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Major Sites of IVC

సింధు నాగరికత- ముఖ్యమైన ప్రదేశాల ు
Indus Valley Civilization

✓ Harappa- Fist Excavation-

✓ 1921- Dayaram Sahani
✓ Flourished between
2500-1500BC
✓ But 2200-1800BC was its
mature period
✓ It covered the present
Pakistan & North western
and western part of
India.
 Important Sites of IVC
Site Excavated by Location Important Findings
Harappa Daya Ram Situated on the bank of river ✓ Sandstone statues of Human
Sahini in 1921 Ravi in Montgomery district of anatomy
Punjab (Pakistan). ✓ Granaries
✓ Bullock carts
Mohenjodaro R.D Banerjee in Situated on the Bank of river ✓ Great bath
(Mound of 1922 Indus in Larkana district of ✓ Granary
Dead) Punjab (Pakistan). ✓ Bronze dancing girl
✓ Seal of Pasupathi Mahadeva
✓ Steatite statue of beard man
✓ A piece of woven cotton
Sutkagendor Stein in 1929In southwestern Balochistan ✓ A trade point between
province, Pakistan on Dast Harappa and Babylon
river
Chanhudaro N.G Majumdar Sindh on the Indus river ✓ Lipstick- Imported
in 1931 ✓ Footprint of a dog chasing a
cat
Site Excavated by Location Important Findings
Amri N.G Majumdar in 1935 On the bank of R. Indus ✓ Antelope evidence
Kalibangan Ghose in 1953 Rajasthan on the bank of ✓ Fire altar
Ghaggar river ✓ Camel bones
✓ Wooden plough
Lothal R.Rao in 1953 Gujarat on Bhogva river ✓ First manmade port
near Gulf of Cambay ✓ Dockyard
✓ Rice husk
✓ Fire altars
✓ Chess playing
Surkotada J.P Joshi in 1964 Gujarat ✓ Bones of horses
✓ Beads
Banawali R.S Bisht in 1974 Hisar district of Haryana ✓ Beads
✓ Barley
✓ Evidence of both pre-
Harappan and Harappan
culture
Dholavira R.S Bisht in 1985 Gujarat in Rann of ✓ Water harnessing system
Kachchh ✓ Water reservoir
Site Excavated by Location Important Findings
Rakhigarhi Amarendra Nath in On Banks of Ghaggar-Hakra ✓ Granary
2000 river plain in Haryana ✓ cemetery
✓ drains
✓ terracotta bricks
Bhagwanpura J.P Joshi in 1976 On Banks of River Sarswathi ✓ Chariot
✓ Painted grey ware
In Haryana
Ropar Y. D. Sharma in 1953 On the banks of Sutlej River ✓ Dog buried with human oval pit
burials
in Punjab ✓ Copper axe
✓ First site to be excavated after
independence
Kot Diji S. R Rao in 1958 On the bank of Indus River ✓ Stone-arrow head
✓ Steatite seals
✓ Figurine of ox
Alamgirpur Y.D. Sharma in 1959 On the bank of Yamuna ✓ Broken copper blade
✓ Ceramic items
river in Uttar Pradesh ✓ Impression of cloth on a trough.
Daimabad B. P. Bopardikar in On the left bank of the ✓ Bronze images (charioteer with
chariot, ox, elephant and
1958. Pravara River rhinoceros)
Rakhigarhi-
1. Rakhigarhi is the largest Harappan site in the
Indian subcontinent.
2. Other large sites of Indus valley Civilization
(Harappan civilization) in Indian sub-continent are
Harappa, Mohenjodaro and Ganveriwala in
Pakistan and Dholavira (Gujarat) in India.
3. At Rakhigarhi, the excavations are being done to
trace its beginnings and to study its gradual
evolution from 6000 BCE (Pre-Harappan phase) to
2500 BCE.
4. The site was excavated by Amarendra Nath of
ASI.
5. Rakhigarhi is among the five iconic
sites announced by Union Finance Minister during
Budget Speech in 2020.
The other such sites are Hastinapur in Uttar
Pradesh, Sivasagar in Assam, Dholavira in Gujarat
and Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu.
Dholavira:
1. It is one of the most remarkable and well-
preserved urban settlements in South Asia.
2. It was discovered in 1968 by archaeologist
Jagat Pati Joshi.
3. Recently, UNESCO has announced the
Harappan city of Dholavira in Gujarat as
India’s 40th world heritage site.
4. It is the first site of Indus Valley Civilisation
(IVC) in India to be included on the coveted
list.
Dholavira:
1. In the Kutch region, Dholavira is known
as Kotda Timba (the fort mound).
2. Dholavira, located in the arid island of Khadir
in Gujarat, is considered the southern centre
of the Harappan Civilization. The site includes a
large cemetery with cenotaphs (monuments
for those buried elsewhere) of six types
testifying to the Harappan’s unique view of
death.
3. The site contains ruins of an ancient
IVC/Harappan city. It comprises two parts:
a walled city and a cemetery to the west of the
city.
4. The walled city consists of a fortified Castle
with attached fortified Bailey and Ceremonial
Ground, and a fortified MiddleTown and a
Lower Town.
5. A series of reservoirs are found to the east and
south of the Citadel.
Other Archaeological
Sites in News
Other Archaeological Sites in News
Thamirabarani / Porunai Civilization –
✓ A carbon dating analysis of rice with soil, found in a
burial urn at Sivakalai in Thoothukudi district of Tamil
Nadu has yielded the date of 1155 BC, indicating that
the Thamirabarani civilization dates back to 3,200
years.
✓ This is the oldest civilization perhaps, older than the
Vaigai civilization which is believed to be 2,600 years
old.
✓ The findings of artefacts at the excavation sites proves
that the civilisation existed prior to 4th century BC.
✓ This civilisation flourished on the banks of
Thamirabarani River
✓ It was called the Tamraparni River in the pre-classical
period, a name it lent to the island of Sri Lanka.
✓ The old Tamil name of the river is Porunai.
Vaigai Civilisation
1.Excavations in Keeladi prove that an urban
civilisation existed in Tamil Nadu in the Sangam
era on the banks of the river Vaigai.
2.Many antiquities have been unearthed that
provide crucial evidence to understanding the
missing links of the Iron Age [12th century BCE to
6th century BCE] to the Early Historic Period [6th
century BCE to 4th century BCE] and subsequent
cultural developments.
Major Findings-
1.Literate society: Tamil Brahmi letters found were inscribed when the pot was wet or after the
pot became dry. This clearly suggests literacy levels in the 6th century BC.
2.Agrarian society that reared cattle: Skeletal fragments of cow/ox, buffalo, sheep, goat, nilgai,
blackbuck, wild boar and peacock were found.
3.High standard of living: Long walls, Well-laid floors along with roof tiles in a collapsed state, iron
nails fastened to the poles and rafters prove a high standard of living during the Sangam age.
4.Items found: Brick structures, terracotta ring wells, fallen roofing with tiles, golden ornaments,
broken parts of copper objects, iron implements, terracotta chess pieces, ear ornaments, spindle
whorls, figurines, black and redware, rouletted ware and a few pieces of Arretine ware, besides
beads made of glass, terracotta and semi-precious stones.
5.Graffiti marks are found in earthenware, caves and rocks in or near the excavation sites.
All The Best