This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E2032 − 09 (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard

Standard Guide for

Extension of Data From Fire Resistance Tests Conducted in
Accordance with ASTM E 1191
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2032; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 1.9 This standard is used to determine certain fire-test

responses of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
1.1 This guide covers the extension of fire resistance ratings
flame under controlled conditions by using results obtained
obtained from fire tests performed in accordance with Test
from fire-test-response standards. The results obtained from
Method E119 to constructions that have not been tested. Test
using this standard do not by themselves constitute measures of
Method E119 evaluates the duration for which test specimens
fire hazard or fire risk.
will contain a fire, retain their standard integrity, or both during
a predetermined test exposure. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This guide is based on principles involving the exten- responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sion of test data using simple considerations. The acceptance of priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
these principles and their application is based substantially on bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
an analogous worst case proposition. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.3 These principles are only applicable to temperature dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
conditions represented by the standard time-temperature curve ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
described in Test Method E119. Test Method E119 is a Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
fire-test-response standard. mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.4 The types of building constructions which are the
subject of this guide are categorized as follows: beams; floor 2. Referenced Documents
and roof assemblies; columns; and walls and partitions. Floor
and roof assemblies include such assemblies with ceiling 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
protective membranes. C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insu-
1.5 The extension of test data using numerical calculations lation for Commercial and Industrial Applications
based on empirical data or theoretical models is not covered in C612 Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board
this guide. Thermal Insulation
1.6 This guide does not cover the substitution of one E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
proprietary material for another proprietary material, or mate- and Materials
rials for which fire test data are not presently available. E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
1.7 This guide does not purport to be comprehensive in its E1264 Classification for Acoustical Ceiling Products
treatment of non-proprietary modifications of tested construc- E1513 Practice for Application of Sprayed Fire-Resistive
tions. Engineering evaluation or tests are recommended for Materials (SFRMs)
assessing modifications not specifically covered in this guide.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3. Terminology
standard. 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions used in this guide, refer to Terminolo-
gies E176, C168, E631, and Test Method E119.
1
This standard guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire
2
Resistance. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2032–09(2013). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2032-09R17. the ASTM website.

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3.1.2 mineral fiber insulation, n—insulation composed prin- 3.2.11 material, generic, n—is one for which a nationally
cipally of fibers manufactured from rock, slag, or glass recognized Standard Specification exists.
processed from molten state into fibrous form to comprise 3.2.12 material proprietary, n—is one whose fire perfor-
flexible batts or blankets, rigid or semi-rigid blocks and boards, mance characteristics are determined in consideration of a
or loose fill insulations, with or without binder. formulation or process of production that is proprietary.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Mineral fiber blanket thermal insula-
3.2.13 non-composite, n—as applied to loadbearing
tions and mineral fiber block and board thermal insulations are
elements, structural interaction between contiguous elements is
classified into various types based upon the maximum use
assumed not to exist in the evaluation of load capacity.
temperature, which can range from 204°C (400°F) to 982°C
(1800°F), and the apparent thermal conductivity (See Specifi- 3.2.14 sand-lightweight concrete, n—concrete made with a
cations C553 and C612). combination of expanded clay, shale, slag, or slate or sintered
fly ash and natural sand and generally weighing between 1680
3.1.3 unit weight, n—as applied to concrete, weight per unit
and 1920 kg/m3 (105 to 120 pcf).
volume.
3.2.15 specified load, n—as applied to loadbearing
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
elements, the test load applied to the element in a Test Method
3.2.1 acoustical ceiling panel, n—a form of a prefabricated
E119 test.
sound absorbing ceiling element used with exposed suspension
3.2.15.1 Discussion—In Test Method E119 testing, the
systems (see Specification E1264).
specified load is generally the design load (see 3.2.6).
3.2.2 acoustical ceiling tile, n—a form of a prefabricated
3.2.16 test specimen, n—the specific construction assembly
sound absorbing ceiling element used with concealed or
that was tested in accordance with Test Method E119.
semi-exposed suspension systems, stapling, or adhesive bond-
ing (see Specification E1264). 3.2.17 transfer, n—the process of substituting a loadbearing
element from one test specimen for the loadbearing element in
3.2.3 beams, n—all horizontally oriented structural mem-
another test specimen, or utilizing a loadbearing element from
bers employed in building construction and known variously as
one test specimen for use in another test specimen that does not
beams, joists, or girders.
include a loadbearing element.
3.2.4 ceiling protective membrane, n—a ceiling membrane
3.2.18 ultimate capacity, n—as applied to loadbearing
attached to or suspended from the structural members of the
elements, the actual maximum load carrying capacity of an
floor or ceiling assembly, usually by hanger wire or threaded
element based on properties specific to the material constitut-
rods, consisting of a grid suspension system with lay-in ceiling
ing the element.
panels or a grid of steel furring channels to which the ceiling
membrane is directly attached, intended to provide fire 4. Significance and Use
protection, acoustical and or aesthetic enhancements, or both.
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate
3.2.5 composite, n—as applied to loadbearing elements, an to the extension of the fire resistance ratings obtained from
interaction between structural components which is to be taken particular fire tested specimens to constructions that have not
into account in the evaluation of load capacity. been tested.
3.2.6 design load, n—the intended maximum design load 4.2 Users of this guide must have knowledge and under-
condition allowed by design under appropriate nationally standing of the provisions of Test Method E119 including those
recognized structural design criteria. pertaining to conditions of acceptance.
3.2.7 directly applied fire resistive coating, n—materials that 4.3 In order to apply some of the principles described in this
are normally sprayed onto substrates to provide fire-resistive guide, reference to the original fire test report will be necessary.
protection of the substrates.
3.2.7.1 Discussion—These coatings are called sprayed fire- 4.4 In Test Method E119, the specimens are subjected to
resistive materials in Standard Practice E1513 and related specific laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Substitution of
standards. different test conditions or changes in the end use conditions
have the ability to change the measured fire-test-response
3.2.8 equivalent thickness, n—the calculated solid thickness
characteristics. Therefore, the extensions of data are valid only
of concrete or masonry for purposes of determining fire
for the fire test exposure conditions described in Test Method
resistance ratings of barrier elements on the basis of heat
E119,.
transmission end-point criteria.
3.2.9 insulation, n—a material that is normally added to an 5. General Principles
assembly to provide resistance to heat flow for purpose of 5.1 The same criteria or conditions of acceptance as set out
energy conservation. in the Test Method E119 and followed in the establishment of
3.2.9.1 Discussion—Insulation materials are also used to the fire resistance rating of the original test specimen shall be
improve sound control or improve fire resistance. used in the evaluation of the effect of the modification or
3.2.10 lightweight aggregate concrete, n—concrete made substitution of components in a test specimen.
with aggregates of expanded clay, shale, slag, or slate or 5.1.1 The criteria or conditions of acceptance for the evalu-
sintered fly ash, and weighing 1360 to 1840 kg/m3 (85 to 115 ation of modified test specimens shall likewise be in accor-
pcf). dance with the appropriate sections of Test Method E119.

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5.2 Statements in this guide only indicate whether a change 5.5 Composite and Non-Composite Design:
in the construction either “can reduce” or “does not reduce” the 5.5.1 Fire resistance ratings of beams and floors or roofs
fire resistance rating. tested with composite design between the beam and the floor or
5.3 Limitations: roof is not reduced in actual building constructions designed
5.3.1 The extension of fire resistance ratings is valid only for either composite or non-composite action.
for changes to the tested specimen that fall within normal and 5.5.2 Conversely, fire resistance ratings of beams and floors
reasonable limits of standard construction practices. or roofs tested in non-composite design shall be limited to
5.3.2 Statements are valid only if the identified changes are building constructions designed for non-composite action.
the only changes in the construction or properties of the
components. 6. Principles Pertaining to Heat Transfer Characteristics
5.3.3 It is possible that multiple changes have a different of Concrete
cumulative effect than that of individual changes applied 6.1 The provisions in this section are applicable only as they
separately. affect the transfer of heat through concrete. Considerations
5.3.4 Unless otherwise indicated, statements are only valid involving structural fire resistance are addressed in other
if the change identified does not change the specified load. sections.
5.3.4.1 Provisions in this guide involving the ratio of
6.2 For concrete test specimens where temperature rise on
specified load to design load assume that the safety factor (ratio
the unexposed surface of a concrete slab (wall, floor, or roof)
of ultimate capacity to design load) inherent in the design
is the governing criterion, the following modifications do not
procedure is constant.
reduce the fire resistance rating of the assembly:
5.3.4.2 Increasing the ratio of the maximum applied load
6.2.1 Decrease in concrete unit weight;
(specified load, dead plus live load) to the design load of an
element beyond that realized in the test specimen can reduce 6.2.2 Substitution of sanded light-weight aggregate concrete
the fire resistance rating. or light-weight aggregate concrete for normal weight concrete;
5.3.5 Provisions in this guide pertaining to concrete only also, substitution of carbonate aggregate for siliceous aggre-
apply to concrete with a compressive strength of 55.1 MPa gate for either the coarse or the fine aggregate used in the
(8000 psi) or less. concrete;
6.2.3 Decrease in the nominal maximum size of coarse
5.4 Restrained/Unrestrained Specimens: aggregate within a given concrete aggregate type;
5.4.1 The fire resistance rating of a beam, floor, or roof test 6.2.4 Increase or decrease in the compressive strength of the
specimen is related to either a restrained or unrestrained concrete;
condition, or both. A restrained condition in a fire test is 6.2.5 Change in the type of portland cement, flyash or
considered to be one in which the displacement or rotation due admixtures used in the concrete;
to fire induced thermal expansion of a load bearing element is
6.2.6 Changes in the type or amount of reinforcement;
resisted by forces external to the element. An unrestrained
6.2.7 Increase in the equivalent thickness of the slab for a
condition in a fire test is one in which the load bearing element
given type of aggregate concrete; and
is free to expand and rotate at its supports or is not subject to
substantial thermal expansion and its resulting restraining 6.2.8 Change in slab design or restraint conditions, provided
forces. the equivalent thickness of slab does not decrease.
5.4.2 Ratings of restrained beam, floor, or roof test speci- 6.2.9 In slabs or constructions incorporating joints other
mens are intended for application to elements which are than construction joints, changes in joint design provided that
considered to be suitable for use in restrained building con- the substituted joint design has been tested in a Test Method
struction where the surrounding or supporting structure is E119 test and met the required fire resistance rating.
capable of resisting substantial thermal expansion throughout 6.2.10 For slabs containing hollow cores or air cavities,
the range of anticipated elevated fire conditions. filling of cores or voids with non-combustible insulation
5.4.3 Ratings of unrestrained beam, floor or roof test speci- material;
mens are intended for application to elements which are 6.3 For temperature rise to be the governing criteria, it is
considered to be suitable for use in unrestrained and restrained assumed that the structural design requirements of the slab are
building construction where the surrounding or supporting met and adequate cover protection is provided to the steel
structure is or is not capable of resisting substantial thermal reinforcement (prestressing and reinforcing bars).
expansion throughout the range of anticipated elevated fire
conditions. 7. Principles Pertaining to Protective Finish Systems
5.4.3.1 The application of unrestrained classified beams,
7.1 Directly Applied Fire Resistive Coatings:
floors or roofs for use in building constructions with end
restraint does not reduce the fire resistance rating. 7.1.1 The following modifications to directly applied fire
resistive coatings can reduce the fire resistance rating:
NOTE 1—See Appendix X3 “Guide for Determining Conditions of 7.1.1.1 A decrease in thickness;
Restraint for Floor and Roof Assemblies and for Individual Beams” in
Test Method E119 for assistance in determining the conditions of thermal 7.1.1.2 A change in a critical aspect of the coating such as
restraint applicable to floor and roof constructions and individual beams in composition, formulation, density, etc. or system (use of
actual building construction. adhesive, sealer or top coat; mechanical retention; etc); and

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7.1.1.3 A change in the nature of the substrate (composition, 7.3.2.3 A reduction in the distance between the edge of a
orientation, shape, etc.) or condition (surface texture, surface panel and the location of a peripheral fastener when that
finish, contamination, etc.). distance in the tested specimen is less than 25 mm (1 in.).
7.1.2 Except for intumescent coatings, the following modi- 7.3.3 The substitution of unbacked joints for joints backed
fications to directly applied fire resistive coatings, do not can reduce the fire resistance rating.
reduce the fire resistance rating: 7.3.4 The use of furring channels as a substitute for the
7.1.2.1 An increase in thickness; direct attachment of the membrane to joists does not reduce the
7.1.2.2 A change in a non-critical aspect of the coating such resistance rating provided that:
as color, compatible decorative or protective oversprays, 7.3.4.1 The joist spacing is not increased and the furring
texture, etc; and channels are spaced apart a distance no greater than the joist
7.1.2.3 The use of mechanical retention systems (metal lath, spacing;
steel studs and disks, etc.) to satisfy concerns about substrate 7.3.4.2 The spacing of fasteners used to connect the mem-
changes. brane to the furring channels is not increased; and
7.2 Cover Protection for Steel Columns: 7.3.4.3 Provisions are made using procedures proven to be
7.2.1 For steel column protections that are not required by effective by prior Test Method E119 fire tests to reduce furring
design to carry any of the column load, the alternative test and channel spacing and provide additional furring channel(s) at
conditions of acceptance specified under “Alternative Test of butt joints between ceiling panels ends to reduce fire induced
Protection for Structural Steel Columns” in Test Method E119, stresses at these joints.
are applicable (See 11.1.2). 7.3.5 The substitution of resilient furring channels for “top
7.2.2 Concrete membrane protection systems- where mem- hat” or “non-resilient” furring channels or vice versa does not
brane protection consists of monolithic concrete (column reduce the fire resistance rating.
spaces filled), concrete masonry units or precast reinforced 7.3.6 Increasing the depth of the space between the under-
concrete units (column spaces not filled), the following modi- side of the floor, beam or roof deck and the protective ceiling
fications do not reduce the fire resistance rating of the column: membrane does not reduce the fire resistance rating.
7.2.2.1 Substitution of carbonate aggregate for siliceous 7.3.6.1 A decrease in this depth can reduce the fire resis-
aggregate for either the coarse or the fine aggregate used in tance rating.
concrete; 7.3.7 Suspended or Lay-In Acoustical Ceiling Panels and
7.2.2.2 Substitution of lightweight concrete for sand- Fitted Type Acoustical Ceiling Tiles:
lightweight concrete; 7.3.7.1 A change in the composition or density of the panels
7.2.2.3 Substitution of sand-lightweight concrete or light- or tiles can reduce the fire resistance rating.
weight concrete for normal-weight concrete; 7.3.7.2 A decrease in the area of individual panels, resulting
7.2.2.4 Decrease in nominal maximum size of coarse aggre- in an increase in the area of exposed steel, can reduce the fire
gate within a given aggregate type concrete; resistance rating due to a reduction in insulative performance.
7.2.2.5 Change in the type of portland cement, flyash or 7.3.7.3 An increase in the area of individual panels, result-
admixtures used in the concrete; ing in a reduction of the area of exposed steel, does not reduce
7.2.2.6 Change in compressive strength of the concrete; the fire resistance rating provided the stability of the larger
7.2.2.7 Increase in thickness of the membrane protection; panel and supporting steel grid system has been validated by a
and Test Method E119 test for the duration required and under the
7.2.2.8 Where column spaces are not filled, increases or anticipated ceiling deflection conditions.
decreases in the air space between the column and the column 7.3.7.4 An increase in thickness of the panel or tile does not
cover. reduce the fire resistance rating.
7.3 Fire Resistive Protective Membranes: 7.3.8 Mechanically Fastened Gypsum Board—The follow-
7.3.1 Ceiling protective membranes used as part of fire ing changes in dimension or physical characteristic of a
resistance rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assemblies are gypsum board used in a mechanically fastened ceiling appli-
generally of three types: cation can reduce the fire resistance rating:
7.3.1.1 Lay-in, acoustical or gypsum, panels supported by 7.3.8.1 A decrease in length or width due to an increase in
an exposed steel grid system; the length of joint per unit area of ceiling; or
7.3.1.2 Fitted, acoustic, tiles supported by a concealed steel 7.3.8.2 A change in the composition or density.
grid system; or 7.3.9 The following changes in dimension or physical
7.3.1.3 Mechanically fastened gypsum boards screw at- characteristic of a gypsum board used in a mechanically
tached to furring channels or screw or nail attached directly to fastened ceiling application do not reduce the fire resistance
the underside of the structural members. rating:
7.3.2 Effects of Fasteners—The following changes relating 7.3.9.1 An increase in thickness;
to fasteners (such as screws, nails, bolts, etc.) can reduce the 7.3.9.2 An increase in length or width provided that the
fire resistance rating by reducing the stability of the membrane. spacings between fasteners are not increased and the spacings
7.3.2.1 A decrease in length or a change in shaft diameter of between fasteners and the edge or ends of the board are not
fasteners; decreased;
7.3.2.2 An increase in the spacing between fasteners; or 7.3.10 Penetrations of Membranes:

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7.3.10.1 For test specimens employing a membrane pen- heat entrapment causing increased temperatures in the support-
etrated by light fixtures or air-handling services, changes in the ing elements. The insulation referred to in this Section is
area or construction of the penetrating items can reduce the fire limited to products of the following types: glass fiber,
resistance rating. vermiculite, perlite, wood fiber, mineral fiber produced from
7.3.10.2 An increase in the individual and aggregate area of rock or slag and phenolic foam.
light fixtures or air-handling services penetrating the mem- 8.2.3 Steel Deck Roof Construction:
brane can reduce the fire resistance rating. A decrease of these 8.2.3.1 The addition of identical insulation to the top surface
areas does not reduce the fire resistance rating. of a steel deck roof tested with over 100 mm (4 in.) of
7.3.10.3 Substitution of light fixtures that employ casings, insulation does not reduce the fire resistance rating.
framing, screws, or fasteners of materials having a melting 8.2.3.2 In order to increase the thickness of insulation
point of less than 1000°C (1835°F) can reduce the fire without reducing the fire resistance rating of a test specimen
resistance rating; incorporating 100 mm (4 in.) or less of insulation applied
7.3.10.4 Substitution of light fixtures that do not permit the directly on top of a steel deck, it is necessary to include a layer
ready attachment of the prescribed suspension wires to the of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) or thicker type X gypsum board, or
perimeter grid without the introduction of rotational stresses in equivalent heat sink, between the insulation and the steel deck.
that grid can reduce the fire resistance rating.
7.3.10.5 For test specimens employing a suspended mem- 8.3 Insulation in Wall Assemblies:
brane penetrated by surface mounted air supply or return 8.3.1 An increase in thickness of the mineral fiber insulation
devices, the use of lay-in air supply or return devices of the does not reduce the fire resistance rating.
same overall area does not reduce the fire resistance rating,
provided that: 9. Principles Pertaining to Fire Resistance Rating of
7.3.10.6 The lay-in devices are of welded or riveted steel Beams
construction; 9.1 Conditions of Acceptance—Individual fire resistance
7.3.10.7 Suspension wires are provided for the steel framing ratings for beams are determined in accordance with the
members at each corner of the lay-in device; and following:
7.3.10.8 Thermal protection is provided to the back of the
9.1.1 A restrained beam rating is obtained based on the
lay-in device that has demonstrated an equivalent performance
procedure specified under “Tests of Loaded Restrained Beams”
to that of the tested system.
in Test Method E119 and the conditions of acceptance of that
section.
8. Principles Pertaining to Thermal Insulation of Walls
9.1.2 Procedures for obtaining an unrestrained beam rating
and Floors
include:
8.1 The addition of thermal insulation in a concealed space 9.1.2.1 Test as a beam using the procedures specified under
within a specimen tested without insulation is regulated by the “Tests of Loaded Restrained Beams” in Test Method E119 and
following: the conditions of acceptance in the section entitled “Alternative
8.1.1 It is expected that elements of the construction be- Classification Procedure for Loaded Beams”, and
tween the insulation and the exposing fire will experience a
9.1.2.2 Test as part of floor or roof assembly using the
more rapid temperature rise. Where this effect reduces the
procedures specified under “Tests of Floors and Roofs” in Test
stability of the element, the net effect can reduce the fire
Method E119 and the conditions of acceptance in the section
resistance rating;
entitled “Alternative Classification Procedure for Loaded
8.1.2 If insulation were incorporated in a concealed space Beams”.
within a test specimen, the substitution of a different type,
9.1.3 A rating is also obtained for steel beams based on the
thickness or density, or the relocation of the insulation can
procedure specified under “Alternative Test of Protection for
reduce the fire resistance rating; and
Solid Steel Beams and Girders” in Test Method E119 and the
8.1.3 It is expected that elements of the construction be-
conditions of acceptance of that section.
tween mineral fiber insulation and the unexposed surface will
experience a lower rate of temperature rise while the test 9.1.4 An individual restrained beam rating cannot be ob-
specimen and the insulation remain intact. This effect does not tained from a tested floor or roof specimen.
reduce the fire resistance rating. 9.2 Substitution or Transfer—The process of substituting a
8.2 Insulation in Floor/Roof Assemblies: beam from one test specimen for the beam in another test
8.2.1 Where the elements of the construction between the specimen, or transferring a beam from one test specimen for
insulation and the exposing fire are required to support the use in another test specimen that does not include a beam shall
weight of the backloaded insulation, the load imposed on the be regulated by the following:
ceiling protective membrane and its suspension system by 9.2.1 When tested separately as beams and assigned a rating
excessively high levels of insulation can result in a loss of based on “Tests of Loaded Restrained Beams” of Test Method
stability and can reduce the fire resistance rating. E119 (see 9.1.1), it is permitted to transfer provided that:
8.2.2 Except as provided in 8.2.3, the addition of insulation 9.2.1.1 The unrestrained beam rating of the substitute beam
to the top surface of a test specimen supported by structural is equal to or greater than the unrestrained beam rating of the
steel elements can reduce the fire resistance rating by virtue of beam being replaced;

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9.2.1.2 The restrained beam rating of the substitute beam is 9.4.2.1 The structural design requirements arising from the
equal to or greater than the restrained assembly rating of the spacing changes are satisfied and that the resulting loading
roof into which the beam is to be utilized; and stresses (bending and shear) of both the beam and any
9.2.1.3 The rating of the substitute beam is at least equal to deck/slab do not exceed the corresponding stresses of the fire
the rating of the requirement. tested design; and
9.2.2 When tested as part of a floor and assigned a rating 9.4.2.2 Provisions for support of the ceiling membrane are
based on “Tests of Floors and Roofs” of Test Method E119, it maintained, when the function of that membrane is to provide
is permitted to transfer the beam provided that: fire resistance.
9.2.2.1 The unrestrained beam rating of the substitute beam 9.5 Concrete Beams:
is equal to or greater than the unrestrained beam rating of the 9.5.1 The following modifications do not reduce the fire
beam being replaced; resistance rating:
9.2.2.2 The restrained assembly rating of the floor or roof in 9.5.1.1 Substitution of carbonate aggregate for siliceous
which the substitute beam was tested is equal to or greater than aggregate for either the coarse or the fine aggregate used in
the restrained assembly rating of the floor or roof assembly in concrete;
which the beam is to be utilized; and 9.5.1.2 Decrease in the nominal maximum size of coarse
9.2.2.3 The unrestrained rating of the substitute beam is at aggregate within a given aggregate type concrete;
least equal to the rating of the requirement. 9.5.1.3 Change in the type of portland cement, flyash or
9.2.3 The load deflection (at full specified load of tested admixtures used in the concrete.
specimen) of the construction into which the beam is being
9.5.2 The following modifications do not reduce the fire
substituted or transferred shall be equal to or less than that of
resistance rating provided that the modification does not result
the specimen in which it was tested;
in a ratio of maximum applied load to design load greater than
9.2.4 The capacity for heat dissipation from the beam in the
the tested specimen.
construction into which it is being substituted or transferred
9.5.2.1 Decrease in concrete unit weight;
shall be equal to or greater than that of the specimen in which
9.5.2.2 Change in compressive strength of the concrete;
it was tested; and
9.5.2.3 Increase in concrete cover to principal steel rein-
9.2.5 The capacity for heat transfer to the beam in the
forcement.
construction into which it is being substituted or transferred
shall be equal to or less than that in the specimen in which it
10. Principles Pertaining to the Fire Resistance Rating of
was tested.
Floor or Roof Assemblies
9.2.6 The substitution of steel beams having the same
geometric shapes and a greater W/D ratio (ratio of weight to 10.1 Conditions of acceptance for restrained and unre-
heated perimeter) than that of the tested beam does not reduce strained test specimens—Individual fire resistance ratings for
the fire resistance rating. Conversely, the substitution of steel floors and roof assemblies are based on the procedure specified
beams having a dissimilar geometric shape or a lesser W/D under “Tests of Floors and Roofs” in Test Method E119 in
ratio can reduce the fire resistance rating. accordance the following:
9.3 It is possible to increase or decrease the span of beams 10.1.1 An unrestrained assembly rating based on conditions
without reducing the fire resistance rating provided that the of acceptance specified in “Conditions of Acceptance-
structural design requirements arising from the span changes Unrestrained Assembly”;
are satisfied and the resulting loading stresses (bending and 10.1.1.1 There are specific conditions of acceptance for
shear) do not exceed the corresponding stresses of the fire steel structural members spaced more than 1.2 m (4 ft) on
tested design. center; steel structural members spaced 1.2 (4 ft) or less on
center; conventionally designed concrete members; and steel
9.4 Spacing of beams is governed by provisions of Section floor or roof units intended for use in spans greater than those
10 and by the following: tested.
9.4.1 Except as noted in Section 10 changes in the spacing 10.1.2 A restrained assembly rating based on conditions of
of beams tested with spacing greater than 1.2 m (4-ft) on center acceptance specified in “Conditions of Acceptance-Restrained
do not reduce the fire resistance rating provided that: Assembly”;
9.4.1.1 The structural design requirements arising from the 10.1.2.1 There are specific conditions of acceptance for
spacing changes are satisfied and that the resulting loading steel structural members spaced more than 1.2 m (4 ft) or less;
stresses (bending and shear) of both the beam and any steel structural members spaced 1.2 m (4 ft) or less; and
deck/slab do not exceed the corresponding stresses of the fire conventionally designed concrete structural beams spaced
tested design; and more than 1.2 m (4 ft) on center.
9.4.1.2 Provisions for support of the ceiling membrane are
maintained, when the function of that membrane is to provide 10.2 Beams Within a Floor or Roof Assembly—For guid-
fire resistance. ance on the beams within a floor or roof assembly, see Section
9.4.2 Except as noted in Section 10, changes in the spacing 9 on Beams.
of beams from, that of the tested specimen with spacing less 10.3 The spans of the beams within floors and roofs can be
than 1.2 m (4 ft) on center up to a maximum of 1.2 m (4 ft) do increased or decreased provided that the structural design
not reduce the fire resistance rating provided that: requirements arising from the span changes are satisfied and

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the resulting loading stresses (bending and shear) do not 10.5.2 If the average temperature recorded by all thermo-
exceed the corresponding stresses of the fire tested design. couples located on any one span of the floor or roof units
10.4 Concrete Slabs and Assemblies Incorporating Slabs: exceeded 593 °C (1100° F) during the rating period, increasing
10.4.1 Decreasing the concrete unit weight or increasing the the span of steel floor or roof units beyond that of the tested
equivalent thickness of the slab will result in higher tempera- unrestrained rated assembly can reduce the fire resistance
tures in support systems and can reduce the fire resistance rating.
rating. 10.5.3 A decrease of more than one metal gage thickness of
10.4.1.1 When the heat transmission end point of the ASTM steel roof, floor, or form units can reduce the fire resistance
E119 test is the controlling criterion, the changes specified in rating.
10.4.1 do not reduce the fire resistance rating. 10.5.4 A change in design of the joint or composite inden-
10.4.2 Where the capacity of the assembly to sustain the tation pattern of a steel roof, floor or form unit can reduce the
applied loading is the governing criterion, the following fire resistance rating.
modifications do not reduce the fire resistance rating provided 10.5.5 A change in profile of steel floor units shall be
that the modification does not result in a ratio of maximum regulated by the following:
applied load to design load greater than the tested specimen 10.5.5.1 A change in profile resulting in a decrease in the
and the structural design requirements of the assembly for total area of contact between the beam and the steel floor or
ambient conditions are met: form unit will result in an increase in the temperatures in the
10.4.2.1 For flat slab assemblies without beams, decreasing top section of the beam. A similar profile change in a test
the concrete unit weight in the slab; specimen incorporating a directly applied fire resistive coating
10.4.2.2 For slab assemblies with protected beam support- will result in a decrease in the temperatures in the top section
ing systems, increasing the concrete unit weight and/or de- of the beam.
creasing the equivalent thickness of the slab within the 10.5.5.2 A change in profile resulting in an increase in the
limitations expressed in 10.4.1 (see 10.4.1.1); total area of contact between the beam and the steel floor or
10.4.2.3 Substitution of carbonate aggregate for siliceous form unit does not reduce the fire resistance rating. A similar
aggregate for either the coarse or the fine aggregate in the profile change in a tested specimen incorporating a directly
concrete of the slab or of the assembly; applied fire resistive coating can reduce the fire resistance
10.4.2.4 Change in the type of portland cement, flyash or rating.
admixtures used in the concrete; 10.5.6 An increase in metal gage thickness of the steel roof,
10.4.2.5 An increase in concrete cover to reinforcement in floor, or form units does not reduce the fire resistance rating.
the slab or in the assembly, provided that minimum cover does
not exceed 64 mm (2.5 in.); 11. Principles Pertaining to the Fire Resistance Rating of
10.4.2.6 In restrained slabs, changes in restraint conditions Columns
provided that effective thermal restraint still exists. See Appen-
11.1 Conditions of Acceptance—Individual fire resistance
dix X5; “Commentary”, of Test Method E119.
ratings for columns are determined in accordance with Test
10.4.2.7 In substitution cases where restraint is to be pro-
Method E119 by one of two procedures.
vided by structural continuity, it is critical to ensure both: (a)
the sufficiency of the compression zones over the supports; 11.1.1 Based on a loaded condition in accordance with the
and, (b) the negative moment reinforcement, to sustain the procedure specified under “Tests of Columns” in Test Method
redistribution of moment during fire exposures. E119 and the conditions of acceptance of that section.
10.4.3 For concrete slab assemblies, or concrete assemblies 11.1.2 Based on an unloaded condition in accordance with
incorporating slabs, where temperature rise on the unexposed the procedure specified under “Alternative Test of Protection
surface of a concrete slab is the governing criterion, (that is, for Structural Steel Columns” in Test Method E119 and the
The structural design requirements of the slab are met and conditions of acceptance of that section.
adequate cover protection is provided to the steel reinforce- 11.2 Reinforced Concrete Columns:
ment [prestressing and reinforcing bars]), the modifications in 11.2.1 For reinforced concrete columns (non-prestressed),
the concrete materials used, concrete mixture, or slab design the following modifications do not reduce the fire resistance
described in Section 6 apply and do not reduce the fire rating provided that: column and conditions and load eccen-
resistance rating. tricities are not changed; that the modification does not result
10.5 Steel Floor or Form Units: in a ratio of maximum applied load to design load greater than
10.5.1 For beams in tested specimens with roofs incorpo- the tested specimen; and the structural design requirements of
rating insulation on steel decks protected by a ceiling protec- the column are met.
tive membrane, increasing the spacing between beams can 11.2.1.1 Substitution of carbonate aggregate for siliceous
reduce the fire resistance rating. aggregate for either the coarse or the fine aggregate used in
10.5.1.1 If the ceiling is not suspended directly from the concrete;
steel deck and the tested specimen with roof was tested with 11.2.1.2 For columns tested with rectangular cross sections,
spacing between beams less than 1.2 m (4 ft) on center, substituting a column of greater cross sectional area provided
changes in the spacing up to a maximum spacing of 1.2 m (4 the minimum dimension of the rectangular column is not
ft) between beams do not reduce the fire resistance rating. decreased;

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11.2.1.3 Decrease in nominal maximum size of coarse 12.3.1.3 Increase or decrease in the compressive strength of
aggregate within a given aggregate type concrete; and the concrete;
11.2.1.4 Change in the type of portland cement, flyash or 12.3.1.4 Change in the type of portland cement, flyash or
admixtures used in the concrete. admixtures used in the concrete;
11.2.1.5 For circular sections, increasing the cross sectional 12.3.1.5 Increase in the equivalent thickness of the wall
area without changing the cross sectional profile; within a given aggregate concrete;
11.2.1.6 Decrease in concrete unit weight; 12.3.1.6 Increase or decrease in the amount of reinforce-
11.2.1.7 Change in the compressive strength of the concrete; ment of a given type (pre-stressed or cold-rolled steel)
11.2.1.8 Increase in the ratio of area of longitudinal rein- 12.3.1.7 For cavity walls having wythes of unequal
forcement to concrete cross sectional area; and thickness, orientation of the wall so that the wythe of greater
11.2.1.9 Substitution of a spirally tied circular section for a fire resistance is exposed to the fire;
tied square section of equal or lesser cross sectional area. 12.3.1.8 For walls constructed of hollow core concrete
11.2.1.10 Increase in concrete cover to main steel within a slabs, filling of cores with non- combustible insulation mate-
range of 47.5 mm (1.9 in.) to 63.5 mm (2.5 in.); rial;
11.3 Steel Columns: 12.3.1.9 For ribbed wall panels, decrease in rib spacing;
11.3.1 The substitution of columns having the same geo- 12.3.1.10 For concrete sandwich wall panels incorporating
metric shapes and a greater W/D ratio (ratio of weight to heated thermoplastic insulation in thicknesses exceeding 25 m (1 in.)
perimeter) does not reduce the fire resistance rating. increases or decreases in the thickness of sandwiched insula-
Conversely, the substitution of steel columns having dissimilar tion Provided that the final thickness is at least 25 m (1 in.);
geometric shapes or a lesser W/D ratio can reduce the fire 12.4 Concrete Masonry Wall Assemblies:
resistance rating. 12.4.1 For concrete masonry wall assemblies, provided that
the structural design requirements are met, the following
12. Principles Pertaining to the Fire Resistance Rating of modifications do not reduce the fire resistance rating.
Wall Assemblies 12.4.1.1 Substitution of light-weight aggregates or sanded
12.1 Conditions of Acceptance—Individual fire resistance light-weight aggregates for normal weight aggregates in the
ratings for wall assemblies are determined in accordance with mix design;
Test Method E119; 12.4.1.2 Increase or decrease in the compressive strength of
12.1.1 For a bearing wall or partition as based on the concrete masonry units, mortar, or grout;
conditions of acceptance specified under “Tests of Bearing 12.4.1.3 Change in the type of portland cement, flyash or
Walls and Partitions” in Test Method E119; admixtures used in the concrete masonry units, mortar or grout;
12.1.2 For a nonbearing wall or partition as based on the 12.4.1.4 Increase in the equivalent thickness of the wall for
conditions of acceptance specified under “Tests of Nonbearing the same aggregate type concrete masonry units comprising the
Walls and Partitions” in Test Method E119. wall;
12.4.1.5 Increase or decrease in the amount of reinforce-
12.2 Load Bearing Wall Assemblies—Replacing the load ment of a given type (pre-stressed or cold-rolled steel);
bearing elements with other load bearing elements of the same 12.4.1.6 Changes in the thickness of mortar joints or joint
generic construction materials having greater size (mass per pattern;
linear length), cross-sectional area or section modulus does not 12.4.1.7 For cavity walls having wythes of unequal
reduce the fire resistance rating of a wall assembly provided thickness, orientation of the wall so that the wythe of greater
that the modification does not result in a ratio of maximum fire resistance is exposed to the fire;
applied load to design load greater than the tested specimen. 12.4.1.8 For walls constructed of hollow masonry units,
12.3 Concrete Wall Assemblies: filling of cores with non- combustible insulation materials;
12.3.1 For concrete wall assemblies, provided that the 12.5 Stud Framed Wall Assemblies:
structural design requirements are met, the following modifi- 12.5.1 Increase in stud spacing can reduce the fire resistance
cations do not reduce the fire resistance rating. rating as a result of impaired membrane stability.
12.3.1.1 For monolithic concrete or precast concrete wall 12.5.2 An increase in the depth or material thickness or both
panels, substitution of sanded light-weight aggregate concrete of a stud does not reduce the fire resistance rating.
or light-weight aggregate concrete for normal weight concrete; 12.5.3 Closer fastener spacing does not reduce the fire
also, substitution of carbonate aggregate for siliceous aggre- resistance rating
gate for either the coarse or the fine aggregate used in the
concrete; 13. Keywords
12.3.1.2 Decrease in the nominal maximum size of coarse 13.1 building materials; concrete; fire; fire endurance; fire
aggregate used; resistance rating; fire resistance; steel; wood

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APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. HARMATHY’S TEN RULES OF FIRE ENDURANCE3

X1.1 These ten rules developed by T.Z. Harmathy form the X1.1.5 Rule 5—The fire endurance of a construction cannot
initial basis for the consideration of the extensions of data from be increased by increasing the thickness of a completely
fire tests included in this guide. However, there are exceptions enclosed air layer.
to some of these general rules.
X1.1.6 Rule 6—Layers of materials of low thermal conduc-
X1.1.1 Rule 1—The “thermal” fire endurance of a construc- tivity are better utilized on that side of the construction on
tion consisting of a number of parallel layers is greater than the which fire is more likely to happen.
sum of the “thermal” fire endurance characteristics of the
individual layers when exposed separately to fire. X1.1.7 Rule 7—The fire endurance of an unsymmetrical
construction depends upon the direction of heat flow.
X1.1.2 Rule 2—The fire endurance of a construction does
not decrease with the addition of further layers. X1.1.8 Rule 8—The presence of moisture, if it does not
result in explosive spalling, increases fire endurance.
X1.1.3 Rule 3—The fire endurance of constructions contain-
ing continuous air gaps or cavities is greater than the fire X1.1.9 Rule 9—Load-supporting elements, such as beams,
endurance of similar constructions of the same weight, but girders and joists, yield higher fire endurance when subjected
containing no air gaps or cavities. to fire endurance tests as parts of floor, roof or ceiling
X1.1.4 Rule 4—The further an air gap or cavity is located assemblies than they would when tested separately.
from the exposed surface, the more beneficial is its effect on X1.1.10 Rule 10—The load-supporting elements (beams,
the fire endurance. girders, joists, etc.) of a floor, roof or ceiling assembly can be
replaced by such other load-supporting elements which, when
3
Harmathy, T. Z., “Ten Rules of Fire Endurance Ratings,” Fire Technology, Vol tested separately, yielded fire endurance not less than that of
1, No. 2, May, 1965. the assembly.

X2. RATIONALE (COMMENTARY)

X2.1 The “fire resistance” requirement is employed in X2.4 This guide covers various aspects of the design of
North American building codes to regulate the division of a structures for fire resistance. The purpose of this guide is to
building into fire compartments by physical barriers (called fire elaborate upon the principles involved in the extension of data
separations) which resist the spread of fire from one compart- obtained from fire resistance tests and to enable a potential user
ment to another. It is also employed to regulate building to correctly identify whether a proposed design modification
elements which maintain the structural integrity of these fire will result in a higher, lower, or similar fire resistance rating
separations. compared to that of the original assembly tested.
X2.2 For many years, building codes have provided for the X2.5 Other documents should be developed or referred to
establishment of fire resistance ratings by subjecting model which address procedures for quantified interpolation and
construction assemblies, representative of the construction to extrapolation of data obtained from standard fire resistance
be employed, to a test as presently described by Test Methods tests and procedures for theoretical design of structures for fire
E119. Fire resistance ratings are also developed from informa- resistance based on material properties.
tion provided in the building codes, using a collection of data
concerning generic materials, based upon the performance of X2.6 This guide was derived from a publication of the
these materials in various assemblies when subjected to the Underwriters Laboratories of Canada4.
requirements of the standard fire resistance test.
X2.7 ISO TC92/SC2/WG2 has prepared the ISO/TR 12470
X2.3 It has also become the practice to assess the theoretical Fire Resistance Tests - Guidance on the Application and
fire performance of construction assemblies from reasoning Extension of Results.5
based on data obtained from the standard fire resistance test.
Such assessment has thus far been confined to assemblies
obtained by substituting elements having a different form, mass 4
Underwriters Laboratories of Canada, Criteria for Use in Extension of Data
or dimension. It has entailed an engineering evaluation of the from Fire Endurance Tests, ULC Subject C263 (e) –M1988, 1998.
effect of substitution on the results of the fire test. 5
ISO, International Organization for Standization, Geneva.

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