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Indus Valley Civilization

Introduction
▪ The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also
known as Harappan Civilization.
▪ It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary
Pakistan and Western India.
▪ The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of
Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China.
▪ In 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus
valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were
unearthed.
▪ In 1924, John Marshall, Director-General of the ASI, announced the discovery of a new
civilisation in the Indus valley to the world.
Important Sites of IVC
Site Excavated by Location Important Findings
Harappa Daya Ram Sahini Situated on the bank ▪ Sandstone statues of Human
in 1921 of river Ravi in anatomy
Montgomery district ▪ Granaries
of Punjab (Pakistan). ▪ Bullock carts
Mohenjodaro R.D Banerjee in Situated on the Bank ▪ Great bath

(Mound of 1922 of river Indus in ▪ Granary
Dead) Larkana district of ▪ Bronze dancing girl
Punjab (Pakistan). ▪ Seal of Pasupathi Mahadeva
▪ Steatite statue of beard man
▪ A piece of woven cotton
Sutkagendor Stein in 1929 In southwestern ▪ A trade point between

Balochistan province, Harappa and Babylon
Pakistan on Dast river
Chanhudaro N.G Majumdar in Sindh on the Indus ▪ Bead makers shop

1931 river ▪ Footprint of a dog chasing a
cat
Amri N.G Majumdar in On the bank of Indus ▪ Antelope evidence

1935 river
Kalibangan Ghose in 1953 Rajasthan on the ▪ Fire altar

bank of Ghaggar river ▪ Camel bones
▪ Wooden plough
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Lothal R.Rao in 1953 Gujarat on Bhogva ▪ First manmade port

river near Gulf of ▪ Dockyard
Cambay ▪ Rice husk
▪ Fire altars
▪ Chess playing
Surkotada J.P Joshi in 1964 Gujarat ▪ Bones of horses

▪ Beads
Banawali R.S Bisht in 1974 Hisar district of ▪ Beads

Haryana ▪ Barley
▪ Evidence of both pre-
Harappan and Harappan
culture
Dholavira R.S Bisht in 1985 Gujarat in Rann of ▪ Water harnessing system

Kachchh ▪ Water reservoir
Phases of IVC
▪ Three phases of IVC are:
o the Early Harappan Phase from 3300 to 2600 BCE,
o the Mature Harappan Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and
o the Late Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE.
▪ The Early Harappan Phase is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra
River Valley.
▪ The earliest examples of the Indus script date back to 3000 BC.
▪ This phase stands characterized by centralized authority and an increasingly urban
quality of life.
▪ Trade networks had been established and there are also evidences of the cultivation of
crops. Peas, sesame seeds, dates, cotton, etc, were grown during that time.
▪ Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan Phase.
▪ By 2600 BC, the Indus Valley Civilization had entered into a mature stage.
▪ The early Harappan communities were turning into large urban centers, like Harappa
and Mohenjodaro in Pakistan and Lothal in India.
▪ The signs of a gradual decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization are believed to have
started around 1800 BC and by 1700 BC, most of the cities were abandoned.
▪ However, one can see the various elements of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization in
later cultures.
▪ Archaeological data indicates the persistence of the Late Harappan culture till 1000-900
BC.
Town Planning and Structures
▪ The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning.
▪ Harappa and Mohenjodaro each had its own citadel or acropolis, which was possibly
occupied by members of the ruling class.

▪ Below the citadel in each city lay a lower town containing brick houses, which were
inhabited by the common people.
▪ The remarkable thing about the arrangement of the houses in the cities is that they
followed the grid system.
▪ Granaries constituted an important part of the Harappan cities.
▪ The use of burnt bricks in the Harappan cities is remarkable, because in the
contemporary buildings of Egypt mainly dried bricks were used.
▪ The drainage system of Mohenjodaro was very impressive.
▪ In almost all cities every big or small house had its own courtyard and bathroom.
▪ In Kalibangan many houses had their wells.
▪ At sites such as Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat), the entire settlement was fortified, and
sections within the town were also separated by walls.
Agriculture
▪ The Harappan villages, mostly situated near the flood plains, produced sufficient
foodgrains.
▪ Wheat, barley, rai, peas, sesame, lentil, chickpea and mustard were produced. Millets
are also found from sites in Gujarat. While rice uses were relatively rare.
▪ The Indus people were the earliest people to produce cotton.
▪ While the prevalence of agriculture is indicated by finds of grain, it is more difficult to
reconstruct actual agricultural practices.
▪ Representations on seals and terracotta sculpture indicate that the bull was known, and
archaeologists extrapolate shows oxen were also used for ploughing.
▪ Most Harappan sites are located in semi-arid lands, where irrigation was probably
required for agriculture.
▪ Traces of canals have been found at the Harappan site of Shortughai in Afghanistan, but
not in Punjab or Sindh.
▪ Although the Harappans practised agriculture, animals were also reared on a large
scale.
▪ Evidence of the horse comes from a superficial level of Mohenjodaro and from a
doubtful terracotta figurine from Lothal. In any case the Harappan culture was not horse
centred.
Economy
▪ The importance of trade in the life of the Indus people is witnessed by the presence of
numerous seals, uniform script and regulated weights and measures in a wide area.
▪ The Harappans carried on considerable trade in stone, metal, shell, etc.
▪ Metal money was not used and trade was carried by barter system.
▪ They practised navigation on the coast of the Arabian Sea.
▪ They had set up a trading colony in northern Afghanistan which evidently facilitated
trade with Central Asia.
▪ They also carried commerce with those in the land of the Tigris & the Euphrates.
▪ The Harappans carried on long distance trade in lapis lazuli; which may have contributed
to the social prestige of the ruling class.
Crafts
▪ The Harappans were very well acquainted with the manufacturing and use of Bronze.

▪ Copper was obtained from the Khetri copper mines of Rajasthan and Tin was possibly
brought from Afghanistan.
▪ Textile impressions have also been found on several objects.
▪ Huge brick structure suggest that brick-laying was an important craft. This also attests
the existence of a class of masons.
▪ The Harappans practised boat-making, bead making and seal-making. Terracotta
manufacture was also an important craft.
▪ The goldsmiths made jewellery of silver, gold and precious stones.
▪ The potter's wheel was in full use, and the Harappans produced their own characteristic
pottery, which was glossy and shining.
Institutions
▪ Very few written materials have been discovered in the Indus valley and the scholars
have not been able to decipher the Indus script so far.
▪ As a result, there is difficulty in understanding the nature of the state and institutions
of the Indus Valley Civilization.
▪ No temples have been found at any Harappan sites. Therefore the possibility of priests
ruling Harappa can be eliminated.
▪ Harappa was possibly ruled by a class of merchants.
▪ If we look for a centre of power or for depictions of people in power, archaeological
records provide no immediate answers.
o Some archaeologists are of the opinion that Harappan society had no rulers, and
that everybody enjoyed equal status.
o Another theory argues that there was no single ruler, but a number of
rulers representing each of the urban centers.
Religion
▪ In Harappa numerous terracotta figurines of women have been found. In one figurine
a plant is shown growing out of the embryo of a woman.
o The Harappans, therefore, looked upon the earth as a fertility goddess and
worshipped her in the same manner as the Egyptians worshipped the Nile goddess
Isis.
▪ The male deity is represented on a seal with three horned heads, represented in the
sitting posture of a yogi.
o This god is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a rhinoceros, and has a buffalo
below his throne. At his feet appear two deer.The depicted god is identified
as Pushupati Mahadeva.
▪ Numerous symbols of the phallus and female sex organs made of stone have been
found.
▪ The people of the Indus region also worshipped trees and Animals.
▪ The most important of them is the one horned unicorn which may be identified with
the rhinoceros and the next important was the humped bull.
▪ Amulets have also been found in large numbers.

Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization

▪ The IVC declined around 1800 BCE but the actual reasons behind its demise are still
debated.
▪ One theory claims that Indo-European tribe i.e. Aryans invaded and conquered the IVC.
o In later cultures various elements of the IVC are found which suggest that
civilization did not disappear suddenly due to an invasion.
▪ On the other hand, many scholars believe natural factors are behind the decline of the
IVC.
o The natural factors could be geological and climatic.
o It is believed that the Indus Valley region experienced several tectonic
disturbances which causes earthquakes. Which also changed courses of rivers or
dried them up.
o Another natural reason might be changes in patterns of rainfall.
▪ There could be also dramatic shifts in the river courses, which might have brought
floods to the food producing areas.
▪ Due to combination of these natural causes there was a slow but inevitable collapse of
IVC.

Q.1. Consider the following statements

1. Harappan Civilization got its name from the city that was discovered first.
2. In the late-Harappan stage the Indus culture rose to its peak and started spreading in
southern India and across Indian Frontiers.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Ans-A
• The Indus civilisation is also known as the Harappan Civilisation, after its type site,
Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was
then the Punjab province of British India and now is Pakistan.
• Late Harappan: Around 1900 BCE signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by
around 1700 BCE most of the cities had been abandoned.

Q.2. With reference to 'Harappan Civilization', which of the following is described as 'Grid
System'?
A. Arrangements of Goddesses in Harappa Civilization
B. Social hierarchy in Mohenjodaro
C. Barter system in Lothal and Kalibangan
D. Town planning in the Indus Valley Civilization
Ans-D
➢ The remarkable aspect about the arrangement of the houses .In the cities is that
they followed the grid system.
➢ According to it roads cut across one another almost at right angles, and the city was
divided into so many blocks.
➢ This is true of almost all Indus settlements regardless of size.

Q.3. Which of the following practices were associated with the Harappan Settlements?
1. Ploughing of crop fields
2. Mixed cropping
3. Consumption of animal products
4. Practice of Irrigation
Select the correct answer code:
A. 1, 2, 3
B. 1, 3, 4
C. 1, 2, 4
D. 1, 2, 3, 4
Ans-D
• The Harappans ate a wide range of animal products. Archaeologists have been able
to reconstruct use of animals from finds of charred animal bones found at Harappan
sites. These include those of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo and pig.
• Archaeologists have found evidence of a ploughed field at Kalibangan (Rajasthan).
The field had two sets of furrows at right angles to each other, suggesting that two
different crops were grown together.
• Representations on seals and terracotta sculpture indicate that the bull was known,
and oxen were used for ploughing.
• Terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and at
Banawali (Haryana).
• Most Harappan sites are located in semi-aridlands, where irrigation was probably
required for agriculture. Traces of canals, water reservoirs and wells have been
found at the Harappan sites indicate that agriculture was practiced.

Q.4. Consider the following statements regarding religious practices of the Harappan
civilization.
1. Linga worship was prevalent during Harappan civilization.
2. Religion was strictly masculine and patriarchal in nature.
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Ans-A
• The chief male deity was Pasupati, (proto-Siva) represented in seals as sitting in a
yogic posture with three faces and two horns. In latter times, Linga worship was
prevalent.
• The chief female deity was the Mother Goddess, which shows that the religion was
not strictly masculine in nature. She was represented in terracotta figurines.

Q.5.At which of the following harappan sites, an Inkpot has been discovered?
A. Harappa
B. Lothal
C. Kalibangan
D. Chanhudaro
Ans-D
Chanhudaro is the only city from indus valley civilization found that didn’t have a citadel. A
small pot was discovered on site and is assumed to be an ink pot.

Q.6. Consider the following statements regarding Harappan civilization.

1. The citadels were mainly inhabited by the common people.
2. The Great Bath was used for ritual bathing and it was made up of stone
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Ans-D
Citadels were inhabited by elite people and great bath was made up of burnt brick.

Q.7.The people of Indus Valley civilisation worshipped the female form of :

A. Mother goddess
B. Laxmi
C. Saraswati
D. Durga
Ans-A
Harappan people worshipped a Mother goddess symbolizing fertility. A few Indus

valley seals displayed swastika sign which were there in many religions, especially in Indian
religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

Q.8. Which of the following technique used for making bronze statues during Harappa
Civilisation?
A. Lost Wax Casting
B. Stone carving
C. Wood carving
D. Ivory carving
Ans- A
Lost Wax technique was known during Harappa Civilisation for making bronze statues and
the ‘Dancing Girl’ statue is a famous example and it is perhaps the first copper statue in the
world.

Q.9. Consider the following statement (s):

I. Harappans built the earliest cities complete with town planning, sanitation, drainage
system and broad well-laid roads.
II. Harappans built double storied houses of burnt bricks each one of which had a bathroom,
a kitchen and a well.
Which of the above statement (s) is/are correct about Harappa Civilisation?
Code:
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. Both I and II
D. Neither I nor II
Ans-C
Harappan civilisation is the first known urban culture in India. They built the earliest cities
complete with town planning, sanitation, drainage system and broad well-laid roads. They
also built double storied houses of burnt bricks each one of which had a bathroom, a kitchen
and a well.

Q.10. Which of the following artefact of the Harappa Civilisation was mainly used for
commercial purposes?
A. Bronze/metal sculpture
B. Stone sculpture
C. Seal
D. Terracotta sculpture
Ans- C
➢ Various seals are also found which were usually made of steatite, and occasionally of
agate, copper, and terracotta, and even gold and ivory with beautiful figures of
animals, such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, etc.
➢ It appears that the seals were also used as amulets, carried on the persons of their
owners, perhaps as modern-day identity cards.
➢ The purpose of producing seals was mainly commercial.

Q.11. Consider the following statement (s):

I. It was found in Mohenjo-Daro and shows a human figure placed cross legged.
II. An elephant and a tiger are revealed at the right side of the figure and a rhinoceros and a
buffalo are seen on the left.
Which of the above statement (s) is/are correct about the Seals of Pashupati Mahadeva?
Code:
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. Both I and II
D. Neither I nor II
Ans-C
➢ The Seals of Pashupati Mahadeva shows a seated figure of a Yogi, probably Shiva
Pashupati, surrounded by four animals - a rhino, a buffalo, an elephant and a tiger.
➢ There are two deer shown under the throne.
➢ Pashupati means the lord of animals.
➢ This seal may throw light on the religion of the Harappan age.
➢ Most of these seals have a knob at the back through which runs a hole and it is
believed that they were used by different guilds or merchants and traders for
stamping purposes.
➢ When not in use they could be worn round the neck or the arm like an amulet. It was
found in Mohenjo-Daro.

Q.12. During the archaeological excavation of the Harappa Civilisation, what types of civic
planning representation were seen?
A. Houses, markets, storage facilities, offices and almost every basic thing are organized in a
grid-like pattern.
B. Roads were cut crossways each other’s at 90-degree and the city was organized into
blocks design.
C. Only A
D. Both A and B
Ans- D
➢ In the architectural field, Harappa Civilisation had made significant progress.

➢ It is the first known urban culture in India.
➢ Houses, markets, storage facilities, offices and almost every basic thing are organized
in a grid-like pattern.
➢ Roads were cut crossways each other’s at 90-degree and the city was organized into
blocks design and also an extremely developed drainage system.

Q.13. Which one of the following Harappan sites is NOT located in Gujarat?
A. Surkotada
B. Rangpur
C. Sutkagendor
D. Desalpur
Ans-C
➢ Sutkagan Dor (or Sutkagen Dor) is the westernmost known archaeological site of the
Indus Valley Civilization.
➢ It is located about 480 km west of Karachi on the Makran coast near Gwadar, close
to the Iranian border, in Pakistan’s Baluchistan Province.
➢ The site is near the western bank of the Dasht River and its confluence with a smaller
stream, known as the Gajo Kaur.
➢ It was a smaller settlement with substantial stone walls and gateways.

Q.14. The Great Bath of Indus Valley civilisation is found at :

A. Harappa
B. Mohenjo-Daro
C. Ropar
D. Kalibangan
Ans-B
➢ The Great Bath is one of the best-known structures among the ruins of the ancient
Indus Valley Civilization at Mohenjo-daro in Sindh, Pakistan.
➢ Archaeological evidence indicates that the Great Bath was built in the 3rd
millennium BCE, soon after the raising of the “citadel” mound on which it is located.

Q.15. Which was the only Indus site with an artificial brick dockyard?
A. Lothal
B. Kalibangan
C. Harappa
D. Mohenjo Daro
Ans-A
➢ Lothal was the port city of Indus Valley Civilization. It was located at Saragwala,
Gujarat.
➢ The dockyard was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt.
➢ It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on
brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks.

Q.16. There are similarities between the seals found at Mohenjo-Daro and :
A. Egypt
B. China
C. Sumeria
D. Afghanistan
Ans-C
➢ One seal from Mohenjo-daro shows a half-human, half-buffalo monster attacking a

tiger.
➢ This may be a reference to the Sumerian myth of a monster created by Aruru—the
Sumerian earth and fertility goddess—to fight Gilgamesh, the hero of an ancient
Mesopotamian epic poem.
➢ This is a further suggestion of international trade in Harappan culture.

Q.17. Which among the following has not been found in the excavation of Harappan sites?
A. Drains and well
B. Fort
C. Reservoirs
D. Temple with Shikhar
Ans-D
No temples have been excavated from the sites of Harappan Civilization. Harappan people
used to worship ‘Mother and Pashupati Maharaj. Yoni and Lingam worship culture was also
prevalent in Harappa.

Q.18. Which of the following statements regarding Harappan Civilisation is correct :

A. The standard Harappan seals were made of clay.
B. The inhabitants of Harappan had neither knowledge of copper nor bronze.
C. The Harrapan civilisation was rural based.
D. The inhabitants of Harappan grew and used cotton.
Ans-D
"Farmers in the Indus valley were the first to spin and weave cotton. In 1929 archaeologists
recovered fragments of cotton tetiles at Mohenjo-Daro, in what is now Pakistan, dating to
between 3250 and 2750 BCE. Cottonseeds founds at nearby Mehrgarh have been dated to
5000 BCE.

Q.19. Which one among the following Indus cities was known for water management :
A. Lothal
B. Mohenjodaro
C. Harappa
D. Dholavira
Ans-D
➢ Dholavira, located in Gujarat, India, had a series of water storing tanks and step
wells, and its water management system has been called "unique". Dholavira had at
least five baths, the size of one is comparable with the Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro.

Q.20.The site of Harappa is located on the bank of river :

A. Saraswati
B. Indus
C. Beas
D. Ravi
Ans-D
The site of Harappa was located on the banks of river Ravi.

Q.21. The polity of the Harappan people , as derived from the material evidence , was :
A. Secular-Federalist
B. Theocratic-Federalist
C. Oligarchic
D. Theorcratic-Unitary
Ans-D
The polity of the Harappan people as derived from the material evidence was a theocratic-
unitary one.

Q.22. Which one of the following statements about the Harappan Culture is not correct :
A. It witnessed the first cities in the subcontinent.
B. It marks the first use of script , written from right to left.
C. It marks the earliest known use of iron as a medium for the art of sculpting.
D. It marks the earliest known use of stone as a medium for the art of sculpting.
Ans-C
Harappan Culture doesn’t marks the earliest known use of iron as a medium for the art of
sculpting.

Q.23. Match the following:

Harappan Site Modern Name
a. Dholavira 1. Saurashtra
b. Rakhigarhi 2. Hisar
c. Bhirrana 3. Kadirbet
d. Bhogavo 4. Haryana
Codes:
a b c d
A. 1 4 2 3
B. 1 2 4 3
C. 3 2 4 1
D. 3 4 2 1
Ans-C
➢ Dholavira is an archaeological site in Khadirbet in Kutch Gujarat.
➢ Rakhigarhi is a village in Hisar district in Haryana.
➢ Bhirrana is a small village in Fatehabad, Haryana.
➢ Bhogavo River is in Gujarat.

Q.24. Consider the following statements:

1. Dholavira is a harappan city divided into three parts.
2. Dholaveera is located in haryana.
3. The evidence of a developed water management system are found in dholavira.
Which of the following statement is/are correct:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2 and 3
C. Only 1 and 3
D. All of the above are correct.
Ans-C
➢ The Dholavira city is divided into three parts — the Citadel, the Middletown and the
Lower town
➢ One of the five largest Harappan sites in the Indian sub-continent, Dholavira is
located in the Khadir Bet Island in Kutch district of Gujarat
➢ Planners in the ancient city of Dholavira had conceptualised an amazing system of
drains, dams and tanks to manage water.

Q.25. Which of the following is not correctly matched:

A. Harappa : Dayaram sahni
B. Lothal : S.R.Rao
C. Surkotada : J.P.joshi.
D. Dholavira : V.K.Thapar.
Ans-D
➢ The first extensive excavations at Harappa were started by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram
Sahni in 1920.
➢ Archaeologist S.R. Rao led teams who discovered a number of Harappan sites,
including the port city of Lothal in 1954-63.
➢ The mound of Surkotda was discovered in 1964 by J. P. Joshi of the Archaeological
Survey of India.
➢ Dholavira : It was discovered in 1968 by archaeologist Jagat Pati Joshi. Dholavira, the
archaeological site of a Harappan-era city, received the UNESCO world heritage site
tag .

Q.26. Which of the following statements prove that Indus valley civilization was different
from Vedic civilization:
1. They have features of developed urban life.
2. Cotton was the basic fabric of harappans.
3. They have no knowledge of Iron and defence weapons.
Choose the correct answer using following code:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2 and 3
C. Only 1 and 3
D. All of the above are correct.
Ans-D
➢ The Indus Valley civilization was essentially an urban civilization. The main
occupation of the people was trade and commerce. The Vedic civilization on the
other hand was essentially rural character, with agriculture as the main occupation
of the people.
➢ Cotton was the basic fabric of the Harappans while the Aryans put on woollen
garments.
➢ Indus people were basically peace loving. Their arms (swords, daggers, arrow-heads,
spears) were primitive in nature. Aryans were warlike people and were conversant
with all kinds of traditional arms and armour and had devised a full-fledged science of
war.

Q.27. At which among the following sites of Indus Valley Civilization, the rows of distinctive
fire altars with provision of ritual bathing have been found ?
A. Mohen-jo-daro
B. Harappa
C. Kalibangan
D. Lothal
Ans-C
Kalibangan – is an archaeological site where Ploughed Field, Bones of Camel, Circular and
Rectangular Graves, distinctive fire (Vedic ) altars with provision of ritual bathing have been
found.

Q.28. Which one of the following sites of Indus Valley Civilisation is known as the largest
Indian site of Indus Valley Civilisation?
A. Mohenjodaro
B. Lothal
C. Rakhigarhi
D. Kalibangan
Ans-C
➢ The oldest site of Indus Valley Civilization, Bhirrana and the largest
site Rakhigarhi are located in Indian state of Haryana.
➢ Dr. Shinde, a specialist in Harappan civilisation and Director of the current excavation
at Rakhigarhi, called it “an important discovery.” He said: “Our discovery makes
Rakhigarhi the biggest Harappan site, bigger than Mohenjo-daro. The two new
mounds show that the Rakhigarhi site was quite extensive.

Q.29. The earliest evidence of silver in India is found in the :

A. Harappan Culture
B. Chalcolithic Age
C. Vedic Culture
D. Stone Age
Ans-A
The earliest evidence of silver in India is found in the Harappan culture. One of the two
silver seals that contain a unicorn motif has been found in Harappa. Evidence of a slanting
flue has been discovered which suggests the presence of a furnace which were suggested by
vats Miller was used for metal crafting.

Q.30. Which of following statement is incorrect about the Indus Valley Civilization?
A. People of Indus Valley Civilization used to practice agriculture
B. No site of this civilization has been found in Haryana region.
C. Oxen, Buffaloes and goats were domesticated animals in Indus Valley Civilization.
D. All of the above
Ans-B
➢ The prevalence of agriculture is indicated by finds of grain; it is more difficult to

reconstruct actual agricultural practices.
➢ Representations on seals and terracotta sculpture indicate that the bull was known,
and archaeologists extrapolate from this that oxen were used for ploughing.
Moreover, terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and
at Banawali (Haryana).
➢ Archaeologists have also found evidence of a ploughed field at Kalibangan

(Rajasthan); associated with Early Harappan levels .
➢ The field had two sets of furrows at right angles to each other, suggesting that two
different crops were grown together.

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Indus Valley Civilization

Important Sites of IVC

Site Excavated by Location Important Findings

Mohenjodaro R.D Banerjee in Situated on the Bank ▪ Great bath

Sutkagendor Stein in 1929 In southwestern ▪ A trade point between

Chanhudaro N.G Majumdar in Sindh on the Indus ▪ Bead makers shop

Amri N.G Majumdar in On the bank of Indus ▪ Antelope evidence

Kalibangan Ghose in 1953 Rajasthan on the ▪ Fire altar

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Lothal R.Rao in 1953 Gujarat on Bhogva ▪ First manmade port

Surkotada J.P Joshi in 1964 Gujarat ▪ Bones of horses

Banawali R.S Bisht in 1974 Hisar district of ▪ Beads

Dholavira R.S Bisht in 1985 Gujarat in Rann of ▪ Water harnessing system

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Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization

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Q.1. Consider the following statements

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Q.6. Consider the following statements regarding Harappan civilization.

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Q.7.The people of Indus Valley civilisation worshipped the female form of :

Harappan people worshipped a Mother goddess symbolizing fertility. A few Indus

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Q.9. Consider the following statement (s):

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Q.11. Consider the following statement (s):

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➢ In the architectural field, Harappa Civilisation had made significant progress.

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Q.14. The Great Bath of Indus Valley civilisation is found at :

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➢ One seal from Mohenjo-daro shows a half-human, half-buffalo monster attacking a

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Q.18. Which of the following statements regarding Harappan Civilisation is correct :

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Q.20.The site of Harappa is located on the bank of river :

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Q.23. Match the following:

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Q.24. Consider the following statements:

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Q.25. Which of the following is not correctly matched:

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