pu
K
©

Count 3: Place the left leg on the ground and

open the lezium in front of the thigh.
t to

Count 4: Lift the right leg up and join the lezium

No

the right side.

33
Count 5: Join the right leg to the left, lift the
lezium above head and open the
sticks with extended arms. Wooden
stick should be at the back and
metal at the front.

d
is he
Count 6: Lift the left leg up and join the lezium
re S
a the left side.
B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Count 7: Place the left leg on the ground, swing

the lezium and open in front of the
thigh.
t to
No

Count 8: Bring the lezium towards the right

and lift the right leg up.

Note : Perform these exercises in 16 counts.

34
 IV EXERCISE : AGEY PAV
Position : Place both the legs in hoshiyar
position and join the lezium at the right side.

d
he
Count 1: Without the movement of legs, swing
the lezium from the right side and

is
re S
open the metal stick in front of the
thigh.
B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Count 2: Without the movement of legs, bring

lezium towards the left and join the
metal stick with the wooden stick.
t to
No

Count 3: Without the movement of legs, swing

the lezium from left to right and
open the metal stick in front of the
thigh.

35
Count 4: Lift the right leg up and join the
metal stick of the lezium to the
wooden part at the right side.

d
is he
re S
Count 5: Place the right leg one step forward,
B
bl
turn the body slightly towards the
left and open the lezium above the
be T
pu
head by extending both arms stick
K

should be at the back and metal

stick at the front .
©

Count 6: Lift the left leg up and join the

lezium at the left side.
t to
No

Count 7: Place the left leg on the ground,

swing the lezium and Open it in
front of the thigh.

36
 Count 8: Bring the lezium towards right side
and lift right leg up.

d
he
Note : Perform these exercises in 16 counts.

V EXERCISE : PAVITHRA

is
re S
Note : This exercise includes the following
B
bl
movements along with the movements of Ath
thok exercise. This is the combination of peeche
be T

pav and agey pav.

pu
K

Position: Lift right leg up in hoshiyar position

and join the lezium at the right side.
©

Count 1: Place the right leg one step backward,

turn slightly towards the right and
open the lezium in front of the thigh.
t to
No

Count 2: Shift body weight on the right leg,

lift the left leg and join the lezium at
the left side.

37
Count 3: Place the left leg in its intial position
on the ground And open the lezium
in front of the thigh.

d
he
Count 4: Lift the right leg up and join the

is
re S
lezium at the right side.
B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Count 5: Place the right leg one step forward,

turn the body slightly towards the
left and open the lezium above Lead
by extending both arms. The wooden
stick should be at the back and
metal at the front.
t to
No

Count 6: Lift the left leg up and join the lezium

at the left side

38
 Count 7: Place the left leg in its initial position
on the ground and open the lezium
in front of the thigh.

d
he
Count 8: Bring the lezium towards the

is
re S
right and lift the right
B
bl
be T

Note : Perform these exercises in 16 counts.

pu
K
©

VI EXERCISE : KUDAN PAVITHRA

Position : Lift the right leg up in hoshiyar

position and join the lezium in front
of the thigh.
t to
No

Count 1: Place the right leg one step backward,

turn slightly towards the right and
open the lezium in front of the thigh.

39
Count 2: Hop on the right leg, lift the left leg
and join the lezium at the left side.

d
is he
Count 3: Place the left leg in its initial
re S
position on the ground and open the
B
bl
lezium in front of the thigh
be T
pu
K
©

Count 4: Hop on the left leg, lift the right

leg up as well as forward and join
the lezium at the right side.
t to
No

Count 5: Place the right leg one step forward

andopen lezium above the head by
extending both arms.

40
 Count 6: Hop on the right leg, lift the left
leg and join the lezium at the left
side.

d
he
Count 7: Place the left leg in its initial position
on the ground and open the lezium

is
in front of right the thigh.
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Count 8: Hop on the left leg, lift the right

leg and join the lezium at the right
side.
to

Note : Perform these exercises up to 16 counts.

t

VII EXERCISE : PAVITHRA BAITHAK

No

Position: Lift the right leg up in hoshiyar position

and join the lezium at the right side.

41
Count 1: Place the right leg one step backward,
turn slightly towards the right and
open the lezium in front of the thigh.

d
is he
re S B
Count bl
2: Hop on the right leg, lift the left
be T

leg and join the lezium on the left

pu
side.
K
©

Count 3: Place the left leg one step forward and

open the lezium in front of the thigh.
t to
No

Count 4: Hop on the left leg, lift the right leg

up as well as front and join the
lezium at the right side.

42
 Count 5: Starting from the right leg, place both
legs one step forward and perform
baithak. At the same time open the
lezium above the head by extending
both arms upward.

d
is he
Count 6: Hop on the right leg, lift the left leg
re S
up and join the lezium at the left
B
blside.
be T
pu
K
©

Count 7: Place the left leg one step backward

and open the lezium in front of the
right thigh.
t to
No

Count 8: Hop on the left leg, join the lezium

at the right side and join the right
leg to the left.

Note : Perform these exercises in 16 counts.

43
 Chapter -9

DRILL AND MARCHING

You learn following skills in this chapter :
a Line division
a Theen line me tej Chal

d
a Tej chal me tham

he
Drill and Marching :
I Theen line ban :

is
re S
Command : “Lamba dahine Chota Baen, mere samne ek line
ban”.
B
bl
The whole squad (turns right, count a pause) sort out
be T
pu
themselves and form a single line in front of the teacher and
stands tallest at the right and shortest at the left hand side of the
K

teacher.
©

Note: Dahine saj order is given to make the single straight.

Command : “Class Dahine se Ek Do Ginthi Kar”
The student at right extreme, counts ‘Ek’ or ‘One’ and next to
him counts ‘Do’ or two. Next one counts ‘Ek’ again and next to
him counts ‘Do’, this process continues till the end.
Command : “Number ‘Ek’ Ek Khadam age, Number ‘Do’ Ek
to

khadam piche, Class Age Piche Chal”.

On this Command, starting with their left leg, the students
t

who counted number ‘Ek’ comes one step forward and number
No

‘Do’ goes one step backward. Now single line is divided into two
students should say ‘EK’ while placing left leg and ‘Do’ while
placing right leg.
Command : ‘Number ek Dahine, Number Do Baen, class
Dahine - baen mud’
On this command, students in the front line turn towards
their right and those in the back line turn towards their left in a
disciplined and rhythmic way.
44
 Command : Dahina darshak khada rahega, baki teen line
ban tez chal.
Except the Right Marker, all others make 3 ranks by quick
March immediately after the command given by the teacher. In
order to do this, the second student raises his right hand to take
one arm distance from the right marker and the third student
takes one arm distance from second student. Fourth student
stands behind the ‘Right marker’ taking one arm distance from

d
him and all others continue to do the same.

he
II Theen line me Tej Chal :
This Command is given when the students are in three ranks

is
re S
and ready to march. By this command all should start marching
from attention position.
B
bl
Ek : The left leg placed forward along with a forward swing
be T
pu
from the right arm. At the same time the left hand is taken back
K

with a swing.
Do : The right leg is placed forward along with a forward swing
©

from the left hand. Simultaneously the left hand is taken back
with a swing.
The entire body should be rhythmical. Everybody should look
front and make his/her respective lines straight and adjust to the
files at the sides. Marching continues with equal distance steps
fill the next command.
to

III Tej chal me’ Tham’ :

t

While marching, ‘class’ command is given to left foot and

No

‘Tham’ command is to the right foot. Students say ‘Ek’ on left

foot by digging and join the right foot to left foot by saying ‘Do’.
Thus, marching comes to a halt in attention position.

W
45
 Chapter - 10
YOGA
Following skills are learnt in this chapter.
a Standing asanas
a Sitting asanas
a Lying asanas

d
a Pranayam and dhyana

he
Note: During asana practice, `puraka’ should be observed
while extending chest region or bending backward; similarly

is
re S
`rechaka’ should be observed while flexing chest region or
bending forward.
B
bl
STANDING ASANAS :
be T
pu
I Parshwakonasana :
K

The meaning of ‘Parshwa’ is ‘Lateral’. This asana requires

complete lateral bending and it depicts a triangle in the final
©

stage. Hence it is named as Parshwakonasana.

Initial Position: Samasthithi (In Thadasana)
t to
No

Figure 8.1: Parshwakonasana

46
 1. Jump to a minimum height with Puraka, extend arms to the
sides and place your feet at sufficient distance as shown in
the figure. Hands should be extended straight to the shoulder
height and palms should be facing the ground.
2. Turn right toe 900 towards right and keep hands extended
sideward. Tighten the muscles of legs. Broaden the chest and
turn the neck towards right.
3. Bend the right knee with Rechaka up to a position where

d
the lower leg is perpendicular to the ground. The right thigh
should be parallel to the ground. There should be right angle

he
at the right knee.
4. Perform rechaka after performing puraka and extend the

is
right hand forward. Place the right palm next to the right foot
re S
(towards right) on the ground. Stretch the left hand above the
B
head and pull it. Press the left foot on the ground in order to
bl
control body weight.
be T

5. Perform Puraka - rechaka sequentially and return to initial

pu
position. Practise the same form on left side as well.
K

II Parivrata Thrikonasana :
©

Intial positon: Samasthithi Tadasana

t to
No

Figure 8.2 : Parivrata Thrikonasana

47
1. Jump to a minimum height with Puraka, extend arms to the
sides and place feet at sufficient distance as shown in figure.
Palms should be facing downward.
2. Turn right toe upto 900 and the neck towards right.
3. Turn hip and neck towards right side along with rechaka.
4. Perform rechaka after performing puraka and turn towards
right in order to place left palm near the right feet on the
ground. Right hand should be extended upward vertically and

d
watch the fingers of the same hand.

he
5. Retain the final position for a while and return to the initial
position sequentially. Practise the same form the left side as
well.

is
re S
III Ardha Chakrasana :
B
bl
Initial position: Samasthithi
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No

Figure 8.3 : Ardha Chakrasana

48
 1. Keep both palms on the hip.
2. Both thumbs should be pressing the back bone.
3. Extend the body part above the hip backward with puraka, do
not bend knees.
4. Return to initial position with rechaka sequentially.
IV Ushtrasana :

d
This asana is called Ushtrasana because the final stage of
this asana resembles a camel.

he
Initial position: Sit straight with extended legs.

is
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No

Figure 8.4 : Ushtrasana

1. Bend the right leg and place it below hips and then do the
same thing with the left leg.
2. Stand on knees and keep both hands on hips.
3. Loosen hip and back with rechaka and place both palms on
soles of feet. Bend entire body backwards. Return to initial
position sequentially.

49
 SITTING ASANAS :

I Ardha Matsyendrasana :
Initial Position : Extend legs forward and sit straight toes
should be pointing forward.

d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
to

Figure 8.5 : Ardha Matsyendrasana

1. Bend right leg and place it outside left knee (as shown in
t

figure)
No

2. Bend left leg and keep the foot below right hip.
3. Loosen hip and encircle right knee with left hand. Take the
right hand backward so that both hands join together around
hip. Turn neck towards right side.
4. Retain this position with normal breathing and return back to
initial position sequentially.

50
 II Gomukhasana :
This asana is called Gomukhasana because it resembles the
face of a cow.
Initial Position: sit straight with extended legs.

d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Fiure 8.6 Gomukhasana

1. Bend the left leg lift it above right leg and place the foot near
the right hip.
2. Bent the right leg and place the foot in contact with the left
hip.
to

 Outer edges of both feet should touch the ground.

 Both knees should be on one another.
t

3. Bend the left elbow and bring behind back with fingers pointing
No

upward.
4. Lift the right hand up, bend at the elbow and join fingers
with the left hand fingers. The right elbow should be pointing
towards the sky and the back should be straight.
5. Remain in the final position for a while and return to
samasthithi sequentially. Perform this from the other side.

Note: Make use of rope or belt in the initial stage.

51
III Paschimothanasana :
Initial position: Extend both legs forward in a straight sitting
position.

d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Figure 8.7 : Paschimothanasana

1. Place both hands on the sides with shoulders parallel.

2. Extend both arms vertically above head with puraka
3. Keep the back straight, bend forward with rechaka. Hold both
to

big toes with respective index fingers. Chest as well as face

should be touching the knees and both elbows should be
touching the ground.
t
No

4. Remain in the final position of the asana for a while and return
with puraka to the initial position sequentially.

Note: Do not try to bend the body the force in the

beginning.

52
 IV Ardhabaddha Paschimothanasana: :
Initial position: Extend legs forward and sit straight.

d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
Figure 8.8 : Ardhabaddha Paschimothanasana
K

1. Bend the left leg and keep it over the right thigh. The left heel
©

should be touching the umbilicus.

2. Bring the left hand from behind and hold the big toe of left leg.
3. The big toe of extended leg (right) should be held with right
index finger. The body should be bent forward with rechaka.
Face and chest should touch right knee.
to

4. Remain in the final position for a while and return to initial

position sequentially. Perform the same asana by bending
right leg.
t
No

ASANAS IN LYING POSITION :

I Matsyasana :
The final position of this asana resembles a fish. Hence this
asana is named ‘Matsyasana’.
Initial Position: Extend both legs forward in a straight sitting
position.

53
 d
is he
re S B
bl Figure 8.9 : Matsyasana
be T
pu
K

1. Sit in padmasana and place both hands at the sides on the

©

ground.
2. Fall back in supire position with the support of hands.
3. Take both hands back, bend elbows and hold the ground near
the face. Back should be lifted up and fore head should be
touching the ground (as shown in figure).
to

4. Big toes of both legs should be held by hands. Elbows should

be touching the ground.
5. Remain in the final position for a while and return
t
No

sequentially.

Note: Falling back and coming up in padmasana should be

slow. Lifting the back upward should be steadily done. Bending
the neck should not be forceful.

54
 II Saravangasana :
This asana is called saravangasana because every part of the
body gets involved in this.

Initial position: Lay down in Samathala Sthithi.

d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Figure 8.10 : Saravangasana

to

1. Lift legs vertically up with puraka.

t

2. Lift the trunk up and take legs backward.

No

3. Make the body stand on neck and shoulders.

4. Support the trunk with both hands and hold the body vertically
up.
5. Remain in the final position for a while and return sequentially.

55
III Rajakapotasana :
Initial position: Prone lying position.

d
is he
re S B
bl Figure 8.11 : Rajakapotasana

1. Place hands beside the chest and lift the chest up.
be T
pu
K

2. Loosen the hip and bend backward to the maximum. Both

hands should be on the ground.
©

3. Bend both legs and make the soles of the feet to touch the
head. Back region should be stretched and hip muscles should
be contracted.

4. Remain in the final position for a while and return sequentially.

to

Note: Back and neck region should be stretched slowly in

t

the beginning.
No

IV Dhanurasna :
‘Dhanussu’ refers to ‘Bow’. Since the body bends like a bow in
this asana, it is called Dhanurasna.

Initial position: Prone lying position.

56
 d
he
Figure 8.12 : Dhanurasna

is
1. Place both hands beside the chest.
re S
2. Bend both legs and bring soles of the feet towards the back.
B
bl
3. Hold both ankle joints tightly with hands.
be T

4. Lift the neck, chest and legs upwards with puraka. There
pu
should be a little distance between legs, and face should be
K

calm.
©

5. Remain in the final position for a while and return sequentially.

PRANAYAMA :
I Anuloma Viloma :
Initial positon : Sit in any meditative asana Eg- Padmasana,
Vajrasana etc.
to

1. Place hands on thighs with any of the mudras.

2. Perform deep inhalation and exhalation form both nostrils.
t

II Chandranuloma Uiloma:
No

Inhalation (Puraka) and exhalation (rechaka) is performed

through left nostril only.
Initial Position: Sit in any meditative asana
1. Sit straight with Nasika mudra. Close the right nostril gently
with thumb. Keep the left hand on thigh in a suitable manner.
2. Perform puraka and rechaka form left nostril rhythmically.
57
III Suryanuloma Viloma:
Inhalation (puraka) and exhalation (rechaka) is performed
through right nostril only.
Initial position: Sit in any meditative asana.
1. Close the left nostril gently with the ring finger or the little
finger of the right hand.
2. Perform puraka and rechaka form the right nostril

d
rhythmically.
DYANA :

he

Dhyana is one of the dimensions
of metaphysics. It is a process of

is
regulating the mind, an attempt
re S
to control the thought process. It
B
bl
helps in removing weakness of
mind and boosts internal strength.
be T

It enhances self confidence. It is

pu
essential to lead a life free of
K

hatredness towards others; mind

becomes free from external
©

influence. It is required to develop

internal bliss. Figure 8.13 : Dhyana
Initial practice :
Cleansing of the body should be done prior to dhyana. Sit on
a mat in a clean and silent place. Perform any of the meditative
asana. Hold back, neck and head straight in a relaxed position.
Hold hands in any of the mudra as per convenience. Close eyes
to

and focus attention in a spot between the two eyes. Concentrate

the mind in a particular manner. Keep the mind free from any kind
of thoughts, ideas, worries, experiences or memories. Breathe in
t

a steady and comfortable manner. At the end, rub palms with

No

each other and place them on eyes before opening them.

Suguna Dhyana :
Plenty of thoughts and ideas start disturbing the mind of
performer in the initial stage of dhyana. In order to overcome
these disturbances it is better to focus on a particular thing, god
or a light beam. One can also concentrate on a physical thing in
order to practise dhyana.
(Morning and evening are appropriate for performing dhyana.)
58
 Chapter - 11

RECREATIONAL GAMES
Following skills are learnt in this chapter :
a Chariot Fight a Haranna Tooranna
a Akasha Bhoomi Patala a Number formation

d
a Entara ota a Crocodile Mouth

he
a Wake up from sleep a Explore phrase
a Ten number game a Shatayu

is
re S
a Cock Fight a Standing Kho
B
bl
1 Chariot fight :
Form a circle as per the strength of the students. Students
be T
pu
form chariots by riding on the back of one another. As per the
K

command of teacher, every couple tries to struggle with the other

and try to bring down the person riding on the back. They may
©

try to send the other chariots out of the circle as well. In this way
the chariots going out of circle or the one’s coming down from the
back are out of the game. The only team remaining at the end of
the game is considered winners.
2 Haranna tooranna :
Students are divided into two teams. Players of both teams
to

stand one behind the other at a distance of 1.5 meters in two lines.
First player of each team stands and second one sits, third stands
and fourth sits. Similarly all other players of both teams follow the
t

sequence. Players standing should spread their legs. Equipment

No

each is placed in front of each line at a distance of 20 feet. At

the command of the teacher, the last player of each team starts
to advance towards the equipment by jumping over the sitting
person and crawling under the legs of the standing person. After
surpassing everyone, the players takes a round of the equipment
placed in front of their respective lines and retains their original
position. All other players continue the same sequence and retain
their original positions. The team completing first is considered
the winners.
59
3 Akasha bhoomi patala :
All the students stand in a circle. Teacher stands at a place
visible to every student. Students point at the sky on the command
‘Akasha’ by the teacher, keep their hands on hips on the command
‘Bhoomi’, and at the command ‘Patala’ they bend forward and
point the ground. Students have to perform as per the commands
of the teacher rather than imitating his action. The student doing
contrary movement goes out of the game. Every student should

d
be watching the teacher compulsorily. Students learn the moral
that they should not be deceived by the people who show the

he
wrong path.
4 Number formation :

is
re S
Two teams are formed and make stand by facing each other.
Teacher assigns the numbers 0,1,2,3,4,…. 9 to each student
B
bl
of both teams. Teacher puts parallel lines before each team.
The teacher stands in the middle and announces a multi digit
be T
pu
number. The students with specific numbers run towards the
K

teacher and form that number in front of him. For example: if

teacher announces 125, the students with number one, two and
©

five should stand in a sequence. The team forming the number in

a correct manner first is given one point, whereas the one making
mistakes or forming late is not given any point. The team securing
10 points first is considered winner.
5 Figure of eight race :
Students are divided into two teams and make stand in a
straight line by facing each other at a distance of 8 to 10 meters.
to

A stick is placed in the hands of first player of each team. On the

command of teacher, the first player of each team starts to move
around the opponent team and then around his own team in the
t

figure of eight pattern of and resumes his initial position. The

No

second player collects the stick from the first one and continues
to move in a similar manner. All other players continue the same
pattern of movement. The team finishing first is considered
winner.
6 Crocodile mouth :
Students are divided into two teams and make stand in a
straight line by facing each other at a distance of 10 meters. They
are named ‘M’ and ‘H’. The members of team ‘M’ stretch one hand
60
 forward and the other upward and for the mouth of a crocodile.
Every player should be assigned a number. On the call from
teacher, the player with a specific number from ‘H’ team should
go to the respective numbered player of ‘M’ team and return after
touching his hand. The ‘M’ team player should chase the player
who has touched him. If ‘M’ team player is unable to touch the
‘H’ team player, he should stand behind that player. In case if the
‘M’ team player touches successfully, the ‘H’ team player should

d
stand behind ‘M’ team player. The teacher continues the game
by calling another number. The team scoring maximum points is

he
considered winner.

7. Malagiddu elu

is
(crawling and standing) :
re S
Dividing the class into two teams and making them to stand
B
bl
one after the other behind a starting line. A target line is drawn
be T

at a distance of 20 meters ahead of two teams. Students stand

pu
by stretching their legs as far as possible. On the command of
K

teacher, the students at the end of each line crawl under the
legs of their respective teammates and touch the target line and
©

take their initial position. He then handovers the baton carried by

him to the second student of the same team. The second student
repeats the same sequence and crawls under the first teammate
and takes his initial position. All other students follow the
sequence. The team finishing the relay first is deemed winners.
to

8 Detect the phrase :

Divide the students into two teams and make them stand at
t

a considerable distance. Team ‘A’ is given the opportunity to yell

No

a phrase of their choice collectively. For example: Our Nation

is India, Go to School and Learn, Learn and Teach etc. Team
‘B’ is given an opportunity to detect the phrase. On successful
identification of the phrase, team ‘B’ is awarded one point. The
opportunity to yell is now given to team ‘B’. They should be
provided an opportunity to decide their phrase secretly. Team ‘A’
should identify the phrase and score a point. The game continues
till a team scores ten points first.

61
9 Shatayu :
All students stand in a circle. One among them tells a number
within ten. The student next to him adds another number not
more than ten to the first number. The third student continues
this process. The play continues until the total is one hundred.
The student who is supposed to tell hundred walks out of the
game. For example: The person next to the one who has told 99
shall be out of the game. The game continues in a similar way.

d
The person remaining at the end will be the winner.
10 Cock fight :

he
The students have to be divided into two teams. All of them
spread out inside the circle. Every student within the group bends

is
his left leg and holds it with left hand from behind. Right hand
re S
should hold the left upper arm. Each student either tries to disturb
B
bl
the position of the students of opponent team or tries to send
them out of the circle. In the process, the students leaving their
be T

hands, falling off balance or going out of the circle are considered
pu
out. The team in which maximum numbers of players remain
K

after the stipulated period is considered winner. The same game

can be played without forming teams. In that case, the person
©

remaining at the end is declared winner.

11 Standing kho :
All the students stand in a circle. One among them escapes
(dodger) and the other becomes the chaser. The dodger stands in
front of any of the players in the circle and gives kho by clapping.
The person receiving kho has to escape. His place is occupied
by the first dodger. In case if the chaser touches the dodger, the
to

role gets exchanged (the dodger becomes chaser and the chaser
becomes dodger).
12 Ten number game :
t
No

The students are divided into two groups. One of the groups
stands around a circle and the other spreads inside the circle.
The group around the circle is provided with a ball (either a
volleyball or football) and instructed to aim the region below knee
of the players within the circle. Total 10 attempts are provided
and number of players getting out is recorded. The team securing
maximum number of outs is considered victorious.
W
62
 Chapter - 12

NATIONAL INTEGRATION SONG

Punya Bharata
O......o......o...... Punya Bharata Namma Desha

d
Abhimana Santhasa
dhanyavaythu Janma mana Harusha ||Punya||

he
Paratantryada Vishanila Bharatambe musugirda Kala

is
re S
Kosari putidaru nuraru Janaru.... swabhimanadi sidideddavaru
B
bl
Abhimana Santasa |Dhanyavaythu Janma Mana harusha
||Punya|| ||1||
be T
pu
K

Gandhi, Nehru sahakara beru, Lal Bahadhur aa marakke neeru

©

Bandhu Bandhavarondada sudina, thyaga jeevana souhardha purna

Abhimana Santasa |Dhanyavaythu Janma Mana harusha
||Punya|| ||2||

Bose gharjane aa desha kanaja-abhimana

to

Veerakesari aa bala thilaka | Madana mohan -aa bala belaka

Vishwa kavi Sri Tagora Bhave niruthagaidaru thaynada seve
Abhimana Santhasa |Dhanyavaythu Janma Mana harusha
t

||Punya|| ||3||
No

- Sri Basavaraj Vastrada

Note : Sing in chorus

63
 Part-2 : THEORY
Chapter - 1

SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYSICAL
EDUCATION

d
Academic aspects of school curriculum address mental growth.
Regular and structured Physical Education is essential in every

he
school to ensure optimum physical growth and fitness. Physical
education is an integral part of the total education of every child at

is
re S
different levels from primary through higher education. Students
learns the fundamentals of a healthful lifestyle by participating in
B
bl
different physical activities. This leads to development of healthy
be T

and knowledgeable adults in future.

pu
K

The goal of physical education is to develop physically educated

individuals who have the knowledge, skills and confidence to enjoy
©

a lifetime of healthful physical activity. Healthy lifestyle habits,

including healthy eating and physical activity can lower the risk
of becoming obese and developing related diseases. Participating
in physical education at school level helps in achieving all-
round development of children. Vivid movements and physical
activities not only develop physical fitness but also help in mental
to

growth. Children continuously developing physically, mentally

and emotionally are affected by the following benefits of regular
participation in systematic physical education.
t
No

1. Improves Physical Fitness: Participation in physical

education is beneficial for improving endurance, muscular
strength, flexibility. body composition.

2. Long term health benefits: Moderate physical activity is

helpful in maintaining leaner bodies, reduced rates of obesity,
decreases the incidences of high blood pressure, high cholesterol,
diabetes and heart disease.
64
 3. Helpful in mental development: Experiences
derived from participation in physical education are beneficial for
mental development. Sports, games and other activities help in
avoiding anxiety, depression and other mental disorders. Physical
education participation promotes feelings of well-being.

4. Promotes intellectual development: Participation in

d
physical education helps in improving thinking power. Experi-

he
ences and training obtained from physical education enhances
concentration, betters academic performance and strengthens

is
problem solving capabilities. All these help in improving learning
re S
readiness in other subjects. Self-expression and self confidence
B
bl
are filled in such individuals.
be T
pu
5. Improves social adjustment: Activities included in phys-
K

ical education helps students in socialization. Opportunities are

created for group activities which demands cooperation. Devel-
©

opment of good character is promoted through various circum-

stances in physical education programme.

6. Provides guidance for leading healthy, active and

disciplined lifestyle: Healthy and active lifestyle observed
to

during young age leads to its continuation throughout life. This

helps in formation of healthy citizens. Sports, games and associ-
ated activities become part of life and forms basis for disciplined
t
No

lifestyle.

7. Teaches sportsman spirit: Individuals accepting victory

and defeat similarly in physical education setting continue the
habit in real life situation as well. Experiences from sports and
games provide opportunities to inculcate qualities of leadership
among students. Moral character and accountability are gener-
ally observed in physically educated students.
65
8. Unnecessary mental stress can be avoided: Participa-
tion in physical education during adolescence helps in overcom-
ing unnecessary stress. Gradually they learn to come out of such
stress comfortably. Excitement in physical activities and sports
help students to mange stress. This provides joy to students and
provides stress free students life.

d
9. Gives direction for fruitful leisure time pursuits:

he
Students tend to indulge in anti-social behaviours if they are not
aware of making best use of leisure time. Experiences from physi-
cal education help in making use of leisure time in a productive

is
re S
way. Students can adopt sports and games as their hobbies.
B
10. bl
Provides platform for exhibiting hidden talent:
be T

Everyone possesses hidden talent and is continually in search of

pu
such platform to exhibit them. In addition to good eye-hand and
K

eye-leg coordination, if and individual develops physical fitness

©

to an extent, there is every chance to become a high level sports

person. Active participation in physical education provides nec-
essary knowledge and experiences for career selection.
In order to derive above benefits, every student should
participate in systematic physical education.
to

EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
t
No

1) Physical education is an ___________part of the total

education of every child at different levels from primary
through higher education.
2) Academic aspects of school curriculum address mental
growth but _______________is essential in every school
to ensure optimum physical growth and fitness.

66
 II. Answer the following in one or two sentences
each
1) Write the aim of physical education.
2) What are the consequences of physically inactive
lifestyle?

d
3) What are the aspects that enhance physical fitness?

he
III. Answer the following in two or three sentence
each

is
re S
1) Write the importance of physical education at school
B
level. bl
be T
pu
2) How are long term health benefits derived from physical
K

education?
©

3) What is sportsman spirit?

4) How does physical education help in career selection?

Activities
1) Name the professional sportspersons and collect
to

additional information.
2) Try to participate in sport of your choice during leisure.
t
No

Know: Know:
The effects of exercise on Collect information on develop-
skeletal and muscular sys- ment of physical fitness compo-
tems. nents from internet and Teach-
ers

W
67
 MAJOR GAMES
Chapter -2

VolleyBall
Following aspects are learnt in this chapter:

d
History of the game.

he
a

a Layout of volleyball court, measurements and equipments.

is
a Rules of the game.
re S B
History : bl
be T
pu
The game of volley ball was invented by William G Morgan of
K

United States. In the beginning it was played for recreation purpose

by using a ball which was a roll of clothes. The ball passed above
©

the net which was tied to poles on both sides. The name ‘Volley
ball’ was coined to this game because the ball passes or volleys
above the net. This game had begun at Holyoake Massachusetts on
Ninth February 1895. Earlier it had been named as ‘Mintonet’. In
1896 Dr. Alfred Hallstead of Springfield renamed it as Volleyball.
to

YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) had a major role

in popularizing volleyball. As time evolved the rules of the game
was modified and after 1916 ‘Three touch’ rule had been
t
No

established. During the First World Activity :

War the American Army introduced
Collect the information
this game to European continents.
about FIVB Head office,
In the year 1947 FIVB (Federation president and thier function.
of International Volley Ball) came
into existence. Paul Libaud was the first president of the federation.
Later in 1964 the game was formally introduced at Tokyo Olympics.

68
 COURT DESCRIPTION AND MEASUREMENT :

d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No

Figure 2.1 : VolleyBall Court

The court measures a length of 18 meters and width of 9

meters. The court is divided into two equal halves of 9X9 meters.
A line is drawn at a distance of 3 meters away from the center line
and 6 meters away from the end lines. This line is called ‘the
Attack line’. It separates a court into front zone and back zone.
The attack line is extended about 1.75 meters (This line is marked
by five dash lines of 15 cms each with 20 cm spacing between

69
them). Similarly, both side lines
are extended about 15 cms with Know :
a gap of 20 cm beyond end line
With the help of the your
(As shown in the picture) in order
teacher, collect the informa-
to limit ‘Service area’.
tion about warmup filed, pen-
The height of net in the alty filed and international
middle of the court for men is measurement of open zone.

d
2.43 meters and 2.24 meters for
women as well as sub junior boys

he
and girls(below 14 years).

Equipments :

is
re S
The equipments that are used in volley ball are: a ball made
B
bl
of smooth leather, a net, side bands and antennae.
The ball: Spherical balls made of soft leather or synthetic
be T
pu
materials are used in this game. Such a ball consists of bladder
K

to inflate with air. The balls may be uniform bright coloured

or mixture of several colours. Circumference of the ball when
©

inflated shall be 65-67 cm and shall weigh about 260-280 grams.

The net: The volley ball net is 9.5m to 10m long and has
meshes of 10 cm. square. The top of the net is fastened by a white
band of 7 cm width along the length of net. On both sides of the
net, white side bands are tied perpendicular to the side lines and
its length is 1 meter and width is 5cm.
to

Antennae: The antennas of 1.80 m length and 10 mm

diameter are fixed at the outer edge of sidebands on both sides of
the net.
t

Poles: The poles between which the net is stretched are fixed
No

firmly .05 meter to 1 meter away from the side lines on either sides
and in line with the center line. These poles should be spherical,
smooth and 2.55 meters in length above the ground.

Rules of the game :

Every team consists of 6 players and 6 substitutes. The team
to serve first shall be decided by a toss of coin. Service is an activity
in which one of the players from the serving team (situated in
70
 zone 1) tosses the ball into air and then hits it into the opponent’s
court above the net. The receiving team will have maximum of
three touches to return it from above the net.
The process of ball being sent across the net from one side
to another continues till the ball is dropped or a team commits a
foul. Such a process is known as ‘rally’.

d
The team which wins a rally is awarded a point (the rally

he
point system). The team which wins a rally gets to serve the ball
with a point to its credit and players of serving team change their

is
position as shown in the figure.
re S B
4 bl 3 2 Think :
be T

As a Captain of volley
pu
ball team, What are the
K

techniques adopting for won

the game?
©

5 6 1
Figure 2.2 : Rotation

Front and back rows are further subdivided into three areas as
to

shown in the figure above. The area in which server is positioned

is considered as zone-1.
t

The players of the team getting the opportunity to serve due

No

to change of side shall move one step ahead clockwise. The player
in zone -2 moves to zone -1, the player of zone -1 moves to zone-6
and so on.
Free zone of 3 meters shall be marked on all sides of the court.
All lines are included in the play area there fore the lines are
considered integral part of the court or the zone. Any ball that

71
touches any of the line is considered ‘in’ or ‘good’ ball. Antennas
are tied perpendicular at both sides of net and are used to limit
the space between side lines above net. All the balls during a rally
should pass within the space of antenna without touching them.
Scoring : A team gets a point and the chance to serve when
their opponents make a mistake. The team first to reach 25
points first with two points lead is considered winner of the set.

d
A match consists of five such sets and the fifth or deciding set is

he
usually played for 15 points. A team winning three sets is declared
winner of the match.

is
re S
EXERCISES
B
bl
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
be T
pu
1. Volleyball game was invented in _________________ country.
K

2. The earlier name of the game of volleyball was __________.

©

3. The court measures ________ in length and __________

in width.
4. ___________ is tied above side line vertically over the net.
5. Volleyball was formally included in the olympic games
in ______________.
to

II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences

each.
t

1. Who invented volleyball and when?

No

2. Which organization formed rules of the game for the

first time?
3. What is the name of the line drawn at a distance of 3
meters from center line?
4. Name the equipments used in volleyball game.
5. How many players does a volleyball team consist of ?

72
 III. Answer the following questions in 3 to 4 each sentences.
1. Write any two rules of volleyball.
2. Draw the picture of rotation.
3. Write the measurement of volleyball net and mention
the equipments used in net.

d
4. Explain the procedure to decide the winner of a volley

he
ball match.
5. Draw a diagram of volleyball court and name the lines with

is
re S
measurement?
B
bl
IV. Match the list A with B.
be T
pu
‘A’ ‘B’
K

1. Mintonette a) Object tied at both ends of

the net
©

2. Hallstead b) It continues till the players

make foul.
3. Paul Libaud c) Earlier name of volleyball
4. Antenna d) Gave the name volleyball
to

5. Rally e) Smash the ball to opponent

f) First president of FIVB
t
No

V. Activity :

1. Collect pictures of equipments used in Volleyball.

2. Gain experience of officiating a volleyball match.

73
 Chapter -3

Hockey
Following aspects are learnt in this chapter:
a History of hockey.
a Development of hockey in India and performance in olympics.

d
a Dimensions of hockey field and equipments.

he
a Rules of hockey.

Introduction : ‘Hockey’ is one of the popular games in

is
re S
India. India’s golden era in the game lasted from 1928 to 1956
B
bl
during which India won 6 consecutive gold medals at Olympic
Games.
be T
pu
History : Depiction of men playing this game was found
K

and 4,000 years ago old drawings are found in the Beni Hassan
tombs of Nile Valley in Egypt. The statue found in the buildings of
©

Themistocles in 478 B.C. depicted the image of six men carrying

hooked sticks.
Sculptures in the Athens National Archaeological Museum
exhibited youth playing a game called ‘Keritizen’. This game has
similarity with hockey. The name ‘hockey’ has been derived from
French word ‘hooquet’ meaning stick of a shepherd.
to

Youth in England during 17th and 18th century used to

proceed with hitting balls repeatedly from playfield of one village
to the other. Teams consisted of 60 to 100 players and games
t
No

usually lasted for several days. A game similar to the modern

hockey was played at Eton College in England on a playfield of
200 meters length.
The ‘British Hockey Association’ was formed under the
direction of Teddington Cricket Club in 1886. The English, Irish
and Welsh Nationals formed the International Rules Board. The
first Olympic Hockey competition for men was held at London in
1908.

74
 Hockey in India : Indian soldiers started playing hockey after
it was introduced by British soldiers during their rule. In this way
hockey gained popularity in India.
The first Hockey Association in India was started in Kolkata.
This was followed by Hockey associations at Mumbai and Punjab.
In 1925 the ‘Indian Hockey Federation’ (IHA) was formed and got
membership from International Hockey Federation (IHF).

d
Hockey court and measurements:

he
This game is played mostly on
grass or mud surfaces. National and
international hockey matches are

is
re S
played on the artificial or grass
surface called ‘Poly Grass’ or
B
bl
‘Astroturf’.
be T
pu
K
©

Figure 3.1 : Poly Grass

t to
No

Figure 3.2 : Astroturf Court

Know this :
Know, the names of the popular Hockey stadiums and their
history with the help of your teacher and media.
75
 d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K

Figure 3.3 : Hockey Court

©

Hockey is played on a rectangular playfield measuring 91.40

meters X 55 meters (100yardsX60 yards). Goal posts are kept
at each end. In front of each goal post ‘D’ area (a semi circle)
is marked. The penalty spot is marked at a distance of 6.40m
(7 yards) from the middle of goal post.

Equipments of the game :

to

Hockey stick : The game, hockey is played with a stick of

36 to 39 inches length. One end of the stick is curved and its
maximum weight shall be 737 Gms.
t
No

Figure 3.4 : Hockey Stick

Ball : The weight of the ball is 156 grams to 160 grams and
circumference is 235 mm 23.5 centimeters. It is covered by a thin
shell of dimpled plastic. Leather coated ball is used to play on
grass or mud surfaces.
76
 Think :
“Hockey is our National Game and we should know its
background”

d
is he
re S B
Figure 3.5 : Balls in Hockey
bl
General Player Equipments: Players wear mouth guard to
be T

protect their teeth and gums; shin guards to protect shin bone;
pu
padded hand gloves to protect fingers and face masks at the time
K

of short corners, penalty corners and penalty stroke in order to

protect their face.
©

Goal Keeper’s Equipments: Player defending goal post is

called the goal keeper. Apart from holding a stick in his hand,
a goalkeeper wears helmets, leg guards, kickers to kick the ball,
chest protector, hand gloves, groin or pelvic protector, and arm
guards.
t to
No

Figure 3.6 : Goal Keeper's Equipments

77
Common Rules :
 A team consists of 11 players including a goal keeper and 5
substitutes. (Total 16).
 A match consists of 4 quarters of 15 minutes each. There will
be 2 minutes rest interval between first and second as well
as third and fourth periods. There will be ten minutes half
time interval. The team scoring highest goals at the end of 60

d
minutes will be the winners.

he
 Teams choose either to start the play by a center pass or
select an end with the help of a toss.

is
re S
 The Match Starts with center pass from the center of the p[lay
field. The non scoring team starts the play from center part
B
bl
of the playfield after a goal is scored. Similar procedure is
be T

followed during the start of play after half time.

pu
 Substitutions can be made innumerable times among
K

substitutes.
©

 The ball cannot be played by the back of the stick or by the legs.
 During penalty corner only 5 defenders including the goal
keeper can defend in the goal area. All other players of
defending team should stay behind the center line.
Penalties :
to

 ‘Free hit’ is awarded to the opponents a foul is committed.

 A ‘penalty corner’ is awarded for all fouls by the defending
team in ‘D’ area.
t
No

 The ‘penalty stroke’ is awarded to the opponents when a fault

is made by the defending team in the ‘D’ area when the ball is
moving towards the goal post.
 A ‘corner hit’ is awarded to opponents when the ball is sent
out of ‘D’ area by the defending team.
 Penalty corner will be given to opponents if there is intentional
foul committed within 23 meter line by the defender.

78
 Dangerous Play : Lifting the ball up in a dangerous manner
or raising the ball when the opponent is within 5mtrs distance is
dangerous play and sanctioned with suitable penalty.
Warnings and Suspensions : In hockey, three cards are
shown to penalize a players.
A Green card = Which indicate used to a warning.

d
A Yellow card = Which is temporary suspension, for

he
a palyer for minimum of 5 minutes
duration.

is
A red card = Is for permanent exclusion from the rest of
re S
the game to u player without substitution.
B
bl
Scoring a goal : A goal is awarded to the team which
be T

successfully sends the ball into its opponent goal from ‘D’ area.
pu
Goal is disregarded if the ball is sent into the goal from outside
K

the ‘D ‘ area.
©

EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words.

1. The British Hockey Association was started under the

leadership of Teddington _____________ club in 1886.
to

2. Indian hockey team won the Asian _________ medal

for the first time in 1928 Olympics.
t
No

3. The Circumference of the ball used in Hockey match is

_______

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable options provided.

1. Hooquet is a term derived from __________ language.

a) German b) Latin c) Greek d) French

79
 2. The maximum weight of a Hockey stick is___________grams
a) 737 b) 730 c) 760 d) 700
3. __________ card is used in hockey to indicate warning.
a) Red b) Yellow c) Green d) Blue
III. Answer the following questions.

d
1. What is a dangerous play?

he
2. Where was the first Hockey Association started in
India?

is
3. Write the duration of a Hockey match.
re S
4. Mention the measurement of the Hockey stick.
B
bl
IV. Answer the following questions in two or three
be T

sentences each.
pu
K

1. Describe a Hockey playfield.

2. Make a list of the protective equipments of a goal
©

keeper.
3. Write the situations in which cards are used in hockey.
4. What is the differentiate between ‘penalty stroke’ and
‘penalty corner’ ?
to

5. Write the process of scoring a goal in hockey.

6. Draw a digram of Hockey playfied with measurements.
t

V. Activity.
No

1. Construct a hockey playfield including all lines with the help

of thermocol.
2. Prepare list of responsibilities and regulations governing a
goalkeeper.
W
80
 Chapter -4

Handball
Following aspects are learnt in this chapter :
a Development of handball.
a Handball court and specific measurements.

d
a Equipments used in handball.

he
a Rules of handball.

is
Introduction: The game of Handball is played between two
re S
teams of seven players each. The basic skills of running, jumping,
B
bl
catching and throwing are combined into a fast moving exciting
be T

game. Object of the game is to score more goals than opponents

pu
by throwing the ball into their netted goal. Elements of basketball,
K

soccer, hockey and water polo can all be seen in this Olympic Game
©

that has become one of the popular games in the world.

History: Handball is believed to be one of the oldest games

of humanity. There are strong evidences stating that the ancient
Greeks and Romans played games similar to modern handball.

Handball was discovered by picking selected components

to

of games that were in existence in northern Europe during late

19th century. The first written set of team handball rules was
t

published in 1906 by Dane Holger Nielsen. The modern set of

No

rules was published by Max Heiser, Karl Schelenz, and Erich

Konigh from Germany.

The International Amateur Handball Federation was

established by 11countries during the summer Olympic Games
in 1928. It was replaced in 1946 by the International Handball
Federation (IHF) which is still in existence.
81
 In the early part of 20th century, Handball was an eleven-a
side game played outdoors on a soccer playfield. Its popularity
spread throughout Europe. Major modifications were considered
essential in northern Europe due to extreme climatic conditions.
The need for indoor handball became apparent. Handball became
faster and more exciting since it became an indoor game and

d
gained rapid popularity throughout Europe.

he
An exhibition match was organized as part of demonstration
at Berlin Olympics in 1936. In spite of German team showing

is
re S
noticeable performance in the match, the game was not included
in the following Olympic games. Team handball for men was
B
bl
formally included in the Munich Olympics during 1972 and for
be T
pu
women it was introduced in 1976 Montreal Olympics.
K

Initially World Handball Championship was organized once in

©

every 3 or four years. Presently it is organized once in every two

years for both men and women. IHF has been organizing World
Championships for even junior boys and girls. As of July 2009
IHF report, that there are approximately 7,95,000 teams from
166 member federations and a total of 19 Million players.
to

Court description: The Handball game is played in a

rectangular court measuring 40m. length and 20m. width. The
t

goal post is placed at the centre of the either ends. The goals
No

are surrounded by a near semi circle line 6m. away from the
goal. There is also a dash near semi circular line 9m away from
the goal. Other than these, a court consists of a goal line, 7 m
line, a center line, lines to mark substitution zones. The goal line
between the two goal posts are 8 cms wide and all other lines are
5 cms in width.

82
 d
is he
Figure 4.1 : Structure of Hand Ball Court
re S
Equipments description: The ball used in
B
bl
the game of handball is smaller than a football
be T
pu
in order to be able to hold and handle it with
K

single hand. The ball consists of 32 panels over

it and its size varies for men and women as Figure 4.2
©

follows. Hand Ball

men and woman, girls girls between

youth above above 14 years 8-14 years and
16 years and boys boys between
between 12-16 8-12
to

years
Circumference 58-60 cms 54-56 cms 50-52 cms
t

Weight 425-475 g 325-375 g 290-330 g

No

Size 3 2 1

Goal Post :
The goal posts are firmly fixed at the centre of both ends
measuring 3 meters in width and 2 meters in height. The width of
the post at the front is 8 cms and is painted with two contrasting
colours. The rare sides of the goals are fastened by nets.
83
 cm cm

cm
2 mtr.

d
is he
re S B
bl3 mtr.
be T
pu
Figure 4.3 : Hand Ball Goal Post
K
©
to
t
No

Figure 4.4 : Hand Ball Goal Post

84
 General Rules: The hand ball game is played by two teams of
7 players including a goal keeper. The objective of the game is to
put the ball into opponent’s goal while defending their own goal
from attack. The duration of a regulation game is 30 minutes
+ 10 minutes rest interval + 30 minutes. For players between
the ages of 12 to 16 years the time duration is 25 minutes + 10
minutes rest interval + 25 minutes. If the match ends in a tie after

d
the stipulated time, an extra period of 5 minutes + 1 minute rest
interval + 5 minutes is given for play after a rest of 5 minutes. If

he
the tie further continues after the end of extra time, another extra
period of 5 minutes + 1 minute rest interval + 5 minutes is given.

is
If the tie is still not broken the organizer of the tournament will
re S
decide the winner of the match suitably. There is a provision for
B
bl
time-out of 1 minute in each half to both the teams. The match
be T

starts with a “throw off”. Toss in the beginning of the match

pu
decides the team to perform the throw off and begin the match.
K

The game proceeds undisturbed except in case of injuries, team

time-outs and at the discretion of referee. Team succeeding in
©

putting the ball into the opponent’s goal is awarded one point.
Goal area is marked by a near semicircle at a distance of
6 meters from each goal. Although contact with opponents is
allowed in handball but one cannot make use of his hands and
legs. Pushing, Holding or endangering a player is forbidden.
to

Players involved in rough play will be penalized with 2 minutes

suspension.
Passing is the primary way to move the ball in attack. A player
t
No

may take three steps with the ball before and after dribbling. Ball
can be held y for not more than three seconds. The attacking
player’s task is to find a way over, around or through the defensive
wall for scoring points.
After a goal is scored, the team conceding the goal restarts
the game from the center line after the signal from referee. All the
players of that team must remain behind the center line on their
own half.

85
 Players are not allowed to enter the goal area except the goal
keeper of defending team. However, the players can attempt to
play the ball if it is in the air within the goal area. If a defender
interferes with an attacker while in the act of shooting, their team
is penalized with penalty shoot. During this, only one attacker
behind seven meter line and the
Activity :
defending goal keeper shall be

d
involved. The ball possession is given Collect the Hand ball re-

he
sults in 2012 Lundon
to the opponents for free throw in all olympics.
other situations including rough play.

is
If such behaviour is continued or intensity of rough play is
re S
increased the punishment is progressively increased. Such
B
bl
situations are dealt either by showing yellow card for 2 minutes
be T

suspension or red card. Penalizing should be based on IHF

pu
regulations. The coach is also brought under the purview of such
K

panalty.
©

****
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Handball match starts with a ___________ .
to

2. A penalty throw is taken from __________ meter line.

3. The width of a goal line is _______ cms.

t

4. IHF stands for _____________________.

No

II. Answer the following questions in one or two

sentences each.
1. Who published the rules of Handball for the first time and
when?

2. Who formulated the rules of modern Handball?

86
 3. When did the International Handball Federation
come into existence?
III. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences.
1. Explain how the hand ball game was included in Olympics.
2. Write a note on the Organization of Handball World
Championship?

d
he
3. Write a short note on the ball used in the game of
hand ball.

is
4. Explain the process of imposing penalties in handball.
re S
IV. Match the following words on list ‘A’ with list ‘B’.
B

bl
‘A’ ‘B’
be T
pu
K

1. Line width of the court a) 1972

©

2. IHF came into existence b) 5 cms

3. Tickness of goal post c) 1946

4. Hand ball included in the Olympics d) 8 cms

V. Activity.
to

1. Collect pictures of costumes worn by handball players.

2. Collect information on games similar to handball and write an

t
No

essay.

87
 Chapter -5

Basket Ball
Following aspects are learnt in this chapter:
a History and development of basketball.
a Basketball court and its dimensions.

d
a Equipments used in basketball.

he
a Rules of basketball.

is
Introduction: Basketball can be played by everyone indoors
re S
as well as outdoors. Apart from playing it for competition, the
B
bl
game is also played for recreation. Certain rules are to be followed
while playing it for competition. In all other circumstances certain
be T
pu
modifications to the basic rules can be made.
K

The game is played between two teams of 5 players each in

©

a rectangular court. The main objective of the game is to score a

point by shooting an inflated ball through a ring mounted 3.05
meters above and parallel to the ground. Both the attackers and
the defenders attempt to score as many as points by using the
skills like shooting, passing, dribbling, and rebounding.
History: The teacher of Y M C A, spring field Dr. James A
to

Naismith invented the game of basketball during December 1891.

He structured the game as a response to the direction given by
t

Dr. Luther Gullick, Director of Physical Education department at

No

Y M C A. The objective was to structure an indoor game similar

to football which kept the students in good Physical shape during
extreme winter season.
Dr. Naismith wrote the basic rules of Basketball game by
keeping in view the rough walls of Gymnasium. Accordingly, a
basket of peach fruit was fixed to the wall at a height of 10 feet.
In the year 1906 metal hoops and back boards were used instead

88
 of basket. This facilitated retrieval of the ball after a point was
scored each time. Gradually many changes were adapted and
the presently prevailing ring and net used in order to make the
ball pass through the basket freely. Initially the game was played
with a soccer ball. During 1950 the present orange color ball
was invented and visibility was enhanced. The team that scored
highest number of baskets was considered winner.

d
Dr. Naismith initially doubted the success of the game he

he
invented. The game was named as ‘Basketball’. A formal match
was played for the first time in 1892 at YMCA Gymnasium hall.
The match was played between two teams of 9 players each by

is
re S
following certain prevailing rules which ended with a score of 1-0.
B
bl
The basket was to be scored from a distance of 25 feet and the
court was half the size of present one.
be T
pu
In 1938 a National Level invitational inter collegiate
K

Basketball tournament was organized for the first time in America.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competitions
©

were started during this time. The top most professional

organization of the game, National Basketball Association (NBA)
was established in America during 1946. Basket ball was included
in 1936 Berlin Olympics.
Court description : The Basketball court specified by FIBA
to

should be rectangular in shape as shown in the figure. Important

lines are mentioned in the picture.
All lines should be 5 cms in width. A basket should be formed
t
No

by attaching a ring to a backboard at both ends of the court and

mounted at both ends. At all levels of Activity :
competition the height of the ring
Make a list of the rules of
should be 3.05 meters from the
basketball game and ex-
ground and it should be projected hibit in the class.
1.20m inside the court from the end
lines. The details of backboard and basket are mentioned in the
picture.

89
 d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
to
t©
No

Figure 5.1 : Structure of Basket Ball Court

90
 d
is he
re S B
bl Figure 5.2 : Back Board and Basket

Equipments: The ball should be spherical and made of leather

be T
pu
or other synthetic materials. To check the air
K

pressure within the ball it should be dropped from

©

a height of 1.80 meters and the lower edge of the

ball should bounce to a height between 1.20 Figure 5.3
Basket Ball
meters to 1.40 meters. The measurement differs
for both men and women and is given as below.
Men Women
to

Circumference Weight Circumference Weight

567 to 650 72.4 to 73.7 510 to 567
74.9 to 78cms
gms cms gms
t
No

The length and width of the back board should be 1.80 m and
1.05 m respectively. It should either be of a transparent material
or painted white. The lines on the back board should be clearly
visible and 5 cm in width. A rectangle measuring 59 cm horizontally
and 45 cms vertically is marked inside the backboard. Among
other equipments stop watches, foul indicators, arrow marks,
score sheets and score sheets are essential.
91
 General Rules : Basket ball game is played between two
teams of 5 players each. There are no restrictions for substitution
of players but it has to be accomplished when the game has
temporarily stopped. There shall be 7 substitutes for this purpose
in each team. The main aim of the game is to put the ball into
opponent’s basket (metal ring with net) and to prevent the
opponents from putting the ball into own basket. The half of the

d
court in which their scoring basket is situated is called ‘front

he
court’ and the other half of the court is which their defending
basket is situated is called ‘back court’.

is
To advance with the ball, one should either pass the ball or
re S
dribble the ball as many times with one hand at a time. Basic
B
bl
skills like foot work, holding the ball, dribbling, shooting, passing,
rebounding, movement without ball and with are used by the
be T
pu
players during play.
K

Total duration of the match shall be 40 minutes and it is divided

©

into 4 periods of 10 minutes each. There shall be 15 minutes

rest interval during half time and during all other intervals a rest
interval of 2 minutes is permitted. If the match ends with a tie at
the end of the stipulated time, an extra time of 5 minutes is played
to decide the winner of the match. This process of playing for 5
minutes continues till the tie is broken. Teams should change
to

their playing ends after the half time.

Each team gets two charged time outs of 1 min in first half
t

and three such time outs in second half.

No

A field goal scored from the three point field goal area fetches
3 points, all other field goals fetch 2 points and a free throw is
worth 1 point. The clock stops at the time of violation of rules and
fouls made by the players.
Violations: Dribbling the ball simultaneously with two hands,
moving more than one step while holding the ball, dribbling the

92
 ball after the end of a dribble, deliberate use of legs for controlling
the ball, carrying the ball, staying more than 3 consecutive
seconds in the restricted area, 3 seconds violation, 8 seconds
violation and 24 second violations are prominent.
Fouls: Each player of the team has the opportunity to do
5 personal fouls. Such fouls are registered against the player
committing foul. After the completion of 5th foul the player is

d
disqualified from the match. Holding, pushing, charging are

he
included in fouls. The fifth foul by a team in each quarter is
penalised by 2 free throws to oponents.

is
EXERCISES
re S B
bl
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Basketball court is ___________ shaped.
be T
pu
2. Basketball game was included in _____________ Olympics.
K

3. The circumference of basketball for men is from __________

©

to _________.
4. Time duration of the game has been divided into four
periods of __________ minutes each.
5. __________ point is awarded to every free throw.
II. Fill in the blanks with suitable options given below
to

each sentence.
1. ______________ invented Basketball
t

a) Dr. Luther Gullick b) Dr. James Naismith

No

c) Max Heiser d) Koneig

2. Total duration of a Basketball match is_________ minutes
a) 30 b) 40 c) 60 d) 35
3. The weight of the basketball used in women match
is _______ grams to _____ grams
a) 567 to 650 b) 500 to 600 c) 510 to 567 d) 510 to 576

93
III. Answer the following questions in one or two
sentences each.
1. Who invented basketball and when?
2. Which basket was used in the game of basketball initially?
3. Write the measurement of backboard.

d
IV. Answer the following questions in three or four
sentences each.

he
1. What was the reason behind basketball invention?

is
re S
2. Write a short note on first official basketball match.
B
bl
3. What are the violations in Basketball?
be T

4. Write on the officials required in Basketball.

pu
K

V. Match the measurements in list ‘B’ with suitable

words in list ‘A’.
©

‘A’ ‘B’
1. Court a) 567-650 grams
2. Diameter of basket ring b) 180 X 105 cm
3. Ball weight (men) c) 45 cm
to

4. Back board d) 510 – 567 grams

5. Ball weight (women) e) 28 m X 15 m.
t

VI. Activity :
No

1. Collect brief information on the International bodies

related to basketball.
2. Discuss about the signals used by officials in a basket
ball match in groups and list the purpose of the signal.
3. Draw a diagram of basketball court.

94
 Chapter -6

Badminton
Following aspects are learnt in this chapter:
a History and development of badminton.
a Badminton court and its dimensions.

d
a Equipments used in badminton.

he
a Rules of badminton.

Introduction: The game of badminton was in existence since

is
re S
ancient days but got much popularity recently. This game is not
only played for competition rather it is played for maintaining
B
bl
health and also to derive recreation. It gives happiness and
be T

generates interest in all sections of people. This game requires less

pu
space, minimum equipments and individuals of all age groups
K

can play.
©

History:
In 1873, the Duke of Beaufort held a ‘Lawn party’ in his palace
at Goucester Piri, England. A recreational game was arranged for
the guests who arrived at the party. This game came to be known as
‘badminton’ because it was played at ‘Badminton house’ of Duke.
In 1870’s British Army officers initiated the game in India and it
to

was called by the name ‘Poona’. ‘England Badminton Federation’

(EBF) was established in 1893. ‘All England Championship’ had
been organized since 1899. This championship is considered top
t
No

most at International level. Badminton was included in Olympics

in 1992 at Barcelona.
Introduction of the court:
Singles, doubles, mixed doubles matches are played in
Badminton. In singles, the lines inside side lines is considered
for play (as shown in the fig). Entire court is considered (doubles
side lines) in doubles and mixed doubles. Shuttle dropping in the

95
rear box in doubles is considered foul, but such a serve is legal in
singles match. A center line divides the court into left and right
half (service line to end line). The court includes the right service
zone, left service zone, service line, short service area, side lines,
end lines, long service area are systematically depicted in the
figure. There are 4 boxes in each corner of the court and shuttles
dropping in these boxes during service are considered foul in both

d
singles and doubles. Shuttle dropping in these boxes during rally
in singles is considered foul but it is legal in doubles.

is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

Figure 6.1 : Badminton Court.

to

Activity :
Discuss the performance of India in All England Championship.
t

Dimensions of the court:

No

Since single and doubles matches are played in the same

court it is necessary to note the differences in measurements.
Singles Breadth 5.18 m (17 ft)
Length 13.40 m( 44 ft)
Doubles Breadth 6.10 m (20 ft)
Length 13.40 m (44 ft)

96
 Distance between pole and short service line: 1.98 m (6’6”)
Back box of the court 0.76 m (2’6”) Side box of the court
0.46 m (1’6”)

Description of equipments :
1) Racket :

d
Head of the racquet is oval shaped

he
and woven with strings. The length of the
racket is 68 cm. The length of head is 29

is
cm and its width is 23 cm. The weight of
re S
the racquet should be between 83 to 100
B
bl
grams. The racquet is made from a blend
be T

of materials including steel, aluminum,

pu
ceramic and boron.
K
©

Figure 6.2 : Racket

2) Shuttle :
A shuttle is made up of synthetic material
and consists of 16 feathers in it. The length
to

of the feather is 62 mm to 70 mm from its

top to the base of cork. The diameter of the
circle formed at the top of feather is 58 to
t
No

68cm. The circumference of the cork base

is 25 to 28 mm. The weight of the shuttle
should be 4.74 grams to 5.50 grams.
Figure 6.3 :
Shuttle Shock

97
3) Net:

d
he
Figure 6.4 : Net

is
The length of the net is 6.10 m and its width is 76 c m.
re S
The dimensions of the mesh should be minimum 15 mm and
B
bl
maximum 20 mm. The tape on top of the net is white in colour
be T

and its width is 7.5 cm. A rope passing through the top of the net
pu
is tied to poles at either ends. The height of the net is 1.55 mts
K

at the extreme corners and 1.52 mts at the center from ground.
©

4) Poles :
The poles are fixed at the outer edge of the side lines and their
height is 1.55 meters.
5) Rules:
to

The officials perform toss in order to decide the team to serve

and select ends through a toss prior to the match. It is understood
that there are singles, doubles and mixed doubles in badminton.
t

Now we shall learn about the common rules of the game.

No

 A match includes three games. Team winning two out of three

games is the winner.
 The match is played for 21 points. If the score is level at
20 points, the match continues till a difference of two points
is achieved. (maximum limit is 30 points)

98
  Team winning the preceding set gets the opportunity to serve
in next set.
 Players change their playing ends after the end of each set.
 Players change their playing ends at 11 points in the 3rd or
deciding game.
 The side scoring 30th point will be the winner of the game

d
when the scores are level at 29 points.

he
 A timeout of 1minute is permitted in every game (when a team
reaches 11 points) and an interval of two minutes is given in

is
between games.
re S
 Players should not leave the court without the permission of
B
bl
referee when the game is in progress (except during time outs).
be T
pu
 The server and the receiver should occupy diagonal positions
K

while serving.
 The feet of both server and receiver should be on the ground
©

at the time of service.

 Serves have to be done from right court during the score of the
server is even and from left court if it is odd.
 The server should drop the shuttle before hitting it through
racquet during serve.
to

6) Following situations are considered foul :

t

 If the shuttle is not hit in single stroke during rally or service.

No

 If the shuttle lands outside the boundaries of the court.

 If the shuttle does not land in diagonal court during a serve.
 If the server touches the short service line.
 If the shuttle lands in the short service area.

99
 EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The maximum weight of the racket is ____________.
2. The height of the badminton pole is _____________.
3. There are ___________ points in a game.

d
II. Answer the following questions in one or two

he
sentences.
1. How did the name badminton originate?

is
re S
2. What is the number of feathers in a shuttle?
B
bl
3. From which end shall the server serve when his score is
even?
be T
pu
4. Name any two equipments used in the badminton.
K

III. Answer the following questions in three or four

©

sentences each.
1. Explain the history of the badminton game briefly.
2. Draw a badminton court and mention its measurements.
3. Write any two rules of badminton.
to

4. Write the details of net.

IV. Activity.
t
No

1. Collect pictures of equipments used in Badminton.

2. Share the feelings of badminton game from the players of your

school who have played competitive badminton.

100
 ATHLETICS
Chapter- 7

Middle and Long Distance Races

Following aspects are learnt in this chapter :
a Introduction to middle and long distance races.

d
a Start and finish of middle and long distance races.

he
a Rules of the competition.

a Records in middle and long distance races.

is
re S
Introduction:
B
bl
Middle and Long distance races are prominent among athletic
be T

events. Participating in such events requires huge level endurance.

pu
1. Middle distance running events: 800m, 1500m, 3000m,
K

races are considered middle distance events.

©

2. Long distance running Events: 5000m, 10000m, Cross

country races, Half Marathon (21.098m), Marathon (42.195m)
races are considered long distance events.
Start of the race:
All the events in Middle and Long distance running are usually
started in a group. Because the number of participants in such events
to

is higher than the number of lanes and the rule does not insist on
running in respective lanes. Starts of such events require a curve
marked in the track. It is also called diagonal axis. Straight lines are
t

marked in all other situations.

No

Rules of the competition:

1. All the events are run in groups.
2. Heats are made if there are large numbers of participants
in the track events. Specific number of selected athletes
from each heat takes part in the final race.
3. If the competitors are more than twelve, two groups can be
made and race can be started simultaneously.
101
Start of the race:
The starter starts the event with the command ‘On your mark’
in track events covering distance more than 400 meters. This
command will be followed by firing of gun or command by the
starter. There is no ‘set’ command in these races.

d
competitors are not allowed to touch or cross the starting line

he
or any space beyond the starting line by hand or by leg during ‘on
your mark’ command.

is
re S
Lap scorers:
B
bl
The referees nominate enough number lap scorers for events
be T

covering more than 1500mts. They are provided with lap scoring
pu
sheets. A maximum of 4 participants are allotted to each lap
K

scorer as per their availability. They record the laps completed by

©

each participant allotted to them.

Finishing of the race:

The result of the competition is declared by the judges at the
finish. Judges at the finish operate from finishing stand which is
to

placed inside the track in line with the finish line 5 meters away
from the first lane. All the Judges operate from the same place
t

and decide upon the order of finish.

No

The places are allotted to the participants in the order in which

their torso or chest crosses the inner edge of finishing line.

Activity :
Make a list of the fouls committed in long distance races.

102
 Details of records at State, National and International
level in men section.
Inter national National State
David Rudisha Sri Ram Damodar
800 m -Kenya Singh Gowda
1:41.01 1:45.77 1:50.40

d
Hicham El Bahaddur Sathya
Middle Guerrouj- Prasad Narayana

he
distance 1500 m
Morocco 3:38.0 3:50.10
running 3:43.13

is
re S
Daniel Komen Surendra Arun D’souza
3000 m -Kenya Singh 9:11.07
B
bl 7:20.67 7:50.31
be T
pu
Kenenisa Bahaddur K M Suresh
K

5000 m Bekele- Ethiopia Prasad 14:07.00

12:37.35 13:29.70
©

Kenenisa Surendra KM Suresh

10000 m Bekele- Ethiopia Singh 30:01.00
Long 26:17.53 28:02.89
distance
Zersenay Deep
running Half
Tadese -Eritria Chand
Marathon -
58:23.00 1:04.00
to

Dennis Kiproto Shivnath K M Seetharam

Marathon Kimoto (Kenya) Singh 2:15.10
t

2:02:57 2:12.00
No

* The records are limited to 22-07-2016

103
Details of records at State, National and International
level in women section.
Events International National State
Jarmila Tintu Luka Rosa Kutti
Kratochvílova, 1:59.17 2:04.10
800 m
Slovakia
1.53.28

d
Middle Genzibe Dibaba Suneetha Rani Rosa Kutti
distance

he
1500 m Ethiopia 4:06.03 4:28.80
running 3.50.07

is
Wang Junxia, Molly Chaco
re S
3000 m China 9:06.42 -
B
bl 8.06.11
Tirunesh Preeja Thippavva
be T
pu
Dibaba, Shreedharan Sannakki
5000 m
K

Ethiopia 15:15.89 18:14.90

14.11.15
©

Wang Junxia, Preeja Thippavva

Long 10000m China Shreedharan Sannakki
distance 29.31.78 31:50.47 37:45.70
running Florence Gebett Kavitha Rauth
Half
Kiplgat -Kenya 1.12.50 -
Marathon
1:05:09
to

Paula Radcliffe, O.P. Jaisha

Marathon Great Brittan 2:34:43 -
t

2.15.25
No

* The records are limited to 22-07-2016

104
 EXERCISES
I. Answer the following in one sentence each.

1. Which are the middle distance events?

2. What should be the position of participant during ‘On

d
Your Mark’.

he
3. Why are middle and long distance races run in groups?

is
re S
4. Write the names of middle and long distance athletes
B

bl
creating records at State level in men section.
be T

II. Activity.
pu
K

1. Collect pictures of International level athletes in middle and

©

long distance races.

2. Collect information about the state, prizes and medals of

athletes who have created National records.

3. Write the names of athletes of your school who have

to

participated in middle and long distance races at taluk

level since last 5 years.
t
No

105
 Chapter -8

High Jump
Following aspects are learnt in this chapter:
a Rules of high jump competition.
a Probable fouls in high jump event.

d
a National and International level high jumpers.

he
Basic rules of high jump :

is
re S
1. A High jumper should take-off on single leg.
B
bl
2. A maximum of 3 attempts are given in a particular height.
be T

3. The competitors should be informed regarding the increase

pu
of cross bar from begining to finish of the event.
K

4. The bar height should be raised systematically after it is

©

successfully completed by all the competitors.

5. Competitors have the opportunity to give a pass to a
specified height in this event.
6. Athletes failing to clear a specific height shall have to leave
the competition.
to

7. Cross bar falling due to the contact of jumper during an

attempt is considered a foul.
t

8. An attempt will be registered in the name of jumper in

No

case if he touches the up rights, cross bar, landing pit

before taking off.
9. No athlete can return through the space below cross bar.
10. No trials or approach run is permitted to the athletes after
the competition has begun.

106
 Fouls:
The Jump which do not adhere to the rules of hihg jump is
called a foul.

Activity :
Discuss other skills used in high jump.

d
Records at State, National and International level in
high jump :

he
Division State National International

is
Harishankar Roy Javier Sotomayor
re S
Harshith S.
Men (West Bengal) (Cuba)
2.20 mts
B
bl 2.25 mts 2.45 mts
Stefka
be T

Sahana Sahana kumari

pu
Kostadinova
Women kumari (Karnataka)
K

(Bulgaria)
1.92 msts 1.92 mts
2.09 mts.
©

* The records are limited to 22.7.2016.

*****
EXERCISES
to

I. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences

each.
t

1. How many attempts are given to an athlete for clearing a

No

specific height?
2. In which year did Xavier Sotomayor set the international
record in high jump?
3. Mention the Harishankar Roy’s National Record.

107
 4. What will be the decision if the cross bar falls due to the
contact of jumper during an attempt?
II. Write true or false.
1.
Athlete can take a take-off with both the legs
simultaneously.
2. Three attempts shall be given for clearing a specific height.

d
3. An athlete remains in the competition after three

he
consecutive attempts at a specific height.
4. The height of the cross bar shall be systematically raised

is
after it is attempted by all competitors.
re S
III. Answer the following questions in three or four
B
bl
sentences each.
be T
pu
1. Make a list of the fouls in high jump.
K

2. Write the basic rules of high jump.

©

3. Mention the national and international records in high

jump.
IV. Match the list A with List B.
‘A’ ‘B’
1. Xavier Suto Mayor a) 2.09 m
to

2. Bobby Aloysius b) 2.25m

3. Stefka Kostadinova c) 1.91m
t

4. Hari Shankar Roy d) 2.45 m

No

V. Activity.

1. Collect pictures of national and international athletes

performing high jump.
2. Collect information regarding students participating in
District level high jump competitions with the help of
your teacher.
108
 YOGA
Chapter -9

Yogasana
Following aspects are learnt in this chapter :

d
a Difference between yogasana and exercise.

he
a Understanding the meaning and importance of pranayama.
a Preparation for pranayama practice.

is
between Exercise and Yoga :
re S
Difference
B
bl
Yoga and exercises are the two faces of a same coin. Yoga
and exercises are essential to every human being for maintaining
be T
pu
physical fitness and mental health. Yoga reveals and develops
K

internal resources where as exercise strengthens muscle and

improves physical fitness.
©

Sl. No Yoga Exercise

1 Yoga is performed Exercise is performed
with effort
effortlessly repeatedly
2 Yoga gives attention Exercise doesS not provide enough
to breathing attention to breathing
to

Terms related to Pranayama:

Pooraka : Inhaling oxygenated air
t

Rechaka : Exhaling de-oxygenated air

No

Kumbaka : Breathe holding

Pranayama is a fourth facet of Astanga Yoga. It is a conscious

practice of inhalation, exhalation and breath control. Patanjali
describes pranayama as the process of inhaling and exhaling in a
stable sitting posture (Sthirasana) in his book ‘Yogastra’.
Higher amount of oxygen inhaled during pranayama initiates
several chemical reactions within the body. Oxygen is the basis
109
for all activities in the universe. Pranayama plays an important
role in supplying vital energy to every body part.

Activity :
• Write notes on Raja yoga and Bhakti yoga.
• Obtain information on other facets of Ashtanga Yoga.
• Develop the habit of practising Pranayama and yoga every

d
morning.

he
Importance of Pranayama:
1. Pranayama plays an important role in supplying pure

is
re S
blood to nerves, brain, spinal cord and heart muscles.
This improves a person's efficiency.
B
bl
2. Pranayama cleanses respiratory tract and helps in retaining
be T

the functioning of the body parts. This reduces dizziness

pu
caused due to imbalance in acid base balance.
K

3. It helps in improving perception, digestion, memory power.

©

It releases mind from the control of body and stimulates

intellect.
4. Cool and composed mind can be achieved through regular
practice of Pranayama.
5. Pranayama facilitates intake of oxygen and exhalation of
carbon dioxide in higher quantities.
to

6. Rhythmic and systematic process of breathing in

Pranayama makes mind tension free and creative.
t

Preparations for practice of Pranayama:

No

1. Morning or the Evening are suitable time to practice

Pranayama.
2. Pranayama should be practised on a suitable carpet.
3. Bowels and bladder should be emptied prior to Pranayama
practice.
4. Practising in empty stomach is suitable.

110
 5. It is better to practise Pranayama after two hours of food
consumption.
***
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Pranayama is the____________ facet of Ashtanga yoga.

d
2. __________ is the base for all activities in nature.

he
3. Yogasana provides _____________ stability.
4. Inhalation of ___________ is called ‘Puraka’.

is
re S
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences
B
each. bl
be T

1. Which is the suitable time to practice Pranayama?

pu
K

2. What is Pranayama?
3. Write one difference between Yoga and Exercise.
©

III. Answer the following questions in three or four

sentences each.
1. Explain the importance of Pranayama briefly.
2. How do you prepare yourself for the practice of
to

Pranayama?
3. Write the meaning of Puraka, Rechaka and Kumbhaka.
t
No

IV. Activity :
1. List another eight yogasanas that are not included in this
book.
2. Share the experiences derived by practice of pranayama under
the guidance of the teacher.

111
 HEALTH EDUCATION
Chapter - 10

Mental Health and Emotions

Following aspects are learnt in this chapter:

d
a Meaning and importance of mental health.

he
a Understanding of positive and negative emotions.
a Understanding of balanced emotions.

is
re S
Mental health :
B
bl
The aim of our present day life is to get adjusted to changing
circumstances, accomplish our tasks and get adjusted with
be T
pu
fellow beings. Achieving this requires an integrated and balanced
K

personality. Every individual tries to overcome the complexities of

life coming their way. The resultant success or failure depends on
©

the effort put forward by the individual. Pessimism may creep in at

times when he encounters failure in the attempt. This state leads to
mental imbalance. Mental health in such situation is unfavorably
affected and leads to creation of imbalanced personality.
In today’s life mental health is as important as the physical
health itself. The study of mental health is given ample importance
to

in order to prevent or overcome mental health related diseases.

Meaning of Mental health :
t

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a

No

state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her

own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to
her or his community.
Understand :
Good thoughts and creativity leads to betterment of mental
health.

112
 Importance of Mental Health :
It is essential to obtain and maintain good mental health
for longevity and healthful living. Self-esteem, inter personal
relationships, and day to day transactional capability is hindered
due to lack of mental health. This eventually affects physical
health of that individual.
We observe behavioral fluctuations in individuals lacking

d
mental health. Use of drugs, alcohol consumption, quarrels and

he
destructive actions are important among them.
 Good mental health enhances self confidence leading to inde
pendence.

is
re S
 It develops the ability to adjust according to changing circum
B
stances.

bl
Good mental health may lead to control over emotions.
be T
pu
 Good mental health inculcates time sense.
K

 It helps in shaping better citizens in the society.

©

Emotions :
Emotions are the activities of mind. Mind gets elevated when
an individual encounters joy and sorrows. Emotions play major
role in the life of an individual and without the emotions a life
may be lusterless. Emotions can either be positive or negative.
Positive emotions: Positive emotions are also be identified
to

as ‘pleasant emotions’. Love, affection, joy, appreciation etc. are

positive emotions.
Benefits: Positive emotions help in the growth and development
t

of an individual. It helps to build good relationship with fellow

No

beings in the society. They are helpful in exhibiting high moral

character in the society. The achievements of an individual are
the result of his positive emotions.
Negative emotions:
Fear, disapproval, humiliation, anger, jealousy, sorrow etc.
are considered negative emotions. Behaviours of other people in
the society may lead to negative emotions in a person. Sometimes

113
negative emotions create favourable effects. Usually people
hesitate to express such emotions. Negative emotions may harm
the physical and mental health of individuals when they are not
expressed in an appropriate way.
Balanced emotional development:
People express all types of emotions according to situations.
Emotions cannot be judged as good or bad in a one sided manner.

d
Each and every person experiences both positive and negative
emotions during their lifetime. Emotions have to be accepted as

he
it is experienced. It has to be expressed righteously. Negative
emotions are experienced commonly. It is difficult to stop such
emotions but its expression should be appropriate.

is
re S
Think : Recall negative and positive emotions experienced by
B
bl
you in the past and the outcome that followed.
be T

EXERCISES
pu
K

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each.

©

1. What is mental health?

2. What are emotions?
3. Make a list of the negative emotions.
4. Make a list of Positive emotions.
II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences
each.
to

1. Write any 3 objectives of mental health science.

2. Write the characteristics of a mentally healthy person.
t
No

3. What are the benefits of positive emotions?

4. List the Negative emotions.
III. Activity.
1. Observe and list positive and negative emotions expressed
around you on a particular day.
2. Discuss regarding motivational strategies adopted by your
Physical Education Teacher during competitions.
114
 Chapter - 11

First aid
Following aspects are learnt in this chapter:
a Need for first aid.
a Procedure of first aid in different situations.

d
There are possibilities of injury at home, school or external

he
environment. At that initial stage of management of such
siluations. First aid is necessary. It prevents further worsening

is
of the condition. Let us now learn the preventive measures and
re S
procedures of First aid in such situations.
B
Burns :
bl
be T
pu
Burns occur when body or any part of the body comes into
K

contact with fire, heated metals, Chemicals, acids, electricity etc.

Careless burning of crackers during Diwali and other situations,
©

cooking gas stoves may also lead to burns. Sometimes the burns
lead to disability and may even lead to death.

Treatment:
The burnt area should be carefully treated. One should not
to

run in fear when the clothes are alighted with fire. The victim
should roll on the floor with a woolen blanket covered over him.
t

 Separate burnt clothes from the body carefully. If necessary

No

cut apart the clothes.

 Blisters should not be punctured.
 Wash with cold water if it is a minor injury; apply sodium
bicarbonate to the affected part.
 Apply ointment to the wound until it is filled.
 Give hot beverages if the victim is exhausted.
115
Unconsciousness:
Unconsciousness is a state where a person loses his
consciousness. It is the result of non-functioning of the cerebrum.
The victim may look as if he is asleep but his body will not execute
to any movement.
Reason for Unconsciousness: A person becomes unconscious

d
due to poisoning, excess alcohol intake, major head injury, life
threatening injury, excessive bleeding and continuous exposure

he
to sun. Epilepsy may also lead to unconsciousness.
Symptoms:

is
re S
 Face may turn red, pale or bluish as per the cause.
B
 bl
Fluctuation in breathing.
be T
pu
 Fluctuation in pulse rate.
K

Management:
©

 Consult doctor immediately.

 The victim should be laid down in supine laying position.
 Head should be held high if the face turns red.
 Tilt head sideways if the victim is vomiting.
 Tilt head backward to keep airway open when face turns pale.
to

His palm and feet are to be rubbed so as to produce heat.

 Provide artificial breathing if face turns bluish.
t
No

 Ascertain fresh air to the victim.

 The dress should be loosened if it is very tight.
 When the students become unconscious due to hunger or
tiredness it is advisable to make him lie in supine position
and lift both his legs so as to facilitate blood flow to heart. If
the victim does not respond to this, he should be transported
to the nearby hospital.

116
 Poisoning :
Food may enter the body by means of food, air, or injections
and sometimes due to direct consumption. A bite by poisonous
snake, scorpion, honey bee, spider, and affected dog is also
considered poisoning.

d
Management :

he
The intensity of poison can be reduced by making the victim

is
vomit. Patient should be vomited either by inserting his own finger
re S
into his mouth or by consuming lukewarm salt water.
B
bl
The spreading of concentrated poison to other parts of the
be T
pu
body can be delayed by consuming enough water.
K

Self induced vomiting should be avoided during the

©

consumption of acids, alkaline. This is because there will be

burns in the mouth and lip region. Take the victim to the doctor
as early as possible.

Understand :
Consult elders of your town and collect information on remedial
to

measures for accidents that happened in the past.

t

EXERCISES
No

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. By drinking sufficient _______________ one can reduce the
intensity of poison in the body.

2. Victim should not __________ when caught with fire.

117
 3. Excess consumption of alcohol will lead to __________.

4. The unconscious person should be laid down in

__________ position.

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence

each.

d
1. Mention poisonous things?

he
2. What do you mean by unconsciousness?

is
III. True or false.
re S B
bl
1. Tilt the head of the victim sideways if vomiting.
be T

2. Provide artificial breathing if the face of the victim turns

pu
K

bluish.
©

3. Blisters due to burns should be punctured.

4. Poison does not enter the body by means of respiration.

IV. Activity.
1. List the materials essential in a first aid kit and try to obtain
to

them at home.
2. Discuss with your friends regarding measures to be taken to
t
No

induce confidence in accidentally poison consumed

victim.

118
 NATIONAL INTEGRATION
Chapter - 12

National Flag and National Anthem

Following aspects are learnt in this chapter:

d
Factors promoting National integration.

he
a

a History, Importance and code of conduct regarding National

is
Flag and National Anthem.
re S
Citizenship and Fundamental rights.
B
a
bl
be T

Every Nation possesses its own National flag. Indian National

pu
K

Flag was designed by Pingaly Venkayya and got approval from

constituent assembly on 22nd July 1947. Since then, the tri color
©

flag is considered the National flag of India.

t to
No

119
History of National Flag:
The first war of Indian independence (Sepoy Mutiny) in 1857
highly encouraged the concept of independence among the
Indians.
The first National Flag of India was hoisted on 7th of August
1906, at Parsi Bagan Chowk, Kolkata. The center of this flag
contained the depiction of ‘Vande Mataram’. In 1907 ‘Madam
Kama’ and other revolutionaries hoisted the National flag designed

d
by Sachindra Prasad Bose and Sukumar Mitra.

he
Understand :
Venkayya (of present Andhra Pradesh) published about thirty
flag models in the book named ‘Manajatakamu’ in 1916.

is
re S
Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak hoisted the third
B
bl
National flag during the Home rule movement when our political
struggle had taken a definite form.
be T
pu
During the session of the All India Congress Committee at
Vijayawada (earlier Bezwada) in 1921 Venkayya presented a flag
K

consisting of green, red stripes with a spinning wheel to Mahathma

Gandhiji. It was made up of two colours-red and green with a
©

spinning wheel. Gandhiji suggested the addition of white colour

and thus the fourth National flag was ready.
The year 1931 was unique in the history of National flag.
The importance of possessing a flag for the Nation was strongly
justified in the meeting of All India Congress committee held this
year. This led to the formation of a committee to outline a flag.
to

It was decided to include three colours in the flag with

a spinning wheel at its center in another meeting of All India
Congress committee convened in 1931. The flag consisted of three
t

stripes with equal dimensions. The top strip was saffron, middle
No

strip was white and the bottom strip was green coloured. This
flag was formally approved as the ‘National flag’ by the Congress
committee.
The present National flag retained initial tri colours with
inclusion of Dharma Chakra (wheel) of King Ashoka at its center
instead of the spinning wheel. The flag consisting three stripes of
saffron, white and green with Ashoka Chakra at its center was
approved by the Constituent Assembly as the National flag of
independent India on 22nd July 1947.
120
 Know :
Saffron- represents sacrifice, bravery and pride
White- represents peace, truth and purity
Green- represents prosperity, honesty and vigor
Dharma Chakra- symbolises progress

National Anthem and its history: Jana Gana Mana is our

d
National Anthem. This was composed in Bengali language by Gu-

he
rudev Ravindranath Tagore in 1911. The song consists five stan-
zas. The first stanza of this song was chosen as the National an-
them. The formal National anthem consists of the selected stanza

is
re S
followed by ‘Jaya he.. Jaya he..’ chorus line at the end.
B
bl
Jana Gana Mana was sung at the historical mid-night session
of drafting committee held on August 14, 1947. "Jana Gana Mana"
be T
pu
was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the Indian
K

national anthem on 24 January 1950.

The National anthem has to be sung in 48 to 52 seconds as per
©

the specified rule. Disrespecting National Anthem or interfering

in its singing is a punishable offence.

EXERCISES
I. Answer the following questions in one sentences
to

each.
1. Who composed our National Anthem?
t

2. In which language is our National Anthem written?

No

3. What is the time limit to sing the National Anthem?

4. How many colours does our National flag consist?
II. Answer the following questions in one or two
sentences each.
1. Explain the history of our National Flag briefly.
2. Explain the history of our National Anthem breiefly.

121
III. Match the list A with B.
‘A’ ‘B’
1. Aug 7, 1906 a. National Anthem was composed in
Bengali Language
2. July 22, 1947 b. ‘Jana Gana Mana’ was Sung
3. Aug 14, 1947 c. Hoisting of first national flag

d
4. Jan 24, 1950 d. Approval of national flag by

he
constitutional committee
5. 1911 e. Approval of national Anthem

is
re S
f. Independence day
B
bl
IV. Activity.
List out the Rules to be followed when hoisting and unfurling
be T
pu
of National Flag.
K

W
t ©
to
No

122